tutorials/user_guide.ipynb

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      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "P7J2YlmX2kcL"
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      "source": [
        "# User Guide\n",
        "[![View On GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/View_in_Github-grey?logo=github)](https://github.com/Qrlew/docs/blob/main/tutorials/user_guide.ipynb)\n",
        "[![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/Qrlew/docs/blob/main/tutorials/user_guide.ipynb)\n",
        "\n",
        "[Qrlew](https://qrlew.github.io/) is an [open source library](https://github.com/Qrlew) that can turn SQL queries into their [differentially private (DP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_privacy) equivalent.\n",
        "* It takes SQL – the universal language of small and big data analytics – as input, so there is no new language or API to learn.\n",
        "* It returns DP SQL queries that can be executed at scale on any SQL datastore.\n",
        "* The only required extra inputs are the *privacy unit* specification and privacy budget $(\\varepsilon, \\delta)$.\n",
        "\n",
        "With [Qrlew](https://qrlew.github.io/) a *data owner* can receive SQL queries from an untrusted *data analyst*, turn them into DP equivalent, execute them and safely return the result to the *data analyst*.\n",
        "\n",
        "This guide will cover several useful notions from [Qrlew](https://qrlew.github.io/):\n",
        "* We will define a `Dataset` from a database connection.\n",
        "* We will declare value ranges and unique constraints\n",
        "* We will define a *privacy unit*.\n",
        "* And we will run simple DP SQL queries.\n",
        "\n",
        "We will also explore more advanced features:\n",
        "* The support of several SQL dialects: PostgreSQL (default), MSSQL or BigQuery.\n",
        "* Privacy accounting compatibility with Google's popular Differential Privacy accounting: [dp_accounting](https://github.com/google/differential-privacy/tree/main/python/dp_accounting).\n",
        "* The use of Synthetic Data to further improve the quality of the results."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "tkygHzm42vnP"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Define a Dataset\n",
        "\n",
        "Let's define a `Dataset` object from a SQL connection.\n",
        "\n",
        "We will first run a local postgresql database. You can connect to any Postgresql, MSSQL or BigQuery database."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 1,
      "metadata": {
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      "source": [
        "%%capture\n",
        "!sudo apt-get -y -qq update\n",
        "!sudo apt-get -y -qq install postgresql\n",
        "!sudo service postgresql start\n",
        "!sudo -u postgres psql -U postgres -c \"ALTER USER postgres PASSWORD 'password'\"\n",
        "!pip install psycopg2\n",
        "!pip install pyqrlew"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 2,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "E39a8Do_CVow"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# A few utility functions\n",
        "from IPython.display import Markdown\n",
        "\n",
        "def print_sql(query):\n",
        "  display(Markdown(f\"\"\"```sql\n",
        "{query}\n",
        "```\"\"\"))\n",
        "\n",
        "def print_result(title, result):\n",
        "  display(Markdown(f'### {title}'))\n",
        "  display(result)\n",
        "\n",
        "def print_dot(dot_graph):\n",
        "  display(Source(dot_graph))\n",
        "\n",
        "def print_md(md):\n",
        "  display(Markdown(md))"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "K71zLRH031J5"
      },
      "source": [
        "Then we load a demo dataset."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 3,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6IJvQNm83LQi"
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      "source": [
        "from pyqrlew.io import PostgreSQL\n",
        "\n",
        "database = PostgreSQL('postgres', 'postgres', 'password', 5432)\n",
        "database.load_imdb()\n",
        "engine = database.engine()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "VOIbC7BL36WS"
      },
      "source": [
        "We can then build a `Dataset` object that can be used to parse queries into `Relation` objects that can be transformed into differentially private `Relation`s and rendered into SQL queries."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 4,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "YpfySH-n4Asg"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "from pyqrlew import Dataset\n",
        "\n",
        "source_dataset = Dataset.from_database('imdb', engine, 'imdb_ijs')"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 5,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 187
        },
        "id": "GEvK8XB-9bTy",
        "outputId": "2136e744-ae86-444c-d9c2-c2ed0f3b094a"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "**imdb.imdb_ijs.actors** (`SELECT * FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"actors\"`)"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "**imdb.imdb_ijs.directors** (`SELECT * FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"directors\"`)"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "**imdb.imdb_ijs.directors_genres** (`SELECT * FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"directors_genres\"`)"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "**imdb.imdb_ijs.movies** (`SELECT * FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"movies\"`)"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "**imdb.imdb_ijs.movies_directors** (`SELECT * FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"movies_directors\"`)"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "**imdb.imdb_ijs.movies_genres** (`SELECT * FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"movies_genres\"`)"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "**imdb.imdb_ijs.roles** (`SELECT * FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"roles\"`)"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "for path, relation in source_dataset.relations():\n",
        "  print_md(f\"**{'.'.join(path)}** (`{relation}`)\")"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "myFaXX92419n"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Declare value ranges and unique constraints\n",
        "\n",
        "The more information Qrlew knows about data, the more accurate the results.\n",
        "Qrlew enables the user to input:\n",
        "\n",
        "* the range of some variables,\n",
        "* the list of possible values whan appropriate\n",
        "* and `UNIQUE` constraints on some values (all values are distincts)\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 6,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "G8Mjbp3H41XT"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "bounded_dataset = source_dataset.imdb_ijs.movies.rank.with_range(0, 20)\n",
        "bounded_dataset = bounded_dataset.imdb_ijs.actors.gender.with_possible_values(['M', 'F'])\n",
        "dataset = (bounded_dataset\n",
        "  .imdb_ijs.actors.id.with_unique_constraint()\n",
        "  .imdb_ijs.directors.id.with_unique_constraint()\n",
        "  .imdb_ijs.movies.id.with_unique_constraint())"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "4CS51vDa8Bjo"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Display a graphical representation of the `Relation` objects\n",
        "\n",
        "SQL tables and their transformations have an abstract internal representation in Qrlew: the `Relation` (inspired by [Relations in the relational DB sense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_(database))).\n",
        "\n",
        "Transformed `Relation` can be a complex graph of intermediate relations so it is possible to represent them graphically in the [Graphviz](https://graphviz.org/) format."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 7,
      "metadata": {
        "cellView": "form",
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          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
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        "tags": [
          "hide-input"
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              "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 256)\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m0sq</title>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" points=\"-4,4 -4,-256 444,-256 444,4 -4,4\"/>\n",
              "<!-- graph_m0sq -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m0sq</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M428,-252C428,-252 12,-252 12,-252 6,-252 0,-246 0,-240 0,-240 0,-214 0,-214 0,-208 6,-202 12,-202 12,-202 428,-202 428,-202 434,-202 440,-208 440,-214 440,-214 440,-240 440,-240 440,-246 434,-252 428,-252\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"59\" y=\"-230.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">RESULTING_RELATION size ∈ int[min_size max_size] (size range)</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-219.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_name = expression_of(input_field) ∈ float[0. 2.] (values are in a range of float)</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-207.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">The rows of this relation are computed based on the input Relation below</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_eu9v -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node2\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_eu9v</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#00363a\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M377,-173C377,-173 63,-173 63,-173 57,-173 51,-167 51,-161 51,-161 51,-124 51,-124 51,-118 57,-112 63,-112 63,-112 377,-112 377,-112 383,-112 389,-118 389,-124 389,-124 389,-161 389,-161 389,-167 383,-173 377,-173\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"108.5\" y=\"-151.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">REDUCE_RELATION size ∈ int[min_size max_size]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"65\" y=\"-140.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">input_field = avg(rank) ∈ float[0 20] UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"162.5\" y=\"-129.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">GROUP BY (field_name)</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"62.5\" y=\"-117.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">This Relation will aggregate the values of the relation below.</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_m0sq&#45;&gt;graph_eu9v -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge2\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m0sq-&gt;graph_eu9v</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M220,-201.69C220,-195.97 220,-189.72 220,-183.5\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"223.5,-183.18 220,-173.18 216.5,-183.18 223.5,-183.18\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_773q -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node3\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_773q</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M340,-83C340,-83 100,-83 100,-83 94,-83 88,-77 88,-71 88,-71 88,-12 88,-12 88,-6 94,0 100,0 100,0 340,0 340,0 346,0 352,-6 352,-12 352,-12 352,-71 352,-71 352,-77 346,-83 340,-83\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"102\" y=\"-61.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">NAME_OF_RELATION size ∈ int{known_size}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"109\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_name = name_in_source ∈ data_type</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"109.5\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">name = name ∈ str{list, of, possible, values}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"159.5\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">year = year ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"132.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">rank = rank ∈ float[min max]</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_eu9v&#45;&gt;graph_773q -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge1\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_eu9v-&gt;graph_773q</title>\n",
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      "source": [
        "# @title Example representation\n",
        "%%svg\n",
        "<svg width=\"448pt\" height=\"260pt\" viewBox=\"0.00 0.00 448.00 260.00\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\n",
        "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 256)\">\n",
        "<title>graph_m0sq</title>\n",
        "<polygon fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" points=\"-4,4 -4,-256 444,-256 444,4 -4,4\"></polygon>\n",
        "<!-- graph_m0sq -->\n",
        "<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n",
        "<title>graph_m0sq</title>\n",
        "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M428,-252C428,-252 12,-252 12,-252 6,-252 0,-246 0,-240 0,-240 0,-214 0,-214 0,-208 6,-202 12,-202 12,-202 428,-202 428,-202 434,-202 440,-208 440,-214 440,-214 440,-240 440,-240 440,-246 434,-252 428,-252\"></path>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"59\" y=\"-230.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">RESULTING_RELATION size ∈ int[min_size max_size] (size range)</text>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-219.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_name = expression_of(input_field) ∈ float[0. 2.] (values are in a range of float)</text>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-207.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">The rows of this relation are computed based on the input Relation below</text>\n",
        "</g>\n",
        "<!-- graph_eu9v -->\n",
        "<g id=\"node2\" class=\"node\">\n",
        "<title>graph_eu9v</title>\n",
        "<path fill=\"#00363a\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M377,-173C377,-173 63,-173 63,-173 57,-173 51,-167 51,-161 51,-161 51,-124 51,-124 51,-118 57,-112 63,-112 63,-112 377,-112 377,-112 383,-112 389,-118 389,-124 389,-124 389,-161 389,-161 389,-167 383,-173 377,-173\"></path>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"108.5\" y=\"-151.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">REDUCE_RELATION size ∈ int[min_size max_size]</text>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"65\" y=\"-140.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">input_field = avg(rank) ∈ float[0 20] UNIQUE</text>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"162.5\" y=\"-129.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">GROUP BY (field_name)</text>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"62.5\" y=\"-117.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">This Relation will aggregate the values of the relation below.</text>\n",
        "</g>\n",
        "<!-- graph_m0sq&#45;&gt;graph_eu9v -->\n",
        "<g id=\"edge2\" class=\"edge\">\n",
        "<title>graph_m0sq-&gt;graph_eu9v</title>\n",
        "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M220,-201.69C220,-195.97 220,-189.72 220,-183.5\"></path>\n",
        "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"223.5,-183.18 220,-173.18 216.5,-183.18 223.5,-183.18\"></polygon>\n",
        "</g>\n",
        "<!-- graph_773q -->\n",
        "<g id=\"node3\" class=\"node\">\n",
        "<title>graph_773q</title>\n",
        "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M340,-83C340,-83 100,-83 100,-83 94,-83 88,-77 88,-71 88,-71 88,-12 88,-12 88,-6 94,0 100,0 100,0 340,0 340,0 346,0 352,-6 352,-12 352,-12 352,-71 352,-71 352,-77 346,-83 340,-83\"></path>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"102\" y=\"-61.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">NAME_OF_RELATION size ∈ int{known_size}</text>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"109\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_name = name_in_source ∈ data_type</text>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"109.5\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">name = name ∈ str{list, of, possible, values}</text>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"159.5\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">year = year ∈ int</text>\n",
        "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"132.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">rank = rank ∈ float[min max]</text>\n",
        "</g>\n",
        "<!-- graph_eu9v&#45;&gt;graph_773q -->\n",
        "<g id=\"edge1\" class=\"edge\">\n",
        "<title>graph_eu9v-&gt;graph_773q</title>\n",
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        "</svg>"
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    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
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      },
      "source": [
        "Tables are the most basic forms of `Relation`."
