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<!DOCTYPE html>
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Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang's Smoking Gun - The New
York Times
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Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking
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<!-- ------------1st image------------ -->
<figure class="first-image">
<img
src="img/1st.jpeg"
alt="1st image of article"
/>
<figcaption>
Alan Guth was one of the first
physicists to hypothesize the existence
of inflation, which explains how the
universe expanded so uniformly and so
quickly in the instant after the Big
Bang 13.8 billion years ago.
<span
>Rick Friedman for The New York
Times</span
>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<div class="additional-name">
<h5 class="additional-name-head">
By Dennis Overbye
<span>March 17, 2014</span>
</h5>
<div class="sign-up-first">
<p class="sign-up-text">
<span
>SIGN UP FOR SCIENCE
TIMES:</span
>
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wonders of nature, the cosmos
and the human body.
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<a href="#" class="sign-up-btn"
>Sign Up</a
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<div class="plain-text">
<p>
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — One night late in
1979, an itinerant young physicist named
Alan Guth, with a new son and a year’s
appointment at Stanford, stayed up late
with his notebook and equations,
venturing far beyond the world of known
physics.
</p>
<p>
He was trying to understand why there
was no trace of some exotic particles
that should have been created in the Big
Bang. Instead he discovered what might
have made the universe bang to begin
with. A potential hitch in the presumed
course of cosmic evolution could have
infused space itself with a special
energy that exerted a repulsive force,
causing the universe to swell faster
than the speed of light for a
prodigiously violent instant.
</p>
<p>
If true, the rapid engorgement would
solve paradoxes like why the heavens
look uniform from pole to pole and not
like a jagged, warped mess. The enormous
ballooning would iron out all the
wrinkles and irregularities. Those
particles were not missing, but would be
diluted beyond detection, like spit in
the ocean.
</p>
<p>
“SPECTACULAR REALIZATION,” Dr. Guth
wrote across the top of the page and
drew a double box around it.
</p>
<p>
On Monday, Dr. Guth’s starship came in.
Radio astronomers reported that they had
seen the beginning of the Big Bang, and
that his hypothesis, known
undramatically as inflation, looked
right.
</p>
</div>
<div class="middle-subscribe">
<div class="double-border"></div>
<p>Thanks for reading The Times.</p>
<a href="#">Subscribe to The Times</a>
<aside class="aside black-underline">
<h5>Editor's Picks</h5>
<div class="three-picks">
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src="img/EP_1.jpeg"
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Still Stuck in Port</a
>
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src="img/EP_2.jpeg"
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>Double Masking Can Get
Tricky. Here’s an Easy
Way to Do It Right.</a
>
</div>
</aside>
</div>
<div class="plain-text">
<p>
Reaching back across 13.8 billion years
to
<a href="#" class="blue-aticle-links"
>the first sliver of cosmic
time</a
>
with telescopes at the South Pole, a
team of astronomers led by John M. Kovac
of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics detected ripples in the
fabric of space-time — so-called
<a href="#" class="blue-aticle-links"
>gravitational waves</a
>— the signature of a universe being
wrenched violently apart when it was
roughly a trillionth of a trillionth of
a trillionth of a second old. They are
the long-sought smoking-gun evidence of
inflation, proof, Dr. Kovac and his
colleagues say, that Dr. Guth was
correct.
</p>
<p>
Inflation has been the workhorse of
cosmology for 35 years, though many,
including Dr. Guth, wondered whether it
could ever be proved.
</p>
<p>
If corroborated, Dr. Kovac’s work will
stand as a landmark in science
comparable to the recent discovery of
dark energy pushing the universe apart,
or of the Big Bang itself. It would open
vast realms of time and space and energy
to science and speculation.
</p>
<p>
Confirming inflation would mean that the
universe we see, extending 14 billion
light-years in space with its hundreds
of billions of galaxies, is only an
infinitesimal patch in a larger cosmos
whose extent, architecture and fate are
unknowable. Moreover, beyond our own
universe there might be an endless
number of other universes bubbling into
frothy eternity, like a pot of pasta
water boiling over.
