Update requests to 2.31.0

[pyup-bot]

This PR updates requests from 2.11.1 to 2.31.0.

Changelog

2.31.0

-------------------

**Security**
- Versions of Requests between v2.3.0 and v2.30.0 are vulnerable to potential
forwarding of `Proxy-Authorization` headers to destination servers when
following HTTPS redirects.

When proxies are defined with user info (https://user:passproxy:8080), Requests
will construct a `Proxy-Authorization` header that is attached to the request to
authenticate with the proxy.

In cases where Requests receives a redirect response, it previously reattached
the `Proxy-Authorization` header incorrectly, resulting in the value being
sent through the tunneled connection to the destination server. Users who rely on
defining their proxy credentials in the URL are *strongly* encouraged to upgrade
to Requests 2.31.0+ to prevent unintentional leakage and rotate their proxy
credentials once the change has been fully deployed.

Users who do not use a proxy or do not supply their proxy credentials through
the user information portion of their proxy URL are not subject to this
vulnerability.

Full details can be read in our [Github Security Advisory](https://github.com/psf/requests/security/advisories/GHSA-j8r2-6x86-q33q)
and [CVE-2023-32681](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32681).

2.30.0

-------------------

**Dependencies**
- ⚠️ Added support for urllib3 2.0. ⚠️

This may contain minor breaking changes so we advise careful testing and
reviewing https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/v2-migration-guide.html
prior to upgrading.

Users who wish to stay on urllib3 1.x can pin to `urllib3<2`.

2.29.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

- Requests now defers chunked requests to the urllib3 implementation to improve
standardization. (6226)
- Requests relaxes header component requirements to support bytes/str subclasses. (6356)

2.28.2

-------------------

**Dependencies**

- Requests now supports charset\_normalizer 3.x. (6261)

**Bugfixes**

- Updated MissingSchema exception to suggest https scheme rather than http. (6188)

2.28.1

-------------------

**Improvements**

- Speed optimization in `iter_content` with transition to `yield from`. (6170)

**Dependencies**

- Added support for chardet 5.0.0 (6179)
- Added support for charset-normalizer 2.1.0 (6169)

2.28.0

-------------------

**Deprecations**

- ⚠️ Requests has officially dropped support for Python 2.7. ⚠️ (6091)
- Requests has officially dropped support for Python 3.6 (including pypy3.6). (6091)

**Improvements**

- Wrap JSON parsing issues in Request's JSONDecodeError for payloads without
an encoding to make `json()` API consistent. (6097)
- Parse header components consistently, raising an InvalidHeader error in
all invalid cases. (6154)
- Added provisional 3.11 support with current beta build. (6155)
- Requests got a makeover and we decided to paint it black. (6095)

**Bugfixes**

- Fixed bug where setting `CURL_CA_BUNDLE` to an empty string would disable
cert verification. All Requests 2.x versions before 2.28.0 are affected. (6074)
- Fixed urllib3 exception leak, wrapping `urllib3.exceptions.SSLError` with
`requests.exceptions.SSLError` for `content` and `iter_content`. (6057)
- Fixed issue where invalid Windows registry entries caused proxy resolution
to raise an exception rather than ignoring the entry. (6149)
- Fixed issue where entire payload could be included in the error message for
JSONDecodeError. (6036)

2.27.1

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

- Fixed parsing issue that resulted in the `auth` component being
dropped from proxy URLs. (6028)

2.27.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

- Officially added support for Python 3.10. (5928)

- Added a `requests.exceptions.JSONDecodeError` to unify JSON exceptions between
Python 2 and 3. This gets raised in the `response.json()` method, and is
backwards compatible as it inherits from previously thrown exceptions.
Can be caught from `requests.exceptions.RequestException` as well. (5856)

- Improved error text for misnamed `InvalidSchema` and `MissingSchema`
exceptions. This is a temporary fix until exceptions can be renamed
(Schema->Scheme). (6017)

- Improved proxy parsing for proxy URLs missing a scheme. This will address
recent changes to `urlparse` in Python 3.9+. (5917)

