Add support for Python 3.12 (backport #11262)

[mergify]

This is an automatic backport of pull request #11262 done by Mergify.
Cherry-pick of 5a5c9e3 has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/stable/0.45/pr-11262
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/stable/0.45'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit 5a5c9e33f.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   .github/workflows/wheels.yml
	modified:   azure-pipelines.yml
	modified:   constraints.txt
	modified:   qiskit/providers/fake_provider/fake_backend_v2.py
	modified:   qiskit/providers/fake_provider/fake_mumbai_v2.py
	modified:   qiskit/transpiler/target.py
	modified:   qiskit_pkg/setup.py
	new file:   releasenotes/notes/add-py312-support-7077426af34ac5da.yaml
	modified:   setup.py
	modified:   test/python/providers/test_fake_backends.py
	modified:   tox.ini

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
	both modified:   requirements.txt

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

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