Merge pull request #1066 from PyPSA/adding_solar_tracking_single_axis

Adding solar tracking single axis

config/config.default.yaml

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ electricity:
     H2: 168
 
   extendable_carriers:
-    Generator: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, OCGT]
+    Generator: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, OCGT]
     StorageUnit: [] # battery, H2
     Store: [battery, H2]
     Link: [] # H2 pipeline
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ electricity:
   everywhere_powerplants: [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass]
 
   conventional_carriers: [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass]
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, hydro]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, hydro]
 
   estimate_renewable_capacities:
     enable: true
@@ -246,6 +246,21 @@ renewable:
     natura: true
     excluder_resolution: 100
     clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
+  solar-hsat:
+    cutout: europe-2013-sarah
+    resource:
+      method: pv
+      panel: CSi
+      orientation:
+        slope: 35.
+        azimuth: 180.
+      tracking: horizontal
+    capacity_per_sqkm: 4.43 # 15% higher land usage acc. to NREL
+    corine: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 31, 32]
+    luisa: false # [1111, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1130, 1210, 1221, 1222, 1230, 1241, 1242, 1310, 1320, 1330, 1410, 1421, 1422, 2110, 2120, 2130, 2210, 2220, 2230, 2310, 2410, 2420, 3210, 3320, 3330]
+    natura: true
+    excluder_resolution: 100
+    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
   hydro:
     cutout: europe-2013-era5
     carriers: [ror, PHS, hydro]
@@ -324,7 +339,6 @@ pypsa_eur:
   - onwind
   - offwind-ac
   - offwind-dc
-  - offwind-float
   - solar
   - ror
   - nuclear
@@ -588,6 +602,7 @@ sector:
   biogas_upgrading_cc: false
   conventional_generation:
     OCGT: gas
+  solar_utility_horizontal_axis_tracking: true
   biomass_to_liquid: false
   biosng: false
   limit_max_growth:
@@ -924,6 +939,7 @@ plotting:
     # solar
     solar: "#f9d002"
     solar PV: "#f9d002"
+    solar-hsat: "#fdb915"
     solar thermal: '#ffbf2b'
     residential rural solar thermal: '#f1c069'
     services rural solar thermal: '#eabf61'
@@ -1168,6 +1184,4 @@ plotting:
     DC-DC: "#8a1caf"
     DC link: "#8a1caf"
     load: "#dd2e23"
-    waste CHP: '#e3d37d'
-    waste CHP CC: '#e3d3ff'
     HVC to air: 'k'

config/test/config.electricity.yaml

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ electricity:
     Store: [H2]
     Link: [H2 pipeline]
 
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
 
 
 atlite:
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ renewable:
     min_depth: false
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
+  solar-hsat:
+    cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 
 
 clustering:

config/test/config.myopic.yaml

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ electricity:
     Store: [H2]
     Link: [H2 pipeline]
 
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
 
 atlite:
   default_cutout: be-03-2013-era5
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ renewable:
     min_depth: false
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
+  solar-hsat:
+    cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 
 clustering:
   temporal:

config/test/config.overnight.yaml

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ electricity:
     Store: [H2]
     Link: [H2 pipeline]
 
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
 
 atlite:
   default_cutout: be-03-2013-era5
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ renewable:
     min_depth: false
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
+  solar-hsat:
+    cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 
 clustering:
   temporal:

config/test/config.perfect.yaml

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ electricity:
     Store: [H2]
     Link: [H2 pipeline]
 
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
 
 sector:
   min_part_load_fischer_tropsch: 0
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ renewable:
     min_depth: false
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
+  solar-hsat:
+    cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 
 clustering:
   temporal:

doc/release_notes.rst

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ Release Notes
 
 Upcoming Release
 ================
+* New technology, solar PV with single-axis horizontal tracking (on a N-S axis),
+  with a carrier called ``solar-hsat`` to the networks. The default option for adding
+  this technology is set to ``true`` in the ``config.yaml``.
 