      ]
    },
    {
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              "<polygon fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" points=\"-4,4 -4,-87 268,-87 268,4 -4,4\"/>\n",
              "<!-- graph_ma77 -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_ma77</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M252,-83C252,-83 12,-83 12,-83 6,-83 0,-77 0,-71 0,-71 0,-12 0,-12 0,-6 6,0 12,0 12,0 252,0 252,0 258,0 264,-6 264,-12 264,-12 264,-71 264,-71 264,-77 258,-83 252,-83\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-61.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_ACTORS size ∈ int{817718}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"85\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">id = id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"31\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">first_name = first_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"37.5\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">last_name = last_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"58\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">gender = gender ∈ str</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</svg>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7aa8379dcbb0>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
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              "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 76)\">\n",
              "<title>graph_8nf1</title>\n",
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              "<title>graph_8nf1</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M266,-72C266,-72 12,-72 12,-72 6,-72 0,-66 0,-60 0,-60 0,-12 0,-12 0,-6 6,0 12,0 12,0 266,0 266,0 272,0 278,-6 278,-12 278,-12 278,-60 278,-60 278,-66 272,-72 266,-72\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_DIRECTORS size ∈ int{86880}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"92\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">id = id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"38\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">first_name = first_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"44.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">last_name = last_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</svg>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7aa8379dcbb0>"
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          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
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        {
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              " -->\n",
              "<!-- Title: graph_yn_2 Pages: 1 -->\n",
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              " viewBox=\"0.00 0.00 340.00 80.00\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\n",
              "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 76)\">\n",
              "<title>graph_yn_2</title>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" points=\"-4,4 -4,-76 336,-76 336,4 -4,4\"/>\n",
              "<!-- graph_yn_2 -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_yn_2</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M320,-72C320,-72 12,-72 12,-72 6,-72 0,-66 0,-60 0,-60 0,-12 0,-12 0,-6 6,0 12,0 12,0 320,0 320,0 326,0 332,-6 332,-12 332,-12 332,-60 332,-60 332,-66 326,-72 320,-72\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_DIRECTORS_GENRES size ∈ int{156562}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"58\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">director_id = director_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"98.5\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">genre = genre ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"98.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">prob = prob ∈ float</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</svg>\n"
            ],
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              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7aa8379dcbb0>"
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          "metadata": {},
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        },
        {
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              "<title>graph_3yxb</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M252,-83C252,-83 12,-83 12,-83 6,-83 0,-77 0,-71 0,-71 0,-12 0,-12 0,-6 6,0 12,0 12,0 252,0 252,0 258,0 264,-6 264,-12 264,-12 264,-71 264,-71 264,-77 258,-83 252,-83\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-61.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_MOVIES size ∈ int{388269}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"85\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">id = id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"71.5\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">name = name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"71.5\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">year = year ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"64.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">rank = rank ∈ float</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</svg>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7aa8379dcbb0>"
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          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "image/svg+xml": [
              "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n",
              "<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN\"\n",
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              "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 65)\">\n",
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              "<!-- graph_mmzc -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_mmzc</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M320,-61C320,-61 12,-61 12,-61 6,-61 0,-55 0,-49 0,-49 0,-12 0,-12 0,-6 6,0 12,0 12,0 320,0 320,0 326,0 332,-6 332,-12 332,-12 332,-49 332,-49 332,-55 326,-61 320,-61\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_MOVIES_DIRECTORS size ∈ int{371180}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"58\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">director_id = director_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"78.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">movie_id = movie_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</svg>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7aa8379dcbb0>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "image/svg+xml": [
              "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n",
              "<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN\"\n",
              " \"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd\">\n",
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              " -->\n",
              "<!-- Title: graph_qpgf Pages: 1 -->\n",
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              " viewBox=\"0.00 0.00 319.00 69.00\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\n",
              "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 65)\">\n",
              "<title>graph_qpgf</title>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" points=\"-4,4 -4,-65 315,-65 315,4 -4,4\"/>\n",
              "<!-- graph_qpgf -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_qpgf</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M299,-61C299,-61 12,-61 12,-61 6,-61 0,-55 0,-49 0,-49 0,-12 0,-12 0,-6 6,0 12,0 12,0 299,0 299,0 305,0 311,-6 311,-12 311,-12 311,-49 311,-49 311,-55 305,-61 299,-61\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_MOVIES_GENRES size ∈ int{395119}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"68\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">movie_id = movie_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"88\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">genre = genre ∈ str</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</svg>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7aa8379dcbb0>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "image/svg+xml": [
              "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n",
              "<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN\"\n",
              " \"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd\">\n",
              "<!-- Generated by graphviz version 2.43.0 (0)\n",
              " -->\n",
              "<!-- Title: graph_6mn0 Pages: 1 -->\n",
              "<svg width=\"272pt\" height=\"80pt\"\n",
              " viewBox=\"0.00 0.00 272.00 80.00\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\n",
              "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 76)\">\n",
              "<title>graph_6mn0</title>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" points=\"-4,4 -4,-76 268,-76 268,4 -4,4\"/>\n",
              "<!-- graph_6mn0 -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_6mn0</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M252,-72C252,-72 12,-72 12,-72 6,-72 0,-66 0,-60 0,-60 0,-12 0,-12 0,-6 6,0 12,0 12,0 252,0 252,0 258,0 264,-6 264,-12 264,-12 264,-60 264,-60 264,-66 258,-72 252,-72\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_ROLES size ∈ int{3431966}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"44.5\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">actor_id = actor_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"44.5\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">movie_id = movie_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"71.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">role = role ∈ str</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</svg>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7aa8379dcbb0>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "from graphviz import Source\n",
        "\n",
        "for path, relation in source_dataset.relations():\n",
        "  print_dot(relation.dot())"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "t-y-LAid-OXA"
      },
      "source": [
        "Qrlew turns queries into composed `Relation` objects."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 9,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 725
        },
        "id": "9m5lamry-Lo6",
        "outputId": "a47d3759-2c63-4625-a1ec-8df8ba48b6b4"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "image/svg+xml": [
              "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n",
              "<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN\"\n",
              " \"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd\">\n",
              "<!-- Generated by graphviz version 2.43.0 (0)\n",
              " -->\n",
              "<!-- Title: graph_3cf9 Pages: 1 -->\n",
              "<svg width=\"550pt\" height=\"528pt\"\n",
              " viewBox=\"0.00 0.00 550.00 528.00\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\n",
              "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 524)\">\n",
              "<title>graph_3cf9</title>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" points=\"-4,4 -4,-524 546,-524 546,4 -4,4\"/>\n",
              "<!-- graph_3cf9 -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_3cf9</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M428,-520C428,-520 114,-520 114,-520 108,-520 102,-514 102,-508 102,-508 102,-471 102,-471 102,-465 108,-459 114,-459 114,-459 428,-459 428,-459 434,-459 440,-465 440,-471 440,-471 440,-508 440,-508 440,-514 434,-520 428,-520\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"166.5\" y=\"-498.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_Z2OJ size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"139.5\" y=\"-487.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">gender = field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M} UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"116\" y=\"-476.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">number_of_roles = field_k8_r ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_esfe -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node2\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_esfe</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#00363a\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M441.5,-430C441.5,-430 100.5,-430 100.5,-430 94.5,-430 88.5,-424 88.5,-418 88.5,-418 88.5,-370 88.5,-370 88.5,-364 94.5,-358 100.5,-358 100.5,-358 441.5,-358 441.5,-358 447.5,-358 453.5,-364 453.5,-370 453.5,-370 453.5,-418 453.5,-418 453.5,-424 447.5,-430 441.5,-430\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"156.5\" y=\"-408.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">REDUCE_5QQ9 size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"102.5\" y=\"-397.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = first(field_8dt4) ∈ str{F, M} UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"109\" y=\"-386.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_k8_r = count(field_2xvv) ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"200\" y=\"-375.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">GROUP BY (field_8dt4)</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_3cf9&#45;&gt;graph_esfe -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge5\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_3cf9&#45;&gt;graph_esfe</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M271,-458.92C271,-453.09 271,-446.85 271,-440.64\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"274.5,-440.28 271,-430.28 267.5,-440.28 274.5,-440.28\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_m27x -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node3\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m27x</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M394.5,-329C394.5,-329 147.5,-329 147.5,-329 141.5,-329 135.5,-323 135.5,-317 135.5,-317 135.5,-280 135.5,-280 135.5,-274 141.5,-268 147.5,-268 147.5,-268 394.5,-268 394.5,-268 400.5,-268 406.5,-274 406.5,-280 406.5,-280 406.5,-317 406.5,-317 406.5,-323 400.5,-329 394.5,-329\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"166.5\" y=\"-307.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_VMK6 size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"170\" y=\"-296.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_2xvv = field_cenr ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"149.5\" y=\"-285.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = field_ey3i ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_esfe&#45;&gt;graph_m27x -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge4\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_esfe&#45;&gt;graph_m27x</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M271,-357.92C271,-351.88 271,-345.56 271,-339.4\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"274.5,-339.27 271,-329.27 267.5,-339.27 274.5,-339.27\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_mgxe -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node4\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_mgxe</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff616f\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M405,-239C405,-239 137,-239 137,-239 131,-239 125,-233 125,-227 125,-227 125,-124 125,-124 125,-118 131,-112 137,-112 137,-112 405,-112 405,-112 411,-112 417,-118 417,-124 417,-124 417,-227 417,-227 417,-233 411,-239 405,-239\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"163\" y=\"-217.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">JOIN_5PXQ size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"173\" y=\"-206.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_6w80 = _LEFT_.id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"146\" y=\"-195.