Etudes

A repository with many study exercises and examples in many languages

Important vocabulary

Compiler / Compilated language

Compilers are algoritms that "translate" high-level code to low-level code. They are used in compilated languages.

GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)

GCC is an front-end to compile in many different languages, as you're going to see on this document. That means, when you call gcc myfile.language on terminal, GCC is going to analyze the file extension (.language) and call a proper compiler to that language. You can assure it uses the right compiler by flagging its library. You are able to name its output executable using flag -o output_name, but thats optional.

Examples

Fortran

gcc -lgfortran myfile.f -o myfile.exe can replace gfortran myfile.f -o myfile.exe

Interpreter / Interpretated language

Level (high/low)

Library

Modules

Library?

Languages

C

Build

gcc main.c -o main

C GTK

Build

I compile GTK on C using gcc as

gcc `pkg-config --cflags gtk4` `pkg-config --cflags gtk4` main.c -o main

Reference

I let you a great book recomendation for GTK programming:

• https://developer-old.gnome.org/gtkmm-tutorial/stable/index.html

C ncurses

Build

gcc -lncurses main.c -o main

C++

Build

Many people compile directly on g++, like:

g++ main.cpp -o main

But I prefer use gcc, which serves as a front-end, its gonna call g++ anyway on backstage:

gcc main.cpp -o main

Dart

Dart is a very flexible language. It may be interpretated as well as compiled for different formats.

Run

dart run myapp.dart

Build

I will cover only exe format, because I believe it will be the most usual.

dart compile exe myapp.dart

Dart Flutter

Build

Flutter let you compile for many different devices. From mobile to web or desktop. An example of building apk (for android).

flutter build apk

Run

You may run and debug directly into your target. To run in a specific device, get its ID and then use run with -d parameter. Listing devices

flutter devices

Then run specifying device

flutter run -d <DEVICE>

Fortran

Fortran has a lot on its versions, you can find a lot of documentation on F77 and F95. I recommend you to prefer to compile in the newest syntax (2018), since the newer versions have a lot of improvements. Books on F95 are still useful anyway.

Build

gcc -lgfortran main.f95 -o main

Reference

• Its wikipedia article is just perfect: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran#Evolution
• It has also its own wiki: https://fortranwiki.org/
• I found some good books on this link: https://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortranplus-books/

Java

Build

javac myfile.java

Its going to generate .class java binary files.

Run

After compiled, run .class files without its extension. For example, if you have myapp.class, you may run it with:

java myapp

Javascript

Run

node myapp.js

Perl

Run

perl myscript.pl

PKG

Generate .zst packages, handable by pacman on Arch-based distros.

Build

Make sure you have a PKGBUILD file in your current directory

makepkg

Build and autoinstall with -i flag:

makepkg -i

Python3

Run

No need to compile. One advantage of py3 is that you dont need to compile anything. It works something similar to shell script, interpretated in real time. The basic .py execution on Linux and similars may be like this:

python3 myscript.py

Missing a module

It it tells you it could not import a module, you can easily install that with pip3:

pip3 install my_missing_module

Rust

Build

rustc myscript.rs

Rust Cargo

Build

cargo run myapp

Shell // Bash // Zshell

Run

Just use the binary it self to run the script

sh myscript.sh
bash myscript.bash
zsh myscript.zsh