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Categoria: Lingua Latina #4

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PeiTsengtung opened this issue Nov 19, 2020 · 7 comments
Open

Categoria: Lingua Latina #4

PeiTsengtung opened this issue Nov 19, 2020 · 7 comments
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documentation Improvements or additions to documentation

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PeiTsengtung commented Nov 19, 2020 •
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@PeiTsengtung PeiTsengtung added the documentation Improvements or additions to documentation label Nov 19, 2020
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PeiTsengtung commented Dec 14, 2020 •
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Chapter I

Vocabulary

agricola, agricolae m. farmer
anima, animae f. breath; life force; soul
dea, deae f. goddess
fāma, fāmae f. report, rumor; reputation, fame
fēmina, fēminae f. woman; wife
fīlia, fīliae f. daughter
īnsula, īnsulae f. island
Italia, Italiae f. Italy
nauta, nautae m. sailor
patria, patriae f. country, homeland
pecūnia, pecūniae f. money
poēta, poētae m. poet
puella, puellae f. girl
rēgīna, rēgīnae f. queen
via, viae f. way, road, street

ager, agrī m. field
deus, deī m. god
dominus, dominī m. master, lord
fīlius, fīliī m. son
gladius, gladiī m. sword
liber, librī m. book
puer, puerī m. boy
servus, servī m. slave
vir, virī m. man; husband

aurum, aurī n. gold
bellum, bellī n. war
cōnsilium, cōnsiliī n. deliberation; plan, advice; judgment
dōnum, dōnī n. gift
factum, factī n. deed
ferrum, ferrī n. iron; sword
oppidum, oppidī n. town
perīculum, perīculī n. danger
verbum, verbī n. word

ā, ab prep. + abl. (away) from
ad prep. + acc. toward, to
cum prep. + abl. with
dē prep. + abl. (down) from; about, concerning
ē, ex prep. + abl. (out) from
et conj. and; adv. even, also
et ... et ... both ... and ...
in prep. + acc. into, onto; against; prep. + abl. in, on
ō interj. O
-que enclitic conj. and

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Vocabulary Notes

  • anima, animae f. physical breath of the wind or of a human being; breath of life, the life force; soul, the force that gives an animate being life
  • dea, deae f. dat. & abl. pl. = deābus
  • fāma, fāmae f. talk, something spoken, rumor; story; tradition; reputation, fame that may be positive or negative; Fāma goddess Rumor
  • fīlia, fīliae f. dat. & abl. pl. = fīliābus
  • poēta: -oē-, a three-syllable word
  • deus, deī m.
Sing. Pl.
Nom./Voc. deus dī or deī
Gen. deī deōrum or deum
Dat. deō dīs
Acc. deum deōs
Abl. deō dīs
  • dominus, dominī m. master of the house < domus (house)
  • fīlius, fīliī m. voc. sing. fīlī
  • cōnsilium, cōnsiliī n. deliberation, the act of deliberating about something; plan, intention that results from deliberating; judgment, the capacity to deliberate; council, a group of people who deliberate
  • ferrum n. iron; (by metonymy) sword made of iron

Prepositions

preposition < praepōnō (place before)

  • ā/ab + abl.: separation; motion away from a place; ab + vowels or h-; ā/ab + consonants, but ā more frequent
  • ex + abl.: separation; motion out from a place; ex + vowels or h-; ē/ex + consonants, but ex more frequent
  • dē + abl.: separation; motion down from a place
  • ad + acc.: motion to or toward a place
  • in + acc. "into" or "onto" -> "against"; + abl. location, "in" or "on"
  • et, a coordinating conjunction; e.g. nautārum et agricolārum (of the sailors and of the farmers [genitive])
  • et ... et ..., both ... and ...; e.g. et nautārum et agricolārum (both of the sailors and of the farmers); et nautārum et agricolārum et poētārum (of the sailors and of the farmers and of the poets)
  • et adv.; e.g. et vir (even the man, the man also)
  • -que, an enclitic conjunction; e.g. vir fēminaque (husband and wife [subjects])
  • -que ... et ... by certain prose stylists and by many poets; -que ... -que ... only in poetry and occasionally in the historians

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1. The Latin Noun and Its Prosperties: Gender, Number, Case

  • Gender: masculine, feminine or neuter (< neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither)
  • Number: singular or plural
  • Case: six cases