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_adyv = _LEFT_.first_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"149.5\" y=\"-184.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_mg8l = _LEFT_.last_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"139.5\" y=\"-173.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_ey3i = _LEFT_.gender ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"149.5\" y=\"-162.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_rvp5 = _RIGHT_.actor_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"149.5\" y=\"-151.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_kwgs = _RIGHT_.movie_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"163\" y=\"-140.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_cenr = _RIGHT_.role ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"139\" y=\"-129.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">INNER ON (_RIGHT_.actor_id = _LEFT_.id)</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_m27x&#45;&gt;graph_mgxe -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge3\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m27x&#45;&gt;graph_mgxe</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M271,-267.9C271,-262.21 271,-256.01 271,-249.63\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"274.5,-249.47 271,-239.47 267.5,-249.47 274.5,-249.47\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_hq3c -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node5\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_hq3c</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M252,-83C252,-83 12,-83 12,-83 6,-83 0,-77 0,-71 0,-71 0,-12 0,-12 0,-6 6,0 12,0 12,0 252,0 252,0 258,0 264,-6 264,-12 264,-12 264,-71 264,-71 264,-77 258,-83 252,-83\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-61.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_ACTORS size ∈ int{817718}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"61\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">id = id ∈ int UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"31\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">first_name = first_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"37.5\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">last_name = last_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"37.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">gender = gender ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_mgxe&#45;&gt;graph_hq3c -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge1\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_mgxe&#45;&gt;graph_hq3c</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M205.16,-111.98C197.48,-104.68 189.74,-97.33 182.31,-90.28\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"184.66,-87.69 175,-83.34 179.84,-92.76 184.66,-87.69\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_6mn0 -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node6\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_6mn0</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M530,-77.5C530,-77.5 290,-77.5 290,-77.5 284,-77.5 278,-71.5 278,-65.5 278,-65.5 278,-17.5 278,-17.5 278,-11.5 284,-5.5 290,-5.5 290,-5.5 530,-5.5 530,-5.5 536,-5.5 542,-11.5 542,-17.5 542,-17.5 542,-65.5 542,-65.5 542,-71.5 536,-77.5 530,-77.5\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"292\" y=\"-55.7\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_ROLES size ∈ int{3431966}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"322.5\" y=\"-44.7\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">actor_id = actor_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"322.5\" y=\"-33.7\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">movie_id = movie_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"349.5\" y=\"-22.7\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">role = role ∈ str</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_mgxe&#45;&gt;graph_6mn0 -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge2\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_mgxe&#45;&gt;graph_6mn0</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M336.84,-111.98C346.48,-102.82 356.23,-93.56 365.32,-84.93\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"367.94,-87.27 372.78,-77.84 363.12,-82.19 367.94,-87.27\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</svg>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7aa8379df7c0>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "query = \"SELECT gender, COUNT(role) as number_of_roles FROM imdb_ijs.actors JOIN imdb_ijs.roles ON roles.actor_id=actors.id GROUP BY gender\"\n",
        "relation = dataset.relation(query)\n",
        "print_dot(relation.dot())"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "OGlIfDDgzxHU"
      },
      "source": [
        "Those representations can become complex, but they are very usefull to track each step of the computation and how Qrlew infer value ranges step by step."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "G5o4BTBv4jct"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Define a Privacy Unit\n",
        "\n",
        "To protect privacy Qrlew needs to know what is to be protected.\n",
        "\n",
        "Each row has to be attached to an individual (Privacy Unit or PU) whose privacy will be protected.\n",
        "\n",
        "Differential Priacy (DP) is all about bounding the influence of each PU on a result and perturbating the results so that the remaining influence is not noticeable."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 10,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "QlCij33c4ioh"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Privacy unit definition\n",
        "privacy_unit = [\n",
        "    # The column `id` directly defines the privacy unit\n",
        "    (\"actors\", [], \"id\"),\n",
        "    (\"directors\", [], \"id\"),\n",
        "    # The column `director_id` refers to the column `id` of table `directors`, the `id` of which defines the privacy unit\n",
        "    (\"directors_genres\", [(\"director_id\", \"directors\", \"id\")], \"id\"),\n",
        "    (\"movies_directors\", [(\"director_id\", \"directors\", \"id\")], \"id\"),\n",
        "    # The column `actor_id` refers to the column `id` of table `actors`, the `id` of which defines the privacy unit\n",
        "    (\"roles\", [(\"actor_id\", \"actors\", \"id\")], \"id\"),\n",
        "]\n",
        "# Privacy paramers\n",
        "budget = {\"epsilon\": 1.0, \"delta\": 1e-3}"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "f2HUrWSH5Xis"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Run simple DP SQL queries\n",
        "\n",
        "`Relation` objects can be turned into DP equivalent by invoking the `rewrite_with_differential_privacy` method with the following arguments:\n",
        "\n",
        "* A `dataset` because the definition of the Privacy Unit may require lookups in many tables.\n",
        "* A Privacy Unit definition object.\n",
        "* An ($\\varepsilon$, $\\delta$) budget.\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 11,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 72
        },
        "id": "R6PmCjDA5YDo",
        "outputId": "aff974b0-abfd-4027-ebac-747fef56c1ac"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "```sql\n",
              "WITH \"field_d4_o\" (\"field_d4_o\") AS (SELECT * FROM (VALUES ('F'), ('M')) AS \"field_d4_o\" (\"field_d4_o\")), \"map_o7od\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"id\", \"first_name\", \"last_name\", \"gender\") AS (SELECT MD5(CAST(\"id\" AS TEXT)) AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", 1 AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"id\" AS \"id\", \"first_name\" AS \"first_name\", \"last_name\" AS \"last_name\", \"gender\" AS \"gender\" FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"actors\"), \"map_q1hj\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_n9r3\", \"field_d4_o\") AS (SELECT \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", 1 AS \"field_n9r3\", \"gender\" AS \"field_d4_o\" FROM \"map_o7od\"), \"join_j0lq\" (\"field_d4_o\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_n9r3\", \"left__q8p1\") AS (SELECT * FROM \"field_d4_o\" AS \"_LEFT_\" LEFT JOIN \"map_q1hj\" AS \"_RIGHT_\" ON (\"_LEFT_\".\"field_d4_o\") = (\"_RIGHT_\".\"field_d4_o\")), \"map_j37p\" (\"field_d4_o\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"field_d4_o\" AS \"field_d4_o\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_n9r3\" AS \"field_n9r3\" FROM \"join_j0lq\"), \"map_03mx\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_d4_o\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT COALESCE(CAST(\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS TEXT), '_PRIVACY_UNIT_DEFAULT_') AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", COALESCE(\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", 0) AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_d4_o\" AS \"field_d4_o\", CASE WHEN \"field_n9r3\" IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END AS \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"map_j37p\"), \"map_a6kd\" (\"field_1iro\", \"field_grep\", \"field_zyse\") AS (SELECT \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"field_1iro\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"field_grep\", \"field_d4_o\" AS \"field_zyse\" FROM \"map_03mx\"), \"reduce_65ak\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"field_d4_o\", \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT field_grep AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", field_zyse AS \"field_d4_o\", SUM(\"field_1iro\") AS \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"map_a6kd\" GROUP BY \"field_grep\", \"field_zyse\"), \"map_lvtk\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"field_d4_o\", \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"field_d4_o\" AS \"field_d4_o\", ABS((\"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\") * (\"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\")) AS \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"reduce_65ak\"), \"map_u172\" (\"field_7ra5\", \"field_grep\") AS (SELECT \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"field_7ra5\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"field_grep\" FROM \"map_lvtk\"), \"reduce_x325\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT field_grep AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", SUM(\"field_7ra5\") AS \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"map_u172\" GROUP BY \"field_grep\"), \"map_a9ps\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", (1) / (GREATEST(1, (SQRT(\"_ONE_field_n9r3\")) / (1))) AS \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"reduce_x325\"), \"join_ecw5\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_d4_o\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT * FROM \"map_03mx\" AS \"_LEFT_\" JOIN \"map_a9ps\" AS \"_RIGHT_\" ON (\"_LEFT_\".\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\") = (\"_RIGHT_\".\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\")), \"map_gyzu\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_d4_o\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\", \"_CLIPPED__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_d4_o\" AS \"field_d4_o\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"_ONE_field_n9r3\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\", (\"_ONE_field_n9r3\") * (\"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS \"_CLIPPED__ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"join_ecw5\"), \"map_in4e\" (\"field_8d51\", \"field_zyse\") AS (SELECT \"_CLIPPED__ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"field_8d51\", \"field_d4_o\" AS \"field_zyse\" FROM \"map_gyzu\"), \"reduce__03f\" (\"field_d4_o\", \"_COUNT_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT field_zyse AS \"field_d4_o\", SUM(\"field_8d51\") AS \"_COUNT_field_n9r3\" FROM \"map_in4e\" GROUP BY \"field_zyse\"), \"map_51tw\" (\"field_d4_o\", \"_COUNT_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"field_d4_o\" AS \"field_d4_o\", LEAST(817718, GREATEST(0, (COALESCE(\"_COUNT_field_n9r3\", 0)) + ((3.776479532659047) * ((SQRT((-2) * (LN(RANDOM())))) * (COS((6.283185307179586) * (RANDOM()))))))) AS \"_COUNT_field_n9r3\" FROM \"reduce__03f\"), \"map_zoir\" (\"field_i4xy\", \"field_d4_o\") AS (SELECT CAST(\"_COUNT_field_n9r3\" AS INTEGER) AS \"field_i4xy\", \"field_d4_o\" AS \"field_d4_o\" FROM \"map_51tw\"), \"map_a33c\" (\"field_d4_o\", \"field_i4xy\") AS (SELECT \"field_d4_o\" AS \"field_d4_o\", \"field_i4xy\" AS \"field_i4xy\" FROM \"map_zoir\"), \"map_fshk\" (\"gender\", \"number_of_actors\") AS (SELECT \"field_d4_o\" AS \"gender\", \"field_i4xy\" AS \"number_of_actors\" FROM \"map_a33c\") SELECT * FROM \"map_fshk\"\n",
              "```"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "name": "stdout",
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "DpEvent(Gaussian { noise_multiplier: 3.776479532659047 })\n"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# We create a basic aggregation relation\n",
        "query = \"SELECT gender, COUNT(*) as number_of_actors FROM imdb_ijs.actors GROUP BY gender\"\n",
        "relation = dataset.relation(query)\n",
        "# The relation is turned into a DP equivalent\n",
        "relation_with_dp_event = relation.rewrite_with_differential_privacy(\n",
        "    dataset,\n",
        "    privacy_unit,\n",
        "    budget,\n",
        ")\n",
        "# Rewritten relation\n",
        "dp_relation = relation_with_dp_event.relation()\n",
        "dp_query = dp_relation.to_query()\n",
        "print_sql(dp_query)\n",
        "# Privacy loss\n",
        "dpe = relation_with_dp_event.dp_event()\n",
        "print(dpe)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 12,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 289
        },
        "id": "gHe8VMey53-W",
        "outputId": "c7654ffe-8e17-45ed-a59c-35fc204e1ce8"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### Result"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
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              "    <div>\n",
              "<style scoped>\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
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              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>gender</th>\n",
              "      <th>number_of_actors</th>\n",
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              "  </thead>\n",
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              "\n",
              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-e3b08e91-8a44-4233-a804-ad52b0c9b5f7')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
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              "    </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <style>\n",
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              "\n",
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              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  </style>\n",
              "\n",
              "    <script>\n",
              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-e3b08e91-8a44-4233-a804-ad52b0c9b5f7 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-e3b08e91-8a44-4233-a804-ad52b0c9b5f7');\n",
              "        const dataTable =\n",
              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
              "\n",
              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "\n",
              "<div id=\"df-f1d87e0a-4736-4808-b7df-d8b3969d8037\">\n",