 * The technology-data version was updated to v0.9.0.
 

rules/build_electricity.smk

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ rule determine_availability_matrix_MD_UA:
         offshore_shapes=resources("offshore_shapes.geojson"),
         regions=lambda w: (
             resources("regions_onshore.geojson")
-            if w.technology in ("onwind", "solar")
+            if w.technology in ("onwind", "solar", "solar-hsat")
             else resources("regions_offshore.geojson")
         ),
         cutout=lambda w: "cutouts/"
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ rule build_renewable_profiles:
         offshore_shapes=resources("offshore_shapes.geojson"),
         regions=lambda w: (
             resources("regions_onshore.geojson")
-            if w.technology in ("onwind", "solar")
+            if w.technology in ("onwind", "solar", "solar-hsat")
             else resources("regions_offshore.geojson")
         ),
         cutout=lambda w: "cutouts/"

scripts/add_brownfield.py

@@ -195,8 +195,12 @@ def adjust_renewable_profiles(n, input_profiles, params, year):
     )
 
     for carrier in params["carriers"]:
-        if carrier == "hydro":
+        if carrier == "hydro" or (
+            carrier == "solar-hsat"
+            and not snakemake.config["sector"]["solar_utility_horizontal_axis_tracking"]
+        ):
             continue
+
         with xr.open_dataset(getattr(input_profiles, "profile_" + carrier)) as ds:
             if ds.indexes["bus"].empty or "year" not in ds.indexes:
                 continue

scripts/add_electricity.py

@@ -235,6 +235,8 @@ def load_costs(tech_costs, config, max_hours, Nyears=1.0):
         + (1 - config["rooftop_share"]) * costs.at["solar-utility", "capital_cost"]
     )
 
+    costs = costs.rename({"solar-utility single-axis tracking": "solar-hsat"})
+
     def costs_for_storage(store, link1, link2=None, max_hours=1.0):
         capital_cost = link1["capital_cost"] + max_hours * store["capital_cost"]
         if link2 is not None:

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ def insert_gas_distribution_costs(n, costs):
 
 
 def add_electricity_grid_connection(n, costs):
-    carriers = ["onwind", "solar"]
+    carriers = ["onwind", "solar", "solar-hsat"]
 
     gens = n.generators.index[n.generators.carrier.isin(carriers)]
 
@@ -3412,6 +3412,13 @@ def remove_h2_network(n):
         n.stores.drop("EU H2 Store", inplace=True)
 
 
+def remove_solar_tracking(n):
+
+    for tech in ["solar-hsat"]:
+        logger.info("removing " + tech)
+        n.mremove("Generator", n.generators.index[n.generators.carrier == tech])
+
+
 def limit_individual_line_extension(n, maxext):
     logger.info(f"Limiting new HVAC and HVDC extensions to {maxext} MW")
     n.lines["s_nom_max"] = n.lines["s_nom"] + maxext
@@ -3789,6 +3796,9 @@ def lossy_bidirectional_links(n, carrier, efficiencies={}):
     if options["electricity_distribution_grid"]:
         insert_electricity_distribution_grid(n, costs)
 
+    if not options["solar_utility_horizontal_axis_tracking"]:
+        remove_solar_tracking(n)
+
     maybe_adjust_costs_and_potentials(n, snakemake.params["adjustments"])
 
     if options["gas_distribution_grid"]:

scripts/solve_network.py

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import os
 import re
 import sys
+from functools import reduce
 
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
@@ -123,7 +124,15 @@ def check_p_min_p_max(p_nom_max):
 def _add_land_use_constraint(n):
     # warning: this will miss existing offwind which is not classed AC-DC and has carrier 'offwind'
 
-    for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc", "offwind-float"]:
+    for carrier in [
+        "solar",
+        "solar rooftop",
+        "solar-hsat",
+        "onwind",
+        "offwind-ac",
+        "offwind-dc",
+        "offwind-float",
+    ]:
         extendable_i = (n.generators.carrier == carrier) & n.generators.p_nom_extendable
         n.generators.loc[extendable_i, "p_nom_min"] = 0
 
@@ -158,7 +167,14 @@ def _add_land_use_constraint_m(n, planning_horizons, config):
     grouping_years = config["existing_capacities"]["grouping_years_power"]
     current_horizon = snakemake.wildcards.planning_horizons
 