**Bugfixes**

- Fixed defect in `extract_zipped_paths` which could result in an infinite loop
for some paths. (5851)

- Fixed handling for `AttributeError` when calculating length of files obtained
by `Tarfile.extractfile()`. (5239)

- Fixed urllib3 exception leak, wrapping `urllib3.exceptions.InvalidHeader` with
`requests.exceptions.InvalidHeader`. (5914)

- Fixed bug where two Host headers were sent for chunked requests. (5391)

- Fixed regression in Requests 2.26.0 where `Proxy-Authorization` was
incorrectly stripped from all requests sent with `Session.send`. (5924)

- Fixed performance regression in 2.26.0 for hosts with a large number of
proxies available in the environment. (5924)

- Fixed idna exception leak, wrapping `UnicodeError` with
`requests.exceptions.InvalidURL` for URLs with a leading dot (.) in the
domain. (5414)

**Deprecations**

- Requests support for Python 2.7 and 3.6 will be ending in 2022. While we
don't have exact dates, Requests 2.27.x is likely to be the last release
series providing support.

2.26.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

- Requests now supports Brotli compression, if either the `brotli` or
`brotlicffi` package is installed. (5783)

- `Session.send` now correctly resolves proxy configurations from both
the Session and Request. Behavior now matches `Session.request`. (5681)

**Bugfixes**

- Fixed a race condition in zip extraction when using Requests in parallel
from zip archive. (5707)

**Dependencies**

- Instead of `chardet`, use the MIT-licensed `charset_normalizer` for Python3
to remove license ambiguity for projects bundling requests. If `chardet`
is already installed on your machine it will be used instead of `charset_normalizer`
to keep backwards compatibility. (5797)

You can also install `chardet` while installing requests by
specifying `[use_chardet_on_py3]` extra as follows:

 shell
 pip install "requests[use_chardet_on_py3]"
 

Python2 still depends upon the `chardet` module.

- Requests now supports `idna` 3.x on Python 3. `idna` 2.x will continue to
be used on Python 2 installations. (5711)

**Deprecations**

- The `requests[security]` extra has been converted to a no-op install.
PyOpenSSL is no longer the recommended secure option for Requests. (5867)

- Requests has officially dropped support for Python 3.5. (5867)

2.25.1

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

- Requests now treats `application/json` as `utf8` by default. Resolving
inconsistencies between `r.text` and `r.json` output. (5673)

**Dependencies**

- Requests now supports chardet v4.x.

2.25.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

- Added support for NETRC environment variable. (5643)

**Dependencies**

- Requests now supports urllib3 v1.26.

**Deprecations**

- Requests v2.25.x will be the last release series with support for Python 3.5.
- The `requests[security]` extra is officially deprecated and will be removed
in Requests v2.26.0.

2.24.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

- pyOpenSSL TLS implementation is now only used if Python
either doesn't have an `ssl` module or doesn't support
SNI. Previously pyOpenSSL was unconditionally used if available.
This applies even if pyOpenSSL is installed via the
`requests[security]` extra (5443)

- Redirect resolution should now only occur when
`allow_redirects` is True. (5492)

- No longer perform unnecessary Content-Length calculation for
requests that won't use it. (5496)

2.23.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

- Remove defunct reference to `prefetch` in Session `__attrs__` (5110)

**Bugfixes**

- Requests no longer outputs password in basic auth usage warning. (5099)

**Dependencies**

- Pinning for `chardet` and `idna` now uses major version instead of minor.
This hopefully reduces the need for releases every time a dependency is updated.

2.22.0

-------------------

**Dependencies**

- Requests now supports urllib3 v1.25.2.
(note: 1.25.0 and 1.25.1 are incompatible)

**Deprecations**

- Requests has officially stopped support for Python 3.4.

2.21.0

-------------------

**Dependencies**

- Requests now supports idna v2.8.

2.20.1

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

- Fixed bug with unintended Authorization header stripping for
redirects using default ports (http/80, https/443).

