Add support for specifying filters for parsing

[dylanahsmith]

Currently filters are only provided as a render option, which prevents us from checking if a filter call is valid during parsing and providing faster feedback about a bug in a template.

Also, we would like to use information about what filters will be available, along with what parameters they take, in liquid-c. That will allow us to skip render time checks to see if a filter is invokable and avoid the need to translate ArgumentError exceptions to Liquid::ArgumentError from passing in the wrong number of arguments.