              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-f1d87e0a-4736-4808-b7df-d8b3969d8037')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
              "    <g>\n",
              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
              "    </g>\n",
              "</svg>\n",
              "  </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "<style>\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
              "    border: none;\n",
              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
              "    display: none;\n",
              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    height: 32px;\n",
              "    padding: 0;\n",
              "    width: 32px;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    20% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    30% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-f1d87e0a-4736-4808-b7df-d8b3969d8037 button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "  gender  number_of_actors\n",
              "0      F            304412\n",
              "1      M            513306"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### DP Result"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"df-1ac5ec01-e647-4ff8-bf5b-5a8a5fda3f49\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <div>\n",
              "<style scoped>\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
              "        text-align: right;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>gender</th>\n",
              "      <th>number_of_actors</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>1</th>\n",
              "      <td>F</td>\n",
              "      <td>304408</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>0</th>\n",
              "      <td>M</td>\n",
              "      <td>513310</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </tbody>\n",
              "</table>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-1ac5ec01-e647-4ff8-bf5b-5a8a5fda3f49')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
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              "  </svg>\n",
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              "\n",
              "  <style>\n",
              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
              "      display:flex;\n",
              "      gap: 12px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      border: none;\n",
              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
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              "      height: 32px;\n",
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              "      width: 32px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  </style>\n",
              "\n",
              "    <script>\n",
              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-1ac5ec01-e647-4ff8-bf5b-5a8a5fda3f49 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-1ac5ec01-e647-4ff8-bf5b-5a8a5fda3f49');\n",
              "        const dataTable =\n",
              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
              "\n",
              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "\n",
              "<div id=\"df-754fc589-dd7a-499a-8191-e3a64f2014d0\">\n",
              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-754fc589-dd7a-499a-8191-e3a64f2014d0')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
              "    <g>\n",
              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
              "    </g>\n",
              "</svg>\n",
              "  </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "<style>\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
              "    border: none;\n",
              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
              "    display: none;\n",
              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    height: 32px;\n",
              "    padding: 0;\n",
              "    width: 32px;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    20% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    30% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-754fc589-dd7a-499a-8191-e3a64f2014d0 button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "  gender  number_of_actors\n",
              "1      F            304408\n",
              "0      M            513310"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "import pandas as pd\n",
        "\n",
        "true_res = pd.read_sql(query, database.engine())\n",
        "dp_res = pd.read_sql(dp_query, database.engine())\n",
        "\n",
        "print_result('Result', true_res.sort_values('gender'))\n",
        "print_result('DP Result', dp_res.sort_values('gender'))"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "WTUME5SL6Yez"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Run DP SQL queries with non-trivial Privacy Unit multiplicity\n",
        "\n",
        "When multiple rows *belong* to the same privacy unit. Bounding the influence of one privacy unit can be tricky.\n",
        "Qrlew evaluates the worst case *multiplicity* of rows per privacy unit.\n",
        "\n",
        "It can also be passed as an argument."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 13,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 72
        },
        "id": "C4W3jAP66Sum",
        "outputId": "2a8568cc-5b0f-438f-b8ad-754b20ca923b"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "```sql\n",
              "WITH \"field_8dt4\" (\"field_8dt4\") AS (SELECT * FROM (VALUES ('F'), ('M')) AS \"field_8dt4\" (\"field_8dt4\")), \"map_o7od\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"id\", \"first_name\", \"last_name\", \"gender\") AS (SELECT MD5(CAST(\"id\" AS TEXT)) AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", 1 AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"id\" AS \"id\", \"first_name\" AS \"first_name\", \"last_name\" AS \"last_name\", \"gender\" AS \"gender\" FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"actors\"), \"join_5pxq\" (\"field_6w80\", \"field_adyv\", \"field_mg8l\", \"field_ey3i\", \"field_rvp5\", \"field_kwgs\", \"field_cenr\") AS (SELECT * FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"actors\" AS \"_LEFT_\" JOIN \"imdb_ijs\".\"roles\" AS \"_RIGHT_\" ON (\"_RIGHT_\".\"actor_id\") = (\"_LEFT_\".\"id\")), \"map_azcr\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"actor_id\", \"movie_id\", \"role\") AS (SELECT MD5(CAST(\"field_6w80\" AS TEXT)) AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", 1 AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_rvp5\" AS \"actor_id\", \"field_kwgs\" AS \"movie_id\", \"field_cenr\" AS \"role\" FROM \"join_5pxq\"), \"join_2qan\" (\"_LEFT_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_LEFT_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_6w80\", \"field_adyv\", \"field_mg8l\", \"field_ey3i\", \"_RIGHT_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_RIGHT_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_rvp5\", \"field_kwgs\", \"field_cenr\") AS (SELECT * FROM \"map_o7od\" AS \"_LEFT_\" JOIN \"map_azcr\" AS \"_RIGHT_\" ON ((\"_LEFT_\".\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\") = (\"_RIGHT_\".\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\")) AND ((\"_RIGHT_\".\"actor_id\") = (\"_LEFT_\".\"id\"))), \"map_pc5d\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_adyv\", \"field_ey3i\", \"field_6w80\", \"field_mg8l\", \"field_rvp5\", \"field_kwgs\", \"field_cenr\") AS (SELECT \"_LEFT_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", (\"_LEFT_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\") * (\"_RIGHT_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\") AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_adyv\" AS \"field_adyv\", \"field_ey3i\" AS \"field_ey3i\", \"field_6w80\" AS \"field_6w80\", \"field_mg8l\" AS \"field_mg8l\", \"field_rvp5\" AS \"field_rvp5\", \"field_kwgs\" AS \"field_kwgs\", \"field_cenr\" AS \"field_cenr\" FROM \"join_2qan\"), \"map_jyze\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_n9r3\", \"field_8dt4\") AS (SELECT \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", 1 AS \"field_n9r3\", \"field_ey3i\" AS \"field_8dt4\" FROM \"map_pc5d\"), \"join_jvsu\" (\"field_8dt4\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_n9r3\", \"left__ybda\") AS (SELECT * FROM \"field_8dt4\" AS \"_LEFT_\" LEFT JOIN \"map_jyze\" AS \"_RIGHT_\" ON (\"_LEFT_\".\"field_8dt4\") = (\"_RIGHT_\".\"field_8dt4\")), \"map_qpyp\" (\"field_8dt4\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"field_8dt4\" AS \"field_8dt4\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_n9r3\" AS \"field_n9r3\" FROM \"join_jvsu\"), \"map_pt6d\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_8dt4\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT COALESCE(CAST(\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS TEXT), '_PRIVACY_UNIT_DEFAULT_') AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", COALESCE(\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", 0) AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_8dt4\" AS \"field_8dt4\", CASE WHEN \"field_n9r3\" IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END AS \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"map_qpyp\"), \"map_any6\" (\"field_1iro\", \"field_grep\", \"field_kggk\") AS (SELECT \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"field_1iro\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"field_grep\", \"field_8dt4\" AS \"field_kggk\" FROM \"map_pt6d\"), \"reduce_x8hs\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"field_8dt4\", \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT field_grep AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", field_kggk AS \"field_8dt4\", SUM(\"field_1iro\") AS \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"map_any6\" GROUP BY \"field_grep\", \"field_kggk\"), \"map_1too\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"field_8dt4\", \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"field_8dt4\" AS \"field_8dt4\", ABS((\"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\") * (\"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\")) AS \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"reduce_x8hs\"), \"map_xd2x\" (\"field_7ra5\", \"field_grep\") AS (SELECT \"_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"field_7ra5\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"field_grep\" FROM \"map_1too\"), \"reduce_vvwi\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT field_grep AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", SUM(\"field_7ra5\") AS \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"map_xd2x\" GROUP BY \"field_grep\"), \"map_hidt\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", (1) / (GREATEST(1, (SQRT(\"_ONE_field_n9r3\")) / (100))) AS \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"reduce_vvwi\"), \"join_ax3z\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_8dt4\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT * FROM \"map_pt6d\" AS \"_LEFT_\" JOIN \"map_hidt\" AS \"_RIGHT_\" ON (\"_LEFT_\".\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\") = (\"_RIGHT_\".\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\")), \"map_cra4\" (\"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_8dt4\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\", \"_CLIPPED__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\" AS \"_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_\", \"field_8dt4\" AS \"field_8dt4\", \"_ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"_ONE_field_n9r3\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_\" AS \"_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_\", \"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\", (\"_ONE_field_n9r3\") * (\"_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3\") AS \"_CLIPPED__ONE_field_n9r3\" FROM \"join_ax3z\"), \"map_wg5e\" (\"field_8d51\", \"field_kggk\") AS (SELECT \"_CLIPPED__ONE_field_n9r3\" AS \"field_8d51\", \"field_8dt4\" AS \"field_kggk\" FROM \"map_cra4\"), \"reduce_kn50\" (\"field_8dt4\", \"_COUNT_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT field_kggk AS \"field_8dt4\", SUM(\"field_8d51\") AS \"_COUNT_field_n9r3\" FROM \"map_wg5e\" GROUP BY \"field_kggk\"), \"map_s9if\" (\"field_8dt4\", \"_COUNT_field_n9r3\") AS (SELECT \"field_8dt4\" AS \"field_8dt4\", LEAST(3431966, GREATEST(0, (COALESCE(\"_COUNT_field_n9r3\", 0)) + ((377.6479532659047) * ((SQRT((-2) * (LN(RANDOM())))) * (COS((6.283185307179586) * (RANDOM()))))))) AS \"_COUNT_field_n9r3\" FROM \"reduce_kn50\"), \"map_687m\" (\"field_i4xy\", \"field_8dt4\") AS (SELECT CAST(\"_COUNT_field_n9r3\" AS INTEGER) AS \"field_i4xy\", \"field_8dt4\" AS \"field_8dt4\" FROM \"map_s9if\"), \"map_0efo\" (\"field_8dt4\", \"field_i4xy\") AS (SELECT \"field_8dt4\" AS \"field_8dt4\", \"field_i4xy\" AS \"field_i4xy\" FROM \"map_687m\"), \"map_4gye\" (\"gender\", \"total_number_of_roles\") AS (SELECT \"field_8dt4\" AS \"gender\", \"field_i4xy\" AS \"total_number_of_roles\" FROM \"map_0efo\") SELECT * FROM \"map_4gye\"\n",
              "```"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "name": "stdout",
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "DpEvent(Gaussian { noise_multiplier: 377.6479532659047 })\n"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# We create a basic aggregation relation\n",
        "query = \"SELECT gender, COUNT(*) as total_number_of_roles FROM imdb_ijs.actors JOIN imdb_ijs.roles ON roles.actor_id=actors.id GROUP BY gender\"\n",
        "relation = dataset.relation(query)\n",
        "# The relation is turned into a DP equivalent\n",
        "relation_with_dp_event = relation.rewrite_with_differential_privacy(\n",
        "    dataset,\n",
        "    privacy_unit,\n",
        "    budget,\n",
        ")\n",
        "# Rewritten relation\n",
        "dp_relation = relation_with_dp_event.relation()\n",
        "dp_query = dp_relation.to_query()\n",
        "print_sql(dp_query)\n",
        "# Privacy loss\n",
        "dpe = relation_with_dp_event.dp_event()\n",
        "print(dpe)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 14,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 1000
        },
        "id": "ODMkLMSt9Wy-",
        "outputId": "9692348e-3f65-415e-b5a8-7d8ec592e4d4"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
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              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"467.5\" y=\"-2602.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">gender = field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M} UNIQUE</text>\n",
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              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"454\" y=\"-2332.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M} UNIQUE</text>\n",
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              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"430.5\" y=\"-2242.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = first(field_kggk) ∈ str{F, M} UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"386.5\" y=\"-2231.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_COUNT_field_n9r3 = sum(field_8d51) ∈ option(float[0 3431966])</text>\n",