2.20.0

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Content-Type header parsing is now case-insensitive (e.g.
 charset=utf8 v Charset=utf8).
-   Fixed exception leak where certain redirect urls would raise
 uncaught urllib3 exceptions.
-   Requests removes Authorization header from requests redirected
 from https to http on the same hostname. (CVE-2018-18074)
-   `should_bypass_proxies` now handles URIs without hostnames (e.g.
 files).

**Dependencies**

- Requests now supports urllib3 v1.24.

**Deprecations**

- Requests has officially stopped support for Python 2.6.

2.19.1

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Fixed issue where status\_codes.py's `init` function failed trying
 to append to a `__doc__` value of `None`.

2.19.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   Warn user about possible slowdown when using cryptography version
 < 1.3.4
-   Check for invalid host in proxy URL, before forwarding request to
 adapter.
-   Fragments are now properly maintained across redirects. (RFC7231
 7.1.2)
-   Removed use of cgi module to expedite library load time.
-   Added support for SHA-256 and SHA-512 digest auth algorithms.
-   Minor performance improvement to `Request.content`.
-   Migrate to using collections.abc for 3.7 compatibility.

**Bugfixes**

-   Parsing empty `Link` headers with `parse_header_links()` no longer
 return one bogus entry.
-   Fixed issue where loading the default certificate bundle from a zip
 archive would raise an `IOError`.
-   Fixed issue with unexpected `ImportError` on windows system which do
 not support `winreg` module.
-   DNS resolution in proxy bypass no longer includes the username and
 password in the request. This also fixes the issue of DNS queries
 failing on macOS.
-   Properly normalize adapter prefixes for url comparison.
-   Passing `None` as a file pointer to the `files` param no longer
 raises an exception.
-   Calling `copy` on a `RequestsCookieJar` will now preserve the cookie
 policy correctly.

**Dependencies**

-   We now support idna v2.7.
-   We now support urllib3 v1.23.

2.18.4

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   Error messages for invalid headers now include the header name for
 easier debugging

**Dependencies**

-   We now support idna v2.6.

2.18.3

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   Running `$ python -m requests.help` now includes the installed
 version of idna.

**Bugfixes**

-   Fixed issue where Requests would raise `ConnectionError` instead of
 `SSLError` when encountering SSL problems when using urllib3 v1.22.

2.18.2

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   `requests.help` no longer fails on Python 2.6 due to the absence of
 `ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER`.

**Dependencies**

-   We now support urllib3 v1.22.

2.18.1

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Fix an error in the packaging whereby the `*.whl` contained
 incorrect data that regressed the fix in v2.17.3.

2.18.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   `Response` is now a context manager, so can be used directly in a
 `with` statement without first having to be wrapped by
 `contextlib.closing()`.

**Bugfixes**

-   Resolve installation failure if multiprocessing is not available
-   Resolve tests crash if multiprocessing is not able to determine the
 number of CPU cores
-   Resolve error swallowing in utils set\_environ generator

2.17.3

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   Improved `packages` namespace identity support, for monkeypatching
 libraries.

2.17.2

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   Improved `packages` namespace identity support, for monkeypatching
 libraries.

2.17.1

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   Improved `packages` namespace identity support, for monkeypatching
 libraries.

2.17.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   Removal of the 301 redirect cache. This improves thread-safety.

2.16.5

-------------------

-   Improvements to `$ python -m requests.help`.

2.16.4

-------------------

-   Introduction of the `$ python -m requests.help` command, for
 debugging with maintainers!

2.16.3

-------------------

-   Further restored the `requests.packages` namespace for compatibility
 reasons.

2.16.2

-------------------

-   Further restored the `requests.packages` namespace for compatibility
 reasons.

No code modification (noted below) should be necessary any longer.

2.16.1

-------------------

-   Restored the `requests.packages` namespace for compatibility
 reasons.
-   Bugfix for `urllib3` version parsing.

**Note**: code that was written to import against the
`requests.packages` namespace previously will have to import code that
rests at this module-level now.