</p>
</div>
<article>
<h4>‘As Big as It Gets’</h4>
<p>
In our own universe, it would serve as a
window into the forces operating at
energies forever beyond the reach of
particle accelerators on Earth and yield
new insights into gravity itself. Dr.
Kovac’s ripples would be the first
direct observation of gravitational
waves, which, according to Einstein’s
theory of general relativity, should
ruffle space-time.
</p>
<p>
Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins
University, an early-universe expert who
was not part of the team, said, “This is
huge, as big as it gets.”
</p>
<p>
He continued, “This is a signal from the
very earliest universe, sending a
telegram encoded in gravitational
waves.”
</p>
<p>
The ripples manifested themselves as
faint spiral patterns in a bath of
microwave radiation that permeates space
and preserves a picture of the universe
when it was 380,000 years old and as hot
as the surface of the sun.
</p>
<p>
Dr. Kovac and his collaborators, working
in an experiment known as Bicep, for
Background Imaging of Cosmic
Extragalactic Polarization, reported
their results in a scientific briefing
at the Center for Astrophysics here on
Monday and in a set of papers submitted
to The Astrophysical Journal.
</p>
</article>
<!-- ------------2nd image------------ -->
<div class="detailed-pic">
<div class="detailed-pic-head">
<h4>The Theory of Inflation</h4>
<p>
Astronomers have found evidence
to support the theory of
inflation, which explains how
the universe expanded so
uniformly and so quickly in the
instant after the Big Bang 13.8
billion years ago.
</p>
</div>
<div class="description">
<p>
<span>THE UNIVERSE</span> is
just under 14 billion years old.
From our position in the Milky
Way galaxy, we can observe a
sphere that is now about 92
billion light-years across. But
there's a mystery. Wherever we
look, the universe has an even
temperature.
</p>
<p>
<span>NOT ENOUGH TIME</span> The
universe is not old enough for
light to have traveled the vast
distance from one side of the
universe to the other, and there
has not been enough time for
scattered patches of hot and
cold to mix into an even
temperature.
</p>
<p>
<span>DISTANT COFFEE</span> At a
smaller scale, imagine using a
telescope to look a mile in one
direction. You see a coffee cup,
and from the amount of steam,
you can estimate its temperature
and how much it has cooled.
</p>
<p>
<span>COFFEE EVERYWHERE</span>
Now turn around and look a mile
in the other direction. You see
a similar coffee cup, at exactly
the same temperature.
Coincidence? Maybe. But if you
see a similar cup in every
direction, you might want to
look for another explanation.
</p>
<p>
<span
>STILL NOT ENOUGH
TIME</span
>
There has not been enough time
to carry coffee cups from place
to place before they get cold.
But if all the coffee cups were
somehow filled from a single
coffee pot, all at the same
time, that might explain their
even temperature.
</p>
<p>
<span>INFLATION</span> solves
this problem. The theory
proposes that, less than a
trillionth of a second after the
Big Bang, the universe expanded
faster than the speed of light.
Tiny ripples in the violently
expanding energy field
eventually grew into the
large-scale structures of the
universe.
</p>
<p>
<span>FLUCTUATION</span>
Astronomers have now detected
evidence of these ancient
fluctuations in swirls of
polarized light in the cosmic
background radiation, which is
energy left over from the early
universe. These are
gravitational waves predicted by
Einstein.
</p>
<p>
<span>EXPANSION</span> Returning
to our coffee, imagine a single,
central pot expanding faster
than light and cooling to an
even temperature as it expands.
That is something like
inflation. And the structure of
the universe mirrors the froth
and foam of the original pot.
</p>
</div>
<figure class="second-image">
<img
src="img/2nd.png"
alt="2nd image of article"
/>
<hr />
<figcaption>
By LARRY BUCHANAN and JONATHAN
CORUM
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="plain-text">
<p>
Dr. Kovac said the chance that the
results were a fluke was only one in 10
million.
</p>
<p>
Dr. Guth, now 67, pronounced himself
“bowled over,” saying he had not
expected such a definite confirmation in
his lifetime.
</p>
<p>
“With nature, you have to be lucky,” he
said. “Apparently we have been lucky.”
