[Feature] support iceberg query with branch/tag/version/timestamp

[stephen-shelby]

Why I'm doing:

What I'm doing:

syntax:

queryPeriod
    : AS OF expression
    | FOR? periodType BETWEEN expression AND expression
    | FOR? periodType FROM expression TO expression
    | FOR? periodType ALL
    | FOR? periodType AS OF end=expression
    ;

periodType
    : SYSTEM_TIME
    | TIMESTAMP
    | VERSION
    ;

select * from table version as of 123456678    -- with snapshotId
select * from table version as of "branch"        -- with branch
select * from table version as of "tag"              -- with tag
select * from table timestamp as of "2023-01-01 12:34:45"   -- The latest snapshot before that time
select * from table timestamp as of "2023-01-01"                   -- The latest snapshot before that time
select * from table timestamp as of now()   -- with date function
select * from table for system_time as of current_date(); -- with date function

In common, any version information corresponds to a snapshot id, so for iceberg, we parse all version information like branch/tag/timestamp as snasphotId then use it.

Fixes #issue
#47846

What type of PR is this:

• BugFix
• Feature
• Enhancement
• Refactor
• UT
• Doc
• Tool

Does this PR entail a change in behavior?

• Yes, this PR will result in a change in behavior.
• No, this PR will not result in a change in behavior.

If yes, please specify the type of change:

• Interface/UI changes: syntax, type conversion, expression evaluation, display information
• Parameter changes: default values, similar parameters but with different default values
• Policy changes: use new policy to replace old one, functionality automatically enabled
• Feature removed
• Miscellaneous: upgrade & downgrade compatibility, etc.

Checklist:

• I have added test cases for my bug fix or my new feature
• This pr needs user documentation (for new or modified features or behaviors)
  • I have added documentation for my new feature or new function
• This is a backport pr

Bugfix cherry-pick branch check:

• I have checked the version labels which the pr will be auto-backported to the target branch
  • 3.3
  • 3.2
  • 3.1
  • 3.0
  • 2.5

[sonarcloud]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
15 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
0.0% Coverage on New Code
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarCloud

[github-actions]

[FE Incremental Coverage Report]

✅ pass : 94 / 115 (81.74%)

file detail

	path	covered_line	new_line	coverage	not_covered_line_detail
🔵	com/starrocks/catalog/Table.java	0	1	00.00%	[744]
🔵	com/starrocks/catalog/MysqlTable.java	0	1	00.00%	[241]
🔵	com/starrocks/connector/unified/UnifiedMetadata.java	0	1	00.00%	[129]
🔵	com/starrocks/sql/analyzer/QueryAnalyzer.java	1	3	33.33%	[382, 383]
🔵	com/starrocks/sql/optimizer/transformer/RelationTransformer.java	21	30	70.00%	[636, 685, 686, 687, 691, 692, 693, 695, 696]
🔵	com/starrocks/connector/iceberg/IcebergMetadata.java	39	45	86.67%	[377, 384, 397, 407, 412, 448]
🔵	com/starrocks/sql/ast/QueryPeriod.java	13	14	92.86%	[57]
🔵	com/starrocks/catalog/IcebergTable.java	1	1	100.00%	[]
🔵	com/starrocks/server/MetadataMgr.java	1	1	100.00%	[]
🔵	com/starrocks/sql/ast/TableRelation.java	5	5	100.00%	[]
🔵	com/starrocks/connector/ConnectorTableVersion.java	6	6	100.00%	[]
🔵	com/starrocks/connector/CatalogConnectorMetadata.java	1	1	100.00%	[]
🔵	com/starrocks/connector/metadata/iceberg/LogicalIcebergMetadataTable.java	1	1	100.00%	[]
🔵	com/starrocks/sql/optimizer/operator/logical/LogicalIcebergScanOperator.java	1	1	100.00%	[]
🔵	com/starrocks/connector/PointerType.java	4	4	100.00%	[]

[github-actions]

[BE Incremental Coverage Report]

✅ pass : 0 / 0 (0%)