For example:

 from requests.packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager

Will need to be re-written to be:

 from requests.packages import urllib3
 urllib3.poolmanager.PoolManager

Or, even better:

 from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager

2.16.0

-------------------

-   Unvendor ALL the things!

2.15.1

-------------------

-   Everyone makes mistakes.

2.15.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   Introduction of the `Response.next` property, for getting the next
 `PreparedResponse` from a redirect chain (when
 `allow_redirects=False`).
-   Internal refactoring of `__version__` module.

**Bugfixes**

-   Restored once-optional parameter for
 `requests.utils.get_environ_proxies()`.

2.14.2

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Changed a less-than to an equal-to and an or in the dependency
 markers to widen compatibility with older setuptools releases.

2.14.1

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Changed the dependency markers to widen compatibility with older pip
 releases.

2.14.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   It is now possible to pass `no_proxy` as a key to the `proxies`
 dictionary to provide handling similar to the `NO_PROXY` environment
 variable.
-   When users provide invalid paths to certificate bundle files or
 directories Requests now raises `IOError`, rather than failing at
 the time of the HTTPS request with a fairly inscrutable certificate
 validation error.
-   The behavior of `SessionRedirectMixin` was slightly altered.
 `resolve_redirects` will now detect a redirect by calling
 `get_redirect_target(response)` instead of directly querying
 `Response.is_redirect` and `Response.headers['location']`. Advanced
 users will be able to process malformed redirects more easily.
-   Changed the internal calculation of elapsed request time to have
 higher resolution on Windows.
-   Added `win_inet_pton` as conditional dependency for the `[socks]`
 extra on Windows with Python 2.7.
-   Changed the proxy bypass implementation on Windows: the proxy bypass
 check doesn't use forward and reverse DNS requests anymore
-   URLs with schemes that begin with `http` but are not `http` or
 `https` no longer have their host parts forced to lowercase.

**Bugfixes**

-   Much improved handling of non-ASCII `Location` header values in
 redirects. Fewer `UnicodeDecodeErrors` are encountered on Python 2,
 and Python 3 now correctly understands that Latin-1 is unlikely to
 be the correct encoding.
-   If an attempt to `seek` file to find out its length fails, we now
 appropriately handle that by aborting our content-length
 calculations.
-   Restricted `HTTPDigestAuth` to only respond to auth challenges made
 on 4XX responses, rather than to all auth challenges.
-   Fixed some code that was firing `DeprecationWarning` on Python 3.6.
-   The dismayed person emoticon (`/o\\`) no longer has a big head. I'm
 sure this is what you were all worrying about most.

**Miscellaneous**

-   Updated bundled urllib3 to v1.21.1.
-   Updated bundled chardet to v3.0.2.
-   Updated bundled idna to v2.5.
-   Updated bundled certifi to 2017.4.17.

2.13.0

-------------------

**Features**

-   Only load the `idna` library when we've determined we need it. This
 will save some memory for users.

**Miscellaneous**

-   Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.20.
-   Updated bundled idna to 2.2.

2.12.5

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Fixed an issue with JSON encoding detection, specifically detecting
 big-endian UTF-32 with BOM.

2.12.4

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Fixed regression from 2.12.2 where non-string types were rejected in
 the basic auth parameters. While support for this behaviour has been
 re-added, the behaviour is deprecated and will be removed in the
 future.

2.12.3

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Fixed regression from v2.12.1 for URLs with schemes that begin with
 "http". These URLs have historically been processed as though they
 were HTTP-schemed URLs, and so have had parameters added. This was
 removed in v2.12.2 in an overzealous attempt to resolve problems
 with IDNA-encoding those URLs. This change was reverted: the other
 fixes for IDNA-encoding have been judged to be sufficient to return
 to the behaviour Requests had before v2.12.0.

2.12.2

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Fixed several issues with IDNA-encoding URLs that are technically
 invalid but which are widely accepted. Requests will now attempt to
 IDNA-encode a URL if it can but, if it fails, and the host contains
 only ASCII characters, it will be passed through optimistically.
 This will allow users to opt-in to using IDNA2003 themselves if they
 want to, and will also allow technically invalid but still common
 