feat: usable constructor for Table (#294)

Closes #266.

### Summary of Changes

The constructor for `Table` now accepts a dictionary instead of a
`pandas.DataFrame` so we no longer need to "hide" it from users.
Internally, we can use `Table._from_pandas_dataframe` now to create a
`Table` from a `pandas.DataFrame`.

---------

Co-authored-by: megalinter-bot <129584137+megalinter-bot@users.noreply.github.com>

src/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_row.py

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def _from_pandas_dataframe(data: pd.DataFrame, schema: Schema | None = None) ->
     # Dunder methods
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    def __init__(self, data: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None):
+    def __init__(self, data: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Create a row from a mapping of column names to column values.
 

src/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_tagged_table.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from collections.abc import Iterable
+import pandas as pd
 
 from safeds.data.tabular.containers import Column, Table
 from safeds.data.tabular.typing import Schema
@@ -24,14 +24,16 @@ class TaggedTable(Table):
     # Dunder methods
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+    # noinspection PyMissingConstructor
     def __init__(
         self,
-        data: Iterable,
+        data: pd.DataFrame,
+        schema: Schema,
         target_name: str,
         feature_names: list[str] | None = None,
-        schema: Schema | None = None,
     ):
-        super().__init__(data, schema)
+        self._data = data
+        self._schema = schema
 
         # If no feature names are specified, use all columns except the target column
         if feature_names is None:

src/safeds/data/tabular/exceptions/__init__.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
     ColumnSizeError,
     DuplicateColumnNameError,
     IndexOutOfBoundsError,
-    MissingDataError,
     NonNumericColumnError,
     SchemaMismatchError,
     TransformerNotFittedError,
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@
     "ColumnSizeError",
     "DuplicateColumnNameError",
     "IndexOutOfBoundsError",
-    "MissingDataError",
     "NonNumericColumnError",
     "SchemaMismatchError",
     "TransformerNotFittedError",

src/safeds/data/tabular/exceptions/_exceptions.py

@@ -80,13 +80,6 @@ def __init__(self, column_info: str):
         super().__init__(f"The length of at least one column differs: \n{column_info}")
 
 
-class MissingDataError(Exception):
-    """Exception raised if a function is not given enough data to succeed."""
-
-    def __init__(self, missing_data_info: str):
-        super().__init__(f"The function is missing data: \n{missing_data_info}")
-
-
 class TransformerNotFittedError(Exception):
     """Raised when a transformer is used before fitting it."""
 

src/safeds/data/tabular/transformation/_imputer.py

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ def transform(self, table: Table) -> Table:
             self._wrapped_transformer.transform(data[self._column_names]),
             columns=self._column_names,
         )
-        return Table(data, table.schema)
+        return Table._from_pandas_dataframe(data, table.schema)
 
     def is_fitted(self) -> bool:
         """

src/safeds/data/tabular/transformation/_label_encoder.py

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def transform(self, table: Table) -> Table:
         data = table._data.copy()
         data.columns = table.column_names
         data[self._column_names] = self._wrapped_transformer.transform(data[self._column_names])
-        return Table(data)
+        return Table._from_pandas_dataframe(data)
 
     def inverse_transform(self, transformed_table: Table) -> Table:
         """
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def inverse_transform(self, transformed_table: Table) -> Table:
         data = transformed_table._data.copy()
         data.columns = transformed_table.column_names
         data[self._column_names] = self._wrapped_transformer.inverse_transform(data[self._column_names])
-        return Table(data)
+        return Table._from_pandas_dataframe(data)
 
     def is_fitted(self) -> bool:
         """

src/safeds/data/tabular/transformation/_one_hot_encoder.py

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def transform(self, table: Table) -> Table:
 
         unchanged = original.drop(self._column_names.keys(), axis=1)
 
-        res = Table(pd.concat([unchanged, one_hot_encoded], axis=1))
+        res = Table._from_pandas_dataframe(pd.concat([unchanged, one_hot_encoded], axis=1))
         column_names = []
 
         for name in table.column_names:
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def inverse_transform(self, transformed_table: Table) -> Table:
         )
         unchanged = data.drop(self._wrapped_transformer.get_feature_names_out(), axis=1)
 
-        res = Table(pd.concat([unchanged, decoded], axis=1))
+        res = Table._from_pandas_dataframe(pd.concat([unchanged, decoded], axis=1))
         column_names = [
             (
                 name

src/safeds/data/tabular/transformation/_table_transformer.py

@@ -88,6 +88,24 @@ def fit_and_transform(self, table: Table, column_names: list[str] | None = None)
 class InvertibleTableTransformer(TableTransformer):
     """A `TableTransformer` that can also undo the learned transformation after it has been applied."""
 