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              "<g id=\"node7\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_6t4r</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M1012.5,-2084C1012.5,-2084 185.5,-2084 185.5,-2084 179.5,-2084 173.5,-2078 173.5,-2072 173.5,-2072 173.5,-1980 173.5,-1980 173.5,-1974 179.5,-1968 185.5,-1968 185.5,-1968 1012.5,-1968 1012.5,-1968 1018.5,-1968 1024.5,-1974 1024.5,-1980 1024.5,-1980 1024.5,-2072 1024.5,-2072 1024.5,-2078 1018.5,-2084 1012.5,-2084\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"494.5\" y=\"-2062.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_CRA4 size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"471\" y=\"-2051.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"396.5\" y=\"-2040.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = _PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ ∈ float{0, 1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"477.5\" y=\"-2029.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"420\" y=\"-2018.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_ONE_field_n9r3 = _ONE_field_n9r3 ∈ option(float{1})</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"376.5\" y=\"-2007.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"238\" y=\"-1996.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3 = _SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3 ∈ option(float[0.00000001572843583455192 1])</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"187.5\" y=\"-1985.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_CLIPPED__ONE_field_n9r3 = (_ONE_field_n9r3 * _SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3) ∈ option(float[0.00000001572843583455192 1])</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_cmbo&#45;&gt;graph_6t4r -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge22\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_cmbo&#45;&gt;graph_6t4r</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M599,-2112.76C599,-2106.97 599,-2100.68 599,-2094.23\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"602.5,-2094.02 599,-2084.02 595.5,-2094.02 602.5,-2094.02\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_rffi -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node8\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_rffi</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff616f\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M942,-1939C942,-1939 256,-1939 256,-1939 250,-1939 244,-1933 244,-1927 244,-1927 244,-1835 244,-1835 244,-1829 250,-1823 256,-1823 256,-1823 942,-1823 942,-1823 948,-1823 954,-1829 954,-1835 954,-1835 954,-1927 954,-1927 954,-1933 948,-1939 942,-1939\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"491\" y=\"-1917.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">JOIN_AX3Z size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"447\" y=\"-1906.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _LEFT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"373\" y=\"-1895.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = _LEFT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ ∈ float{0, 1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"454\" y=\"-1884.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = _LEFT_.field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"396.5\" y=\"-1873.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_ONE_field_n9r3 = _LEFT_._ONE_field_n9r3 ∈ option(float{1})</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"396.5\" y=\"-1862.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_SCALE_FACTOR__PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _RIGHT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"258\" y=\"-1851.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_SCALE_FACTOR__ONE_field_n9r3 = _RIGHT_._ONE_field_n9r3 ∈ option(float[0.00000001572843583455192 1])</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"406.5\" y=\"-1840.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">INNER ON (_LEFT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _RIGHT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_)</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_6t4r&#45;&gt;graph_rffi -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge21\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_6t4r&#45;&gt;graph_rffi</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M599,-1967.66C599,-1961.69 599,-1955.58 599,-1949.5\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"602.5,-1949.35 599,-1939.35 595.5,-1949.35 602.5,-1949.35\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_xovo -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node9\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_xovo</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M772,-1794C772,-1794 12,-1794 12,-1794 6,-1794 0,-1788 0,-1782 0,-1782 0,-1745 0,-1745 0,-1739 6,-1733 12,-1733 12,-1733 772,-1733 772,-1733 778,-1733 784,-1739 784,-1745 784,-1745 784,-1782 784,-1782 784,-1788 778,-1794 772,-1794\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"287.5\" y=\"-1772.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_HIDT size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"240\" y=\"-1761.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-1750.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_ONE_field_n9r3 = (1 / greatest(1, (sqrt(_ONE_field_n9r3) / 100))) ∈ option(float[0.00000001572843583455192 1])</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_rffi&#45;&gt;graph_xovo -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge20\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_rffi&#45;&gt;graph_xovo</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M496.71,-1822.93C482.01,-1814.72 467.27,-1806.5 453.69,-1798.92\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"455.38,-1795.85 444.94,-1794.04 451.97,-1801.97 455.38,-1795.85\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_d4bc -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node15\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_d4bc</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M932,-1199C932,-1199 348,-1199 348,-1199 342,-1199 336,-1193 336,-1187 336,-1187 336,-1128 336,-1128 336,-1122 342,-1116 348,-1116 348,-1116 932,-1116 932,-1116 938,-1116 944,-1122 944,-1128 944,-1128 944,-1187 944,-1187 944,-1193 938,-1199 932,-1199\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"535.5\" y=\"-1177.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_PT6D size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"350\" y=\"-1166.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = coalesce(cast_as_text(_PRIVACY_UNIT_), _PRIVACY_UNIT_DEFAULT_) ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"393.5\" y=\"-1155.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = coalesce(_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_, 0) ∈ float{0, 1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"518.5\" y=\"-1144.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"407\" y=\"-1133.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_ONE_field_n9r3 = case(is_null(field_n9r3), 0, 1) ∈ option(float{1})</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_rffi&#45;&gt;graph_d4bc -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge19\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_rffi&#45;&gt;graph_d4bc</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M762.54,-1822.76C773.28,-1814.42 782.99,-1804.88 791,-1794 824.17,-1748.94 806,-1724.95 806,-1669 806,-1669 806,-1669 806,-1369.5 806,-1302.31 753.36,-1243.88 707.37,-1205.65\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"709.43,-1202.82 699.46,-1199.22 705.01,-1208.25 709.43,-1202.82\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_69wr -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node10\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_69wr</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#00363a\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M644.5,-1704C644.5,-1704 141.5,-1704 141.5,-1704 135.5,-1704 129.5,-1698 129.5,-1692 129.5,-1692 129.5,-1644 129.5,-1644 129.5,-1638 135.5,-1632 141.5,-1632 141.5,-1632 644.5,-1632 644.5,-1632 650.5,-1632 656.5,-1638 656.5,-1644 656.5,-1644 656.5,-1692 656.5,-1692 656.5,-1698 650.5,-1704 644.5,-1704\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"278.5\" y=\"-1682.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">REDUCE_VVWI size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"231\" y=\"-1671.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = first(field_grep) ∈ str UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"143.5\" y=\"-1660.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_ONE_field_n9r3 = sum(field_7ra5) ∈ option(float[0 40423036160254140000])</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"322\" y=\"-1649.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">GROUP BY (field_grep)</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_xovo&#45;&gt;graph_69wr -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge18\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_xovo&#45;&gt;graph_69wr</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M392.32,-1732.92C392.38,-1727.09 392.45,-1720.85 392.51,-1714.64\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"396.02,-1714.32 392.62,-1704.28 389.02,-1714.24 396.02,-1714.32\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_l3fx -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node11\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_l3fx</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M629,-1603C629,-1603 159,-1603 159,-1603 153,-1603 147,-1597 147,-1591 147,-1591 147,-1554 147,-1554 147,-1548 153,-1542 159,-1542 159,-1542 629,-1542 629,-1542 635,-1542 641,-1548 641,-1554 641,-1554 641,-1591 641,-1591 641,-1597 635,-1603 629,-1603\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"289.5\" y=\"-1581.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_XD2X size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"161\" y=\"-1570.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_7ra5 = _NORM__ONE_field_n9r3 ∈ option(float[0 11778390625156])</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"279.5\" y=\"-1559.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_grep = _PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_69wr&#45;&gt;graph_l3fx -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge17\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_69wr&#45;&gt;graph_l3fx</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M393.38,-1631.92C393.44,-1625.88 393.51,-1619.56 393.57,-1613.4\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"397.07,-1613.3 393.68,-1603.27 390.07,-1613.23 397.07,-1613.3\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_m5ah -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node12\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m5ah</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M771.5,-1513C771.5,-1513 18.5,-1513 18.5,-1513 12.5,-1513 6.5,-1507 6.5,-1501 6.5,-1501 6.5,-1453 6.5,-1453 6.5,-1447 12.5,-1441 18.5,-1441 18.5,-1441 771.5,-1441 771.5,-1441 777.5,-1441 783.5,-1447 783.5,-1453 783.5,-1453 783.5,-1501 783.5,-1501 783.5,-1507 777.5,-1513 771.5,-1513\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"290.5\" y=\"-1491.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_1TOO size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"267\" y=\"-1480.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"273.5\" y=\"-1469.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"20.5\" y=\"-1458.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3 = abs((_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3 * _NORM__ONE_field_n9r3)) ∈ option(float[0 11778390625156])</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_l3fx&#45;&gt;graph_m5ah -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge16\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_l3fx&#45;&gt;graph_m5ah</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M394.32,-1541.92C394.38,-1536.09 394.45,-1529.85 394.51,-1523.64\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"398.02,-1523.32 394.62,-1513.28 391.02,-1523.24 398.02,-1523.32\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_l8li -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node13\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_l8li</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#00363a\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M694.5,-1412C694.5,-1412 251.5,-1412 251.5,-1412 245.5,-1412 239.5,-1406 239.5,-1400 239.5,-1400 239.5,-1341 239.5,-1341 239.5,-1335 245.5,-1329 251.5,-1329 251.5,-1329 694.5,-1329 694.5,-1329 700.5,-1329 706.5,-1335 706.5,-1341 706.5,-1341 706.5,-1400 706.5,-1400 706.5,-1406 700.5,-1412 694.5,-1412\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"358.5\" y=\"-1390.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">REDUCE_X8HS size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"334.5\" y=\"-1379.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = first(field_grep) ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"328\" y=\"-1368.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = first(field_kggk) ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"253.5\" y=\"-1357.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_NORM__ONE_field_n9r3 = sum(field_1iro) ∈ option(int[0 3431966])</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"361.5\" y=\"-1346.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">GROUP BY (field_grep, field_kggk)</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_m5ah&#45;&gt;graph_l8li -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge15\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m5ah&#45;&gt;graph_l8li</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M421.19,-1440.91C426.15,-1434.26 431.43,-1427.2 436.64,-1420.22\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"439.53,-1422.2 442.7,-1412.09 433.92,-1418.01 439.53,-1422.2\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_lds1 -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node14\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_lds1</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M705,-1300C705,-1300 377,-1300 377,-1300 371,-1300 365,-1294 365,-1288 365,-1288 365,-1240 365,-1240 365,-1234 371,-1228 377,-1228 377,-1228 705,-1228 705,-1228 711,-1228 717,-1234 717,-1240 717,-1240 717,-1288 717,-1288 717,-1294 711,-1300 705,-1300\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"436.5\" y=\"-1278.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_ANY6 size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"379\" y=\"-1267.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_1iro = _ONE_field_n9r3 ∈ option(float{1})</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"426.5\" y=\"-1256.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_grep = _PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"419.5\" y=\"-1245.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_kggk = field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_l8li&#45;&gt;graph_lds1 -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge14\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_l8li&#45;&gt;graph_lds1</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M499.49,-1328.8C503.69,-1322.34 508.06,-1315.63 512.31,-1309.09\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"515.49,-1310.62 518.01,-1300.33 509.62,-1306.8 515.49,-1310.62\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_lds1&#45;&gt;graph_d4bc -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge13\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_lds1&#45;&gt;graph_d4bc</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M574.24,-1227.91C580.68,-1221.12 587.52,-1213.89 594.28,-1206.76\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"597.21,-1208.76 601.54,-1199.09 592.13,-1203.94 597.21,-1208.76\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_5d5_ -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node16\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_5d5_</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M854.5,-1087C854.5,-1087 425.5,-1087 425.5,-1087 419.5,-1087 413.5,-1081 413.5,-1075 413.5,-1075 413.5,-1016 413.5,-1016 413.5,-1010 419.5,-1004 425.5,-1004 425.5,-1004 854.5,-1004 854.5,-1004 860.5,-1004 866.5,-1010 866.5,-1016 866.5,-1016 866.5,-1075 866.5,-1075 866.5,-1081 860.5,-1087 854.5,-1087\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"535.5\" y=\"-1065.