</p>
<p>
The results are the closely guarded
distillation of three years’ worth of
observations and analysis. Eschewing
email for fear of a leak, Dr. Kovac
personally delivered drafts of his work
to a select few, meeting with Dr. Guth,
who is now a professor at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (as is his son,
Larry, who was sleeping that night in
1979), in his office last week.
</p>
<p>
“It was a very special moment, and one
we took very seriously as scientists,”
said Dr. Kovac, who chose his words as
carefully as he tended his radio
telescopes.
</p>
<p>
Andrei Linde of Stanford, a prolific
theorist who first described the most
popular variant of inflation, known as
chaotic inflation, in 1983, was about to
go on vacation in the Caribbean last
week when Chao-Lin Kuo, a Stanford
colleague and a member of Dr. Kovac’s
team,
<a href="#" class="blue-aticle-links"
>knocked on his door with a
bottle of Champagne</a
>
to tell him the news.
</p>
</div>
<div class="embed-video">
<iframe
width="560"
height="315"
src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ZlfIVEy_YOA"
title="YouTube video player"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"
allowfullscreen
></iframe>
<p>
Stanford Professor Andrei Linde
celebrates physics breakthrough
<span>Video by StanfordUniversity</span>
</p>
</div>
<div class="plain-text">
<p>
Confused, Dr. Linde called out to his
wife, asking if she had ordered
anything.
</p>
<p>
“And then I told him that in the
beginning we thought that this was a
delivery but we did not think that we
ordered anything, but I simply forgot
that actually I did order it, 30 years
ago,” Dr. Linde wrote in an email.
</p>
<p>
By last weekend, as social media was
buzzing with rumors that inflation had
been seen and news spread,
astrophysicists responded with a mixture
of jubilation and caution.
</p>
<p>
Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at M.I.T.,
wrote in an email, “I think that if this
stays true, it will go down as one of
the greatest discoveries in the history
of science.”
</p>
<p>
John E. Carlstrom of the University of
Chicago, Dr. Kovac’s mentor and head of
a competing project called the South
Pole Telescope, pronounced himself
deeply impressed. “I think the results
are beautiful and very convincing,” he
said.
</p>
<p>
Paul J. Steinhardt of Princeton, author
of a competitor to inflation that posits
the clash of a pair of universes as the
cause of genesis, said that if true, the
Bicep result would eliminate his model,
but he expressed reservations about
inflation.
</p>
<p>
Lawrence M. Krauss of Arizona State and
others also emphasized the need for
confirmation, noting that the new
results exceeded earlier estimates based
on temperature maps of the cosmic
background by the European Space
Agency’s Planck satellite and other
assumptions about the universe.
</p>
<p>
“So we will need to wait and see before
we jump up and down,” Dr. Krauss said.
</p>
<p>
Corroboration might not be long in
coming. The Planck spacecraft will
report its own findings this year. At
least a dozen other teams are trying
similar measurements from balloons,
mountaintops and space.
</p>
</div>
<article>
<h4>Spirals in the Sky</h4>
<p>
Gravity waves are the latest and deepest
secret yet pried out of the cosmic
microwaves, which were discovered
accidentally by Arno Penzias and Robert
Wilson at Bell Labs 50 years ago. They
won the Nobel Prize.
</p>
<p>
Dr. Kovac has spent his career trying to
read the secrets of these waves. He is
one of four leaders of Bicep, which has
operated a series of increasingly
sensitive radio telescopes at the South
Pole, where the thin, dry air creates
ideal observing conditions. The others
are Clement Pryke of the University of
Minnesota, Jamie Bock of the California
Institute of Technology and Dr. Kuo of
Stanford.
</p>
<p>
“The South Pole is the closest you can
get to space and still be on the
ground,” Dr. Kovac said. He has been
there 23 times, he said, wintering over
in 1994. “I’ve been hooked ever since,”
he said.
</p>
</article>
<!-- ------------3rd image------------ -->
<figure class="third-image">
<img
src="img/3rd.jpeg"
alt="3rd image of article"
/>
<figcaption>
The Bicep2 telescope, in the foreground,
was used to detect the faint spiraling
gravity patterns — the signature of a
universe being wrenched violently apart
at its birth.