Nominative, Subject
Predicate Nominative

Genitive of Possession

Dative of Reference
Dative of Indirect Object

Accusative, Direct Object

Ablative of Separation (+ prep.)
Ablative of Accompaniment (+ cum)
Ablative of Means or Instrument (no prep.)
Ablative of Location (+ in)

Case Name Used to express
Nominative 1. subject
2. predicate nominative
Genitive "of"
Dative "to," "for"
Accusative 1. direct object
2. with certain prepositions
Ablative 1. "from"
2. "with," "by"
3. "in," "on"
Vocative direct address

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2. The Five Declensions

Gen. Sing. Ending
1st declension -ae
2nd declension -ī
3rd declension -is
4th declension -ūs
5th declension -eī/-ēī

Finding the Stem

patria, patri/ae f. country -> patri-
puella, puell/ae f. girl -> puell-
liber, libr/ī m. book -> libr-
servus, serv/ī m. slave -> serv-
vir, vir/ī m. man; husband -> vir-

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3. Noun Morphology: First Declension

Gender note: most feminine, some masculine, no neuter

Sing. Pl.
Nom./Voc. -a -ae
Gen. -ae -ārum
Dat. -ae -īs
Acc. -am -ās
Abl. -ā -īs

Example:
puella, puellae f. girl
stem = puell-

Sing. Pl.
Nom./Voc. puella the girl (subj. or pred. nom.)
girl! (addressed directly)		 puellae the girls (subj. or pred. nom.)
girls! (addressed directly)
Gen. puellae of the girl puellārum of the girls
Dat. puellae to/for the girl puellīs to/for the girls
Acc. puellam the girl (d.o) puellās the girls (d.o.)
Abl. puellā from the girl; by/with the girl; in the girl puellīs from the girls; by/with the girls; in the girls
  • dea, deae f. dat. & abl. pl. = deābus
  • fīlia, fīliae f. dat. & abl. pl. = fīliābus
  • no definite article (the) and no indefinite article (a, an); articles or possessive adjectives may be freely added in English translations

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4. Noun Morphology: Second Declension

Gender note: most masculine, some feminine, and many neuter with slightly different endings

M./F. Sing. Pl.
Nom. -us/-[1] -ī
Gen. -ī -ōrum
Dat. -ō -īs
Acc. -um -ōs
Abl. -ō -īs
Voc. -e/- -ī
  1. servus, servī m. slave, but puer, puerī m. boy and liber, librī m. book

Example:
servus, servī m. slave
stem = serv-

Sing. Pl.
Nom. servus a slave (subj. or pred. nom.) servī slaves (subj. or pred. nom.)
Gen. servī of a slave servōrum of slaves
Dat. servō to/for a slave servīs to/for slaves
Acc. servum a slave (d.o.) servōs slaves (d.o)
Abl. servō from a slave; by/with a slave; in a slave servīs from slaves; by/with slaves; in slaves
Voc. serve slave! (addressed directly) servī slaves! (addressed directly)
  • 2nd declension nouns whose stems end in -i: e.g. gladius, gladiī or gladī m. sword
  • servus voc. sing. = serve; puer voc. sing. = puer
  • fīlius and proper names whose nom. sing. end in -ius: voc. sing. -ī; e.g. fīlius, fīliī m. son voc. sing. = fīlī
  • deus, deī m.: dī (nom./voc. pl.), deum (gen. pl.) and dīs (dat./abl. pl.); see the vocabulary note above
N. Sing. Pl.
Nom./Voc. -um -a
Gen. -ī -ōrum
Dat. -ō -īs
Acc. -um -a
Abl. -ō -īs

Example:
perīculum, perīculī n. danger
stem = perīcul-

Sing. Pl.
Nom./Voc. perīculum danger (subj. or pred. nom.)
danger! (addressed directly)		 perīcula dangers (subj. or pred. nom.)
dangers! (addressed directly)
Gen. perīculī of danger perīculōrum of dangers
Dat. perīculō to/for danger perīculīs to/for dangers
Acc. perīculum danger (d.o.) perīcula dangers (d.o.)
Abl. perīculō from danger; by/with danger; in danger perīculīs from dangers; by/with dangers; in dangers
  • neuter nouns: nom. = acc.
  • 2nd declension nouns whose stems end in -i: e.g. cōnsilium, cōnsiliī or cōnsilī n. plan, advice; judgment

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