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_QPYP size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"518.5\" y=\"-1054.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"485\" y=\"-1043.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ option(str)</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"427.5\" y=\"-1032.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = _PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ ∈ option(int{1})</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"501.5\" y=\"-1021.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_n9r3 = field_n9r3 ∈ option(int{1})</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_d4bc&#45;&gt;graph_5d5_ -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge12\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_d4bc&#45;&gt;graph_5d5_</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M640,-1115.85C640,-1109.89 640,-1103.69 640,-1097.56\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"643.5,-1097.35 640,-1087.35 636.5,-1097.35 643.5,-1097.35\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_kx7g -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node17\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_kx7g</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff616f\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M881.5,-975C881.5,-975 398.5,-975 398.5,-975 392.5,-975 386.5,-969 386.5,-963 386.5,-963 386.5,-882 386.5,-882 386.5,-876 392.5,-870 398.5,-870 398.5,-870 881.5,-870 881.5,-870 887.5,-870 893.5,-876 893.5,-882 893.5,-882 893.5,-963 893.5,-963 893.5,-969 887.5,-975 881.5,-975\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"532\" y=\"-953.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">JOIN_JVSU size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"495\" y=\"-942.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = _LEFT_.field_8dt4 ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"458\" y=\"-931.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _RIGHT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ option(str)</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"400.5\" y=\"-920.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = _RIGHT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ ∈ option(int{1})</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"474.5\" y=\"-909.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_n9r3 = _RIGHT_.field_n9r3 ∈ option(int{1})</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"464.5\" y=\"-898.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">left__ybda = _RIGHT_.field_8dt4 ∈ option(str{F, M})</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"477.5\" y=\"-887.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">LEFT ON (_LEFT_.field_8dt4 = _RIGHT_.field_8dt4)</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_5d5_&#45;&gt;graph_kx7g -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge11\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_5d5_&#45;&gt;graph_kx7g</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M640,-1003.87C640,-997.98 640,-991.8 640,-985.6\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"643.5,-985.19 640,-975.19 636.5,-985.19 643.5,-985.19\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_ukvz -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node18\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_ukvz</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#006064\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M570.5,-824.5C570.5,-824.5 397.5,-824.5 397.5,-824.5 391.5,-824.5 385.5,-818.5 385.5,-812.5 385.5,-812.5 385.5,-786.5 385.5,-786.5 385.5,-780.5 391.5,-774.5 397.5,-774.5 397.5,-774.5 570.5,-774.5 570.5,-774.5 576.5,-774.5 582.5,-780.5 582.5,-786.5 582.5,-786.5 582.5,-812.5 582.5,-812.5 582.5,-818.5 576.5,-824.5 570.5,-824.5\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"399.5\" y=\"-802.7\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">FIELD_8DT4 size ∈ int{2}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"463.5\" y=\"-791.7\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">[F, M]</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_kx7g&#45;&gt;graph_ukvz -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge9\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_kx7g&#45;&gt;graph_ukvz</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M573.39,-869.83C556.34,-856.61 538.55,-842.81 523.37,-831.04\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"525.27,-828.08 515.23,-824.72 520.98,-833.61 525.27,-828.08\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_gjqr -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node19\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_gjqr</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M983.5,-841C983.5,-841 608.5,-841 608.5,-841 602.5,-841 596.5,-835 596.5,-829 596.5,-829 596.5,-770 596.5,-770 596.5,-764 602.5,-758 608.5,-758 608.5,-758 983.5,-758 983.5,-758 989.5,-758 995.5,-764 995.5,-770 995.5,-770 995.5,-829 995.5,-829 995.5,-835 989.5,-841 983.5,-841\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"691.5\" y=\"-819.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_JYZE size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"668\" y=\"-808.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"610.5\" y=\"-797.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = _PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ ∈ int{1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"715\" y=\"-786.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_n9r3 = 1 ∈ int{1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"674.5\" y=\"-775.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_8dt4 = field_ey3i ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_kx7g&#45;&gt;graph_gjqr -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge10\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_kx7g&#45;&gt;graph_gjqr</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M706.61,-869.83C716.32,-862.31 726.26,-854.59 735.83,-847.17\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"738,-849.91 743.76,-841.02 733.71,-844.38 738,-849.91\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_ix1i -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node20\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_ix1i</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M1108.5,-729C1108.5,-729 483.5,-729 483.5,-729 477.5,-729 471.5,-723 471.5,-717 471.5,-717 471.5,-603 471.5,-603 471.5,-597 477.5,-591 483.5,-591 483.5,-591 1108.5,-591 1108.5,-591 1114.5,-591 1120.5,-597 1120.5,-603 1120.5,-603 1120.5,-717 1120.5,-717 1120.5,-723 1114.5,-729 1108.5,-729\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"691.5\" y=\"-707.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_PC5D size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"651\" y=\"-696.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _LEFT_PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"485.5\" y=\"-685.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = (_LEFT_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ * _RIGHT_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_) ∈ int{1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"695\" y=\"-674.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_adyv = field_adyv ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"674.5\" y=\"-663.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_ey3i = field_ey3i ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"695\" y=\"-652.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_6w80 = field_6w80 ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"695\" y=\"-641.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_mg8l = field_mg8l ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"695\" y=\"-630.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_rvp5 = field_rvp5 ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"695\" y=\"-619.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_kwgs = field_kwgs ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"695\" y=\"-608.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_cenr = field_cenr ∈ str</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_gjqr&#45;&gt;graph_ix1i -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge8\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_gjqr&#45;&gt;graph_ix1i</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M796,-757.99C796,-752.01 796,-745.69 796,-739.25\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"799.5,-739.08 796,-729.08 792.5,-739.08 799.5,-739.08\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph__2dq -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node21\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph__2dq</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff616f\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M1115.5,-562C1115.5,-562 476.5,-562 476.5,-562 470.5,-562 464.5,-556 464.5,-550 464.5,-550 464.5,-403 464.5,-403 464.5,-397 470.5,-391 476.5,-391 476.5,-391 1115.5,-391 1115.5,-391 1121.5,-391 1127.5,-397 1127.5,-403 1127.5,-403 1127.5,-550 1127.5,-550 1127.5,-556 1121.5,-562 1115.5,-562\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"688\" y=\"-540.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">JOIN_2QAN size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"627.5\" y=\"-529.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_LEFT_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _LEFT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"570\" y=\"-518.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_LEFT_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = _LEFT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ ∈ int{1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"698\" y=\"-507.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_6w80 = _LEFT_.id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"671\" y=\"-496.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_adyv = _LEFT_.first_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"674.5\" y=\"-485.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_mg8l = _LEFT_.last_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"664.5\" y=\"-474.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_ey3i = _LEFT_.gender ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"620.5\" y=\"-463.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_RIGHT_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _RIGHT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_ ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"563\" y=\"-452.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_RIGHT_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = _RIGHT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ ∈ int{1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"674.5\" y=\"-441.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_rvp5 = _RIGHT_.actor_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"674.5\" y=\"-430.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_kwgs = _RIGHT_.movie_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"688\" y=\"-419.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_cenr = _RIGHT_.role ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"478.5\" y=\"-408.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">INNER ON ((_LEFT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_ = _RIGHT_._PRIVACY_UNIT_) and (_RIGHT_.actor_id = _LEFT_.id))</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_ix1i&#45;&gt;graph__2dq -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge7\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_ix1i&#45;&gt;graph__2dq</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M796,-590.9C796,-584.91 796,-578.77 796,-572.61\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"799.5,-572.24 796,-562.24 792.5,-572.24 799.5,-572.24\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_n3dl -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node22\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_n3dl</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M799.5,-228C799.5,-228 444.5,-228 444.5,-228 438.5,-228 432.5,-222 432.5,-216 432.5,-216 432.5,-135 432.5,-135 432.5,-129 438.5,-123 444.5,-123 444.5,-123 799.5,-123 799.5,-123 805.5,-123 811.5,-129 811.5,-135 811.5,-135 811.5,-216 811.5,-216 811.5,-222 805.5,-228 799.5,-228\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"521\" y=\"-206.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_O7OD size ∈ int[0 817718]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"446.5\" y=\"-195.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = md5(cast_as_text(id)) ∈ str UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"504\" y=\"-184.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = 1 ∈ int{1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"551\" y=\"-173.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">id = id ∈ int UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"521\" y=\"-162.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">first_name = first_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"527.5\" y=\"-151.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">last_name = last_name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"527.5\" y=\"-140.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">gender = gender ∈ str{F, M}</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph__2dq&#45;&gt;graph_n3dl -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge5\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph__2dq&#45;&gt;graph_n3dl</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M746.6,-390.62C718.12,-341.68 682.98,-281.29 657.29,-237.14\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"660.17,-235.14 652.12,-228.26 654.12,-238.66 660.17,-235.14\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_621r -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node23\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_621r</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M1119,-362C1119,-362 757,-362 757,-362 751,-362 745,-356 745,-350 745,-350 745,-280 745,-280 745,-274 751,-268 757,-268 757,-268 1119,-268 1119,-268 1125,-268 1131,-274 1131,-280 1131,-280 1131,-350 1131,-350 1131,-356 1125,-362 1119,-362\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"833.5\" y=\"-340.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_AZCR size ∈ int[0 3431966]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"759\" y=\"-329.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_ = md5(cast_as_text(field_6w80)) ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"820\" y=\"-318.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">_PRIVACY_UNIT_WEIGHT_ = 1 ∈ int{1}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"843.5\" y=\"-307.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">actor_id = field_rvp5 ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"843.5\" y=\"-296.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">movie_id = field_kwgs ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"857\" y=\"-285.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">role = field_cenr ∈ str</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph__2dq&#45;&gt;graph_621r -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge6\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph__2dq&#45;&gt;graph_621r</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" d=\"M871.57,-390.61C877.86,-383.55 884.09,-376.55 890.08,-369.82\"/>\n",