-    for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc", "offwind-float"]:
+    for carrier in [
+        "solar",
+        "solar rooftop",
+        "solar-hsat",
+        "onwind",
+        "offwind-ac",
+        "offwind-dc",
+    ]:
         extendable_i = (n.generators.carrier == carrier) & n.generators.p_nom_extendable
         n.generators.loc[extendable_i, "p_nom_min"] = 0
 
@@ -199,6 +215,83 @@ def _add_land_use_constraint_m(n, planning_horizons, config):
     n.generators.p_nom_max.clip(lower=0, inplace=True)
 
 
+def add_solar_potential_constraints(n, config):
+    """
+    Add constraint to make sure the sum capacity of all solar technologies (fixed, tracking, ets. ) is below the region potential.
+    Example:
+    ES1 0: total solar potential is 10 GW, meaning:
+           solar potential : 10 GW
+           solar-hsat potential : 8 GW (solar with single axis tracking is assumed to have higher land use)
+    The constraint ensures that:
+           solar_p_nom + solar_hsat_p_nom * 1.13 <= 10 GW
+    """
+    land_use_factors = {
+        "solar-hsat": config["renewable"]["solar"]["capacity_per_sqkm"]
+        / config["renewable"]["solar-hsat"]["capacity_per_sqkm"],
+    }
+    rename = {"Generator-ext": "Generator"}
+
+    solar_carriers = ["solar", "solar-hsat"]
+    solar = n.generators[
+        n.generators.carrier.isin(solar_carriers) & n.generators.p_nom_extendable
+    ].index
+
+    solar_today = n.generators[
+        (n.generators.carrier == "solar") & (n.generators.p_nom_extendable)
+    ].index
+    solar_hsat = n.generators[(n.generators.carrier == "solar-hsat")].index
+
+    if solar.empty:
+        return
+
+    land_use = pd.DataFrame(1, index=solar, columns=["land_use_factor"])
+    for carrier, factor in land_use_factors.items():
+        land_use = land_use.apply(
+            lambda x: (x * factor) if carrier in x.name else x, axis=1
+        )
+
+    if "m" in snakemake.wildcards.clusters:
+        location = pd.Series(
+            [" ".join(i.split(" ")[:2]) for i in n.generators.index],
+            index=n.generators.index,
+        )
+        ggrouper = pd.Series(
+            n.generators.loc[solar].index.rename("bus").map(location),
+            index=n.generators.loc[solar].index,
+        ).to_xarray()
+        rhs = (
+            n.generators.loc[solar_today, "p_nom_max"]
+            .groupby(n.generators.loc[solar_today].index.rename("bus").map(location))
+            .sum()
+            - n.generators.loc[solar_hsat, "p_nom_opt"]
+            .groupby(n.generators.loc[solar_hsat].index.rename("bus").map(location))
+            .sum()
+            * land_use_factors["solar-hsat"]
+        ).clip(lower=0)
+
+    else:
+        location = pd.Series(n.buses.index, index=n.buses.index)
+        ggrouper = n.generators.loc[solar].bus
+        rhs = (
+            n.generators.loc[solar_today, "p_nom_max"]
+            .groupby(n.generators.loc[solar_today].bus.map(location))
+            .sum()
+            - n.generators.loc[solar_hsat, "p_nom_opt"]
+            .groupby(n.generators.loc[solar_hsat].bus.map(location))
+            .sum()
+            * land_use_factors["solar-hsat"]
+        ).clip(lower=0)
+
+    lhs = (
+        (n.model["Generator-p_nom"].rename(rename).loc[solar] * land_use.squeeze())
+        .groupby(ggrouper)
+        .sum()
+    )
+
+    logger.info("Adding solar potential constraint.")
+    n.model.add_constraints(lhs <= rhs, name="solar_potential")
+
+
 def add_co2_sequestration_limit(n, limit=200):
     """
     Add a global constraint on the amount of Mt CO2 that can be sequestered.
@@ -862,6 +955,9 @@ def extra_functionality(n, snapshots):
     if EQ_o := constraints["EQ"]:
         add_EQ_constraints(n, EQ_o.replace("EQ", ""))
 
+    if config["sector"]["solar_utility_horizontal_axis_tracking"]:
+        add_solar_potential_constraints(n, config)
+
     add_battery_constraints(n)
     add_lossy_bidirectional_link_constraints(n)
     add_pipe_retrofit_constraint(n)