+    @abstractmethod
+    def fit(self, table: Table, column_names: list[str] | None) -> InvertibleTableTransformer:
+        """
+        Learn a transformation for a set of columns in a table.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        table : Table
+            The table used to fit the transformer.
+        column_names : Optional[list[str]]
+            The list of columns from the table used to fit the transformer. If `None`, all columns are used.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        fitted_transformer : InvertibleTableTransformer
+            The fitted transformer.
+        """
+
     @abstractmethod
     def inverse_transform(self, transformed_table: Table) -> Table:
         """

src/safeds/ml/classical/_util_sklearn.py

@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ def predict(model: Any, dataset: Table, feature_names: list[str] | None, target_
             warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="X does not have valid feature names")
             predicted_target_vector = model.predict(dataset_df.values)
         result_set[target_name] = predicted_target_vector
-        return Table(result_set).tag_columns(target_name=target_name, feature_names=feature_names)
+        return Table._from_pandas_dataframe(result_set).tag_columns(
+            target_name=target_name,
+            feature_names=feature_names,
+        )
     except ValueError as exception:
         raise PredictionError(str(exception)) from exception

tests/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_column/test_plot_boxplot.py

@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@
 
 
 def test_should_match_snapshot() -> None:
-    table = Table.from_dict({"A": [1, 2, 3]})
+    table = Table({"A": [1, 2, 3]})
     table.get_column("A").plot_boxplot()
     current = table.get_column("A").plot_boxplot()
     snapshot = Image.from_png_file(resolve_resource_path("./image/snapshot_boxplot.png"))
     assert snapshot._image.tobytes() == current._image.tobytes()
 
 
 def test_should_raise_if_column_contains_non_numerical_values() -> None:
-    table = Table.from_dict({"A": [1, 2, "A"]})
+    table = Table({"A": [1, 2, "A"]})
     with pytest.raises(NonNumericColumnError):
         table.get_column("A").plot_boxplot()

tests/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_column/test_plot_histogram.py

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 
 
 def test_should_match_snapshot_numeric() -> None:
-    table = Table.from_dict({"A": [1, 2, 3]})
+    table = Table({"A": [1, 2, 3]})
     current = table.get_column("A").plot_histogram()
     snapshot = Image.from_png_file(resolve_resource_path("./image/snapshot_histogram_numeric.png"))
     assert snapshot._image.tobytes() == current._image.tobytes()
 
 
 def test_should_match_snapshot_str() -> None:
-    table = Table.from_dict({"A": ["A", "B", "Apple"]})
+    table = Table({"A": ["A", "B", "Apple"]})
     current = table.get_column("A").plot_histogram()
     snapshot = Image.from_png_file(resolve_resource_path("./image/snapshot_histogram_str.png"))
     assert snapshot._image.tobytes() == current._image.tobytes()

tests/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_table/test_add_column.py

@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@
     ("table1", "column", "expected"),
     [
         (
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
             Column("col3", ["a", "b", "c"]),
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4], "col3": ["a", "b", "c"]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4], "col3": ["a", "b", "c"]}),
         ),
         (
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
             Column("col3", [0, -1, -2]),
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4], "col3": [0, -1, -2]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4], "col3": [0, -1, -2]}),
         ),
     ],
     ids=["String", "Integer"],
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ def test_should_add_column(table1: Table, column: Column, expected: Table) -> No
 
 
 def test_should_raise_error_if_column_name_exists() -> None:
-    table1 = Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
+    table1 = Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
     with pytest.raises(DuplicateColumnNameError):
         table1.add_column(Column("col1", ["a", "b", "c"]))
 
 
 def test_should_raise_error_if_column_size_invalid() -> None:
-    table1 = Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
+    table1 = Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
     with pytest.raises(ColumnSizeError):
         table1.add_column(Column("col3", ["a", "b", "c", "d"]))

tests/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_table/test_add_columns.py

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
     ("table1", "columns", "expected"),
     [
         (
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
             [Column("col3", [0, -1, -2]), Column("col4", ["a", "b", "c"])],
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4], "col3": [0, -1, -2], "col4": ["a", "b", "c"]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4], "col3": [0, -1, -2], "col4": ["a", "b", "c"]}),
         ),
     ],
     ids=["add 2 columns"],
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ def test_should_add_columns(table1: Table, columns: list[Column], expected: Tabl
     ("table1", "table2", "expected"),
     [
         (
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
-            Table.from_dict({"col3": [0, -1, -2], "col4": ["a", "b", "c"]}),
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4], "col3": [0, -1, -2], "col4": ["a", "b", "c"]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
+            Table({"col3": [0, -1, -2], "col4": ["a", "b", "c"]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4], "col3": [0, -1, -2], "col4": ["a", "b", "c"]}),
         ),
     ],
     ids=["add a table with 2 columns"],
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def test_should_add_columns_from_table(table1: Table, table2: Table, expected: T
     ("table", "columns"),
     [
         (
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
             [Column("col3", ["a", "b", "c", "d"]), Column("col4", ["e", "f", "g", "h"])],
         ),
     ],
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def test_should_raise_error_if_column_size_invalid(table: Table, columns: list[C
     ("table", "columns"),
     [
         (
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
             [Column("col2", ["a", "b", "c"]), Column("col3", [2, 3, 4])],
         ),
     ],