              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"892.95,-371.86 896.99,-362.06 887.73,-367.21 892.95,-371.86\"/>\n",
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              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"884.5\" y=\"-44.7\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">actor_id = actor_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"884.5\" y=\"-33.7\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">movie_id = movie_id ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"911.5\" y=\"-22.7\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">role = role ∈ str</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_mgxe&#45;&gt;graph_6mn0 -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge2\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_mgxe&#45;&gt;graph_6mn0</title>\n",
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              "</svg>\n"
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              "<graphviz.sources.Source at 0x7aa8379df580>"
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      ],
      "source": [
        "print_dot(dp_relation.dot())"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 15,
      "metadata": {
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          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 289
        },
        "id": "F90XcmGS6rql",
        "outputId": "53745421-6808-4d39-bff1-6d22caa61e38"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### Result"
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              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
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              "  gender  total_number_of_roles\n",
              "0      F                1135174\n",
              "1      M                2296792"
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              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
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              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
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              "      height: 32px;\n",
              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
              "      width: 32px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
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              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
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              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
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              "  </style>\n",
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              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-6f1db437-302e-456b-a30a-9197635a85ec button.colab-df-convert');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-6f1db437-302e-456b-a30a-9197635a85ec');\n",
              "        const dataTable =\n",
              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
              "\n",
              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
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              "\n",
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              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
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              "\n",
              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
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              "\n",
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              "    width: 32px;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
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              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
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              "\n",
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              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
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              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    20% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    30% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-35f7a616-06e6-48eb-b08d-e9ab6b7b916a button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "  gender  total_number_of_roles\n",
              "1      F                1120108\n",
              "0      M                2186684"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "import pandas as pd\n",
        "\n",
        "true_res = pd.read_sql(query, database.engine())\n",
        "dp_res = pd.read_sql(dp_query, database.engine())\n",
        "\n",
        "print_result('Result', true_res.sort_values('gender'))\n",
        "print_result('DP Result', dp_res.sort_values('gender'))"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "eMHTH517lcow"
      },
      "source": [
        "In this example Qrlew made assumptions on the number of roles per actor to clip the influence of one actor. This is tunable.\n",
        "We can for example set a `max_multiplicity` parameter of 1.\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 16,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 289
        },
        "id": "2_jCz736mSFl",
        "outputId": "8921bd9d-f49b-4afa-a549-3e955184d5b4"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### Result"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
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              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
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              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
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              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
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              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
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              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
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              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-f589a34e-c035-4367-99f8-07679fd60637 button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "  gender  total_number_of_roles\n",
              "0      F                1135174\n",
              "1      M                2296792"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### DP Result"
            ],
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              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
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              "\n",
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              "\n",
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              "\n",
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              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>gender</th>\n",
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              "</table>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-383f4ee5-40ec-401c-a0f1-eabb7c4fa6fc')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
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              "  </svg>\n",
              "    </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <style>\n",
              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
              "      display:flex;\n",
              "      gap: 12px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      border: none;\n",
              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
              "      display: none;\n",
              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
              "      height: 32px;\n",
              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
              "      width: 32px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  </style>\n",
              "\n",
              "    <script>\n",
              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-383f4ee5-40ec-401c-a0f1-eabb7c4fa6fc button.colab-df-convert');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-383f4ee5-40ec-401c-a0f1-eabb7c4fa6fc');\n",
              "        const dataTable =\n",
              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
              "\n",
              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "\n",
              "<div id=\"df-60377bce-6002-4145-a173-124280eaf75b\">\n",
              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-60377bce-6002-4145-a173-124280eaf75b')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
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              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
              "    </g>\n",
              "</svg>\n",
              "  </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "<style>\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
              "    border: none;\n",
              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
              "    display: none;\n",
              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    height: 32px;\n",
              "    padding: 0;\n",
              "    width: 32px;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    20% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    30% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-60377bce-6002-4145-a173-124280eaf75b button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "  gender  total_number_of_roles\n",
              "1      F                 304411\n",
              "0      M                 513306"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# The relation is turned into a DP equivalent\n",
        "relation_with_dp_event = relation.rewrite_with_differential_privacy(\n",
        "    dataset,\n",
        "    privacy_unit,\n",
        "    budget,\n",
        "    max_multiplicity=1,\n",
        ")\n",
        "# Rewritten relation\n",
        "dp_relation = relation_with_dp_event.relation()\n",
        "dp_query = dp_relation.to_query()\n",
        "dp_res = pd.read_sql(dp_query, database.engine())\n",
        "\n",
        "print_result('Result', true_res.sort_values('gender'))\n",
        "print_result('DP Result', dp_res.sort_values('gender'))"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "KQMcKkRSoFOj"
      },
      "source": [
        "The result will have litle noise, but we see it is very biased.\n",
        "We actually count the number of actor instead of the number of role.\n",
        "\n",
        "We can now set a `max_multiplicity` parameter of 100000 and a `max_multiplicity_share` of 100% of estimated size of the dataset as qrlew will use the smallest of both."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 17,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 289
        },
        "id": "ke15efQ9oOlu",
        "outputId": "73d8fa09-169c-4268-eb73-f5fe52dbd813"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### Result"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
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              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"df-433daa0e-205f-40c5-91bc-032410f27030\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
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              "<style scoped>\n",
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              "\n",
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              "        text-align: right;\n",
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              "</style>\n",
              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>gender</th>\n",
              "      <th>total_number_of_roles</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>0</th>\n",
              "      <td>F</td>\n",
              "      <td>1135174</td>\n",
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              "      <th>1</th>\n",
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              "      width: 32px;\n",
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              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
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              "\n",
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              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
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              "\n",
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              "        document.querySelector('#df-433daa0e-205f-40c5-91bc-032410f27030 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-433daa0e-205f-40c5-91bc-032410f27030');\n",
              "        const dataTable =\n",
              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
              "\n",
              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
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              "\n",
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              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
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              "    </g>\n",
              "</svg>\n",
              "  </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "<style>\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
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              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
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              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
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              "\n",
              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
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              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
              "    border: none;\n",
              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
              "    display: none;\n",
              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    height: 32px;\n",
              "    padding: 0;\n",
              "    width: 32px;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    20% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    30% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-cf1ae622-c3a6-46cd-b0db-64f3772525cb button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "  gender  total_number_of_roles\n",
              "0      F                1135174\n",
              "1      M                2296792"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### DP Result"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
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            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "  gender  total_number_of_roles\n",
              "1      F                1251391\n",
              "0      M                1988560"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# The relation is turned into a DP equivalent\n",
        "relation_with_dp_event = relation.rewrite_with_differential_privacy(\n",
        "    dataset,\n",
        "    privacy_unit,\n",
        "    budget,\n",
        "    max_multiplicity=100000,\n",
        "    max_multiplicity_share=1.,\n",
        ")\n",
        "# Rewritten relation\n",
        "dp_relation = relation_with_dp_event.relation()\n",
        "dp_query = dp_relation.to_query()\n",
        "dp_res = pd.read_sql(dp_query, database.engine())\n",
        "\n",
        "print_result('Result', true_res.sort_values('gender'))\n",