<span
>Steffen Richter/Associated
Press</span
>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<div class="plain-text">
<p>
In 2002, he was part of a team that
discovered that the microwave radiation
was polarized, meaning the light waves
had a slight preference to vibrate in
one direction rather than another.
</p>
<p>
This was a step toward the ultimate goal
of detecting the gravitational waves
from inflation. Such waves, squeezing
space in one direction and stretching it
in another as they go by, would twist
the direction of polarization of the
microwaves, theorists said. As a result,
maps of the polarization in the sky
should have little arrows going in
spirals.
</p>
<p>
Detecting those spirals required
measuring infinitesimally small
differences in the temperature of the
microwaves. The group’s telescope,
Bicep2, is basically a giant
superconducting thermometer.
</p>
<p>
“We had no expectations what we would
see,” Dr. Kovac said.
</p>
<p>
The strength of the signal surprised the
researchers, and they spent a year
burning up time on a Harvard
supercomputer, making sure they had
things right and worrying that
competitors might beat them to the
breakthrough.
</p>
</div>
<article>
<h4>A Special Time</h4>
<p>
The data traced the onset of inflation
to a time that physicists like Dr. Guth,
staying up late in his Palo Alto house
35 years ago, suspected was a special
break point in the evolution of the
universe.
</p>
<p>
Physicists recognize four forces at work
in the world today: gravity,
electromagnetism, and strong and weak
nuclear forces. But they have long
suspected that those are simply
different manifestations of a single
unified force that ruled the universe in
its earliest, hottest moments.
</p>
<p>
As the universe cooled, according to
this theory, there was a fall from
grace, like some old folk mythology of
gods or brothers falling out with each
other. The laws of physics evolved, with
one force after another splitting away.
</p>
<p>That was where Dr. Guth came in.</p>
<p>
Under some circumstances, a glass of
water can stay liquid as the temperature
falls below 32 degrees, until it is
disturbed, at which point it will
rapidly freeze, releasing latent heat.
</p>
<p>
Similarly, the universe could
“supercool” and stay in a unified state
too long. In that case, space itself
would become imbued with a mysterious
latent energy.
</p>
<p>
Inserted into Einstein’s equations, the
latent energy would act as a kind of
antigravity, and the universe would blow
itself up. Since it was space itself
supplying the repulsive force, the more
space was created, the harder it pushed
apart.
</p>
<p>
What would become our observable
universe mushroomed in size at least a
trillion trillionfold — from a
submicroscopic speck of primordial
energy to the size of a grapefruit — in
less than a cosmic eye-blink.
</p>
<p>
Almost as quickly, this pulse would
subside, relaxing into ordinary
particles and radiation. All of normal
cosmic history was still ahead,
resulting in today’s observable
universe, a patch of sky and stars
billions of light-years across. “It’s
often said that there is no such thing
as a free lunch,” Dr. Guth likes to say,
“but the universe might be the ultimate
free lunch.”
</p>
<p>
Make that free lunches. Most of the
hundred or so models resulting from Dr.
Guth’s original vision suggest that
inflation, once started, is eternal.
Even as our own universe settled down to
a comfortable homey expansion, the rest
of the cosmos will continue blowing up,
spinning off other bubbles endlessly, a
concept known as the multiverse.
</p>
<p>
So the future of the cosmos is perhaps
bright and fecund, but do not bother
asking about going any deeper into the
past.
</p>
<p>
We might never know what happened before
inflation, at the very beginning,
because inflation erases everything that
came before it. All the chaos and
randomness of the primordial moment are
swept away, forever out of our view.
</p>
<p>
“If you trace your cosmic roots,” said
Abraham Loeb, a Harvard-Smithsonian
astronomer who was not part of the team,
“you wind up at inflation.”
</p>
</article>
<div class="comments">
<p>
A version of this article appears in
print on March 18, 2014, Section A, Page
1 of the New York edition with the
headline: Space Ripples Reveal Big
Bang’s Smoking Gun.
<a href="#">Order Reprints</a> |
<a href="#">Today’s Paper</a> |
<a href="#">Subscribe</a>
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