tests/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_table/test_add_row.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ("table", "row"),
     [
-        (Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}), Row({"col1": 5, "col2": 6})),
+        (Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}), Row({"col1": 5, "col2": 6})),
     ],
     ids=["added row"],
 )
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def test_should_add_row(table: Table, row: Row) -> None:
 
 
 def test_should_raise_error_if_row_schema_invalid() -> None:
-    table1 = Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
+    table1 = Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
     row = Row({"col1": 5, "col2": "Hallo"})
     with raises(SchemaMismatchError):
         table1.add_row(row)

tests/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_table/test_add_rows.py

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
     ("table1", "rows", "table2"),
     [
         (
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": ["a", "b", "c"], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
+            Table({"col1": ["a", "b", "c"], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
             [Row({"col1": "d", "col2": 6}), Row({"col1": "e", "col2": 8})],
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "col2": [1, 2, 4, 6, 8]}),
+            Table({"col1": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "col2": [1, 2, 4, 6, 8]}),
         ),
     ],
     ids=["Rows with string and integer values"],
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ def test_should_add_rows(table1: Table, rows: list[Row], table2: Table) -> None:
     ("table1", "table2", "expected"),
     [
         (
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [5, 7], "col2": [6, 8]}),
-            Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1, 5, 7], "col2": [1, 2, 4, 6, 8]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]}),
+            Table({"col1": [5, 7], "col2": [6, 8]}),
+            Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1, 5, 7], "col2": [1, 2, 4, 6, 8]}),
         ),
     ],
     ids=["Rows from table"],
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def test_should_add_rows_from_table(table1: Table, table2: Table, expected: Tabl
 
 
 def test_should_raise_error_if_row_schema_invalid() -> None:
-    table1 = Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
+    table1 = Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
     row = [Row({"col1": 2, "col2": 4}), Row({"col1": 5, "col2": "Hallo"})]
     with pytest.raises(SchemaMismatchError):
         table1.add_rows(row)

tests/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_table/test_column_names.py

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ("table", "expected"),
     [
-        (Table.from_dict({"col1": [1], "col2": [1]}), ["col1", "col2"]),
-        (Table([]), []),
+        (Table({"col1": [1], "col2": [1]}), ["col1", "col2"]),
+        (Table(), []),
     ],
     ids=["Integer", "empty"],
 )

tests/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_table/test_dataframe.py

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "table",
     [
-        Table([]),
-        Table.from_dict({"a": [1, 2], "b": [3, 4]}),
+        Table(),
+        Table({"a": [1, 2], "b": [3, 4]}),
     ],
     ids=[
         "empty",
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 )
 def test_should_restore_table_from_exchange_object(table: Table) -> None:
     exchange_object = table.__dataframe__()
-    restored = Table(from_dataframe(exchange_object))
+    restored = Table._from_pandas_dataframe(from_dataframe(exchange_object))
 
     assert restored == table
 
 
 def test_should_raise_error_if_allow_copy_is_false() -> None:
-    table = Table.from_dict({})
+    table = Table()
     with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="`allow_copy` must be True"):
         table.__dataframe__(allow_copy=False)

tests/safeds/data/tabular/containers/_table/test_eq.py

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ("table1", "table2", "expected"),
     [
-        (Table({}), Table({}), True),
-        (Table.from_dict({"col1": [1]}), Table.from_dict({"col1": [1]}), True),
-        (Table.from_dict({"col1": [1]}), Table.from_dict({"col2": [1]}), False),
-        (Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 3]}), Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 1, 3]}), False),
-        (Table.from_dict({"col1": [1, 2, 3]}), Table.from_dict({"col1": ["1", "2", "3"]}), False),
+        (Table(), Table(), True),
+        (Table({"col1": [1]}), Table({"col1": [1]}), True),
+        (Table({"col1": [1]}), Table({"col2": [1]}), False),
+        (Table({"col1": [1, 2, 3]}), Table({"col1": [1, 1, 3]}), False),
+        (Table({"col1": [1, 2, 3]}), Table({"col1": ["1", "2", "3"]}), False),
     ],
     ids=[
         "empty Table",
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def test_should_return_whether_two_tables_are_equal(table1: Table, table2: Table
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "table",
-    [Table.from_dict({}), Table.from_dict({"col1": [1]})],
+    [Table(), Table({"col1": [1]})],
     ids=[
         "empty",
         "non-empty",
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ def test_should_return_true_if_objects_are_identical(table: Table) -> None:
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ("table", "other"),
     [
-        (Table.from_dict({"col1": [1]}), None),
-        (Table.from_dict({"col1": [1]}), Row()),
+        (Table({"col1": [1]}), None),
+        (Table({"col1": [1]}), Row()),
     ],
     ids=[
         "Table vs. None",