        "print_result('DP Result', dp_res.sort_values('gender'))"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "JDMIyzg9pnej"
      },
      "source": [
        "Now the value will be unbiased, but very noisy.\n",
        "\n",
        "Taking a value of 1000 yields good results here.\n",
        "\n",
        "The defaults is `max_multiplicity=100.0` and `max_multiplicity_share=0.1`."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 18,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 289
        },
        "id": "F7gDlsWfpz9d",
        "outputId": "bbbfe62e-1b09-436e-d08e-06d65b9c8d23"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### Result"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
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              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
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              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "  gender  total_number_of_roles\n",
              "0      F                1135174\n",
              "1      M                2296792"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### DP Result"
            ],
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              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
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              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
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              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-94cb386c-6d3f-4941-824e-cd1415529572 button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "  gender  total_number_of_roles\n",
              "1      F                1140708\n",
              "0      M                2299726"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# The relation is turned into a DP equivalent\n",
        "relation_with_dp_event = relation.rewrite_with_differential_privacy(\n",
        "    dataset,\n",
        "    privacy_unit,\n",
        "    budget,\n",
        "    max_multiplicity=1000,\n",
        "    max_multiplicity_share=1.,\n",
        ")\n",
        "# Rewritten relation\n",
        "dp_relation = relation_with_dp_event.relation()\n",
        "dp_query = dp_relation.to_query()\n",
        "dp_res = pd.read_sql(dp_query, database.engine())\n",
        "\n",
        "print_result('Result', true_res.sort_values('gender'))\n",
        "print_result('DP Result', dp_res.sort_values('gender'))"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "wQ5LZ0xet748"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Qrlew supports several SQL dialects: PostgreSQL (default), MSSQL or BigQuery.\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 19,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ncmHaAdY0wzU"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "from pyqrlew import Dialect\n",
        "\n",
        "# We create a basic relation\n",
        "query = \"SELECT LN(1+rank) as log_rank FROM imdb_ijs.movies GROUP BY gender\"\n",
        "relation = dataset.relation(query)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 20,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 75
        },
        "id": "DdyvN-anuPIA",
        "outputId": "eff46989-5f47-4297-ba6f-bcd46f1f1a68"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### Relation rendered as PostgreSQL"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "```sql\n",
              "WITH \"reduce_9y_x\" (\"field_07kk\") AS (SELECT rank AS \"field_07kk\" FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"movies\" GROUP BY \"gender\"), \"map_ucb9\" (\"log_rank\") AS (SELECT LN((1) + (\"field_07kk\")) AS \"log_rank\" FROM \"reduce_9y_x\") SELECT * FROM \"map_ucb9\"\n",
              "```"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "print_md('### Relation rendered as PostgreSQL')\n",
        "query = relation.to_query()\n",
        "print_sql(query)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 21,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 75
        },
        "id": "6NLf-7OtugVn",
        "outputId": "70155a25-f23d-4b54-e579-5a4795989331"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### Relation rendered as BigQuery"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "```sql\n",
              "WITH `reduce_9y_x` AS (SELECT rank AS `field_07kk` FROM `imdb_ijs`.`movies` GROUP BY `gender`), `map_ucb9` AS (SELECT LN((1) + (`field_07kk`)) AS `log_rank` FROM `reduce_9y_x`) SELECT * FROM `map_ucb9`\n",
              "```"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "print_md('### Relation rendered as BigQuery')\n",
        "query = relation.to_query(dialect=Dialect.BigQuery)\n",
        "print_sql(query)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 22,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 75
        },
        "id": "IrKKZru5vcdL",
        "outputId": "d624fd77-e50f-4674-bcf5-ad13c0a182fc"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "### Relation rendered as MsSql"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "text/markdown": [
              "```sql\n",
              "WITH \"reduce_9y_x\" (\"field_07kk\") AS (SELECT rank AS \"field_07kk\" FROM \"imdb_ijs\".\"movies\" GROUP BY \"gender\"), \"map_ucb9\" (\"log_rank\") AS (SELECT LOG((1) + (\"field_07kk\")) AS \"log_rank\" FROM \"reduce_9y_x\") SELECT * FROM \"map_ucb9\"\n",
              "```"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "print_md('### Relation rendered as MsSql')\n",
        "query = relation.to_query(dialect=Dialect.MsSql)\n",
        "print_sql(query)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vxmHupRyHaJh"
      },
      "source": [
        "Note how the quoting varies and how LN is converted into LOG for MSSQL.\n",
        "\n",
        "Not only Qrlew can render relation ito many dialects it can also parse different dialects."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 23,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 368
        },
        "id": "n8Yzz12GmN68",
        "outputId": "d469729b-abf1-48a8-85cb-8e5bfdfbaa4e"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "image/svg+xml": [
              "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n",
              "<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN\"\n",
              " \"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd\">\n",
              "<!-- Generated by graphviz version 2.43.0 (0)\n",
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              "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 256)\">\n",
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              "<!-- graph_m0sq -->\n",
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              "<title>graph_m0sq</title>\n",
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              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"119\" y=\"-230.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">MAP_SQ4T size ∈ int[0 388269]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-219.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">log rank = ln((1 + field_07kk)) ∈ float[0 3.044522437723423]</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_eu9v -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node2\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_eu9v</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#00363a\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M377,-173C377,-173 63,-173 63,-173 57,-173 51,-167 51,-161 51,-161 51,-124 51,-124 51,-118 57,-112 63,-112 63,-112 377,-112 377,-112 383,-112 389,-118 389,-124 389,-124 389,-161 389,-161 389,-167 383,-173 377,-173\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"108.5\" y=\"-151.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">REDUCE_9Y_X size ∈ int[0 388269]</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"65\" y=\"-140.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_07kk = first(rank) ∈ float[0 20] UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"162.5\" y=\"-129.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">GROUP BY (gender)</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_m0sq&#45;&gt;graph_eu9v -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge2\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m0sq&#45;&gt;graph_eu9v</title>\n",
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              "</g>\n",
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              "<g id=\"node3\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_773q</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#ff1744\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M340,-83C340,-83 100,-83 100,-83 94,-83 88,-77 88,-71 88,-71 88,-12 88,-12 88,-6 94,0 100,0 100,0 340,0 340,0 346,0 352,-6 352,-12 352,-12 352,-71 352,-71 352,-77 346,-83 340,-83\"/>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"102\" y=\"-61.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-weight=\"bold\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">IMDB_IJS_MOVIES size ∈ int{388269}</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"149\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">id = id ∈ int UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"159.5\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">name = name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"159.5\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">year = year ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"132.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">rank = rank ∈ float[0 20]</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_eu9v&#45;&gt;graph_773q -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge1\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_eu9v&#45;&gt;graph_773q</title>\n",
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              "<polygon fill=\"#2b303a\" stroke=\"#2b303a\" points=\"223.5,-93.17 220,-83.17 216.5,-93.17 223.5,-93.17\"/>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "</svg>\n"
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      ],
      "source": [
        "# We create a basic relation\n",
        "query = \"\"\"SELECT LN(1+rank) as \"log rank\" FROM imdb_ijs.movies GROUP BY gender\"\"\"\n",
        "relation = dataset.relation(query, dialect=Dialect.PostgreSql)\n",
        "print_dot(relation.dot())"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 24,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 368
        },
        "id": "oNXr0fHSmVGD",
        "outputId": "211db54a-2121-4372-bd88-b934b53d40ef"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
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              "<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN\"\n",
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              " -->\n",
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              "<g id=\"graph0\" class=\"graph\" transform=\"scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 256)\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m0sq</title>\n",
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              "<!-- graph_m0sq -->\n",
              "<g id=\"node1\" class=\"node\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m0sq</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#428e92\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M428,-252C428,-252 12,-252 12,-252 6,-252 0,-246 0,-240 0,-240 0,-214 0,-214 0,-208 6,-202 12,-202 12,-202 428,-202 428,-202 434,-202 440,-208 440,-214 440,-214 440,-240 440,-240 440,-246 434,-252 428,-252\"/>\n",
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              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-219.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">log rank = ln((1 + field_07kk)) ∈ float[0 3.044522437723423]</text>\n",
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              "<!-- graph_eu9v -->\n",
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              "<title>graph_eu9v</title>\n",
              "<path fill=\"#00363a\" stroke=\"#000000\" stroke-opacity=\"0.333333\" d=\"M377,-173C377,-173 63,-173 63,-173 57,-173 51,-167 51,-161 51,-161 51,-124 51,-124 51,-118 57,-112 63,-112 63,-112 377,-112 377,-112 383,-112 389,-118 389,-124 389,-124 389,-161 389,-161 389,-167 383,-173 377,-173\"/>\n",
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              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"65\" y=\"-140.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">field_07kk = first(rank) ∈ float[0 20] UNIQUE</text>\n",
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              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_m0sq&#45;&gt;graph_eu9v -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge2\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_m0sq&#45;&gt;graph_eu9v</title>\n",
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              "<title>graph_773q</title>\n",
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              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"149\" y=\"-50.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">id = id ∈ int UNIQUE</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"159.5\" y=\"-39.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">name = name ∈ str</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"159.5\" y=\"-28.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">year = year ∈ int</text>\n",
              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"132.5\" y=\"-17.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#ffffff\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">rank = rank ∈ float[0 20]</text>\n",
              "</g>\n",
              "<!-- graph_eu9v&#45;&gt;graph_773q -->\n",
              "<g id=\"edge1\" class=\"edge\">\n",
              "<title>graph_eu9v&#45;&gt;graph_773q</title>\n",
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      "source": [
        "# We create a basic relation in BigQuery dialect\n",
        "query = \"\"\"SELECT LN(1+rank) as `log rank` FROM imdb_ijs.movies GROUP BY gender\"\"\"\n",
        "relation = dataset.relation(query, dialect=Dialect.BigQuery)\n",
        "print_dot(relation.dot())"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 25,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 368
        },
        "id": "cbafUTQimq2P",
        "outputId": "86db3bfe-34f8-4b3a-9101-8596ddbdc6a4"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
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              "<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN\"\n",
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              "<text text-anchor=\"start\" x=\"14\" y=\"-219.2\" font-family=\"Red Hat Display,sans-serif\" font-size=\"11.00\" fill=\"#000000\" fill-opacity=\"0.733333\">log rank = ln((1 + field_07kk)) ∈ float[0 3.044522437723423]</text>\n",
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      "source": [
        "# We create a basic relation in MSSQL dialect\n",
        "query = \"\"\"SELECT LOG(1+rank) as \"log rank\" FROM imdb_ijs.movies GROUP BY gender\"\"\"\n",
        "relation = dataset.relation(query, dialect=Dialect.MsSql)\n",
        "print_dot(relation.dot())"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "24_sxs-vm4D7"
      },
      "source": [
        "They all return the same abstract `Relation` object"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "metadata": {
    "colab": {
      "provenance": []
    },
    "kernelspec": {
      "display_name": "Python 3",
      "name": "python3"
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    "language_info": {
      "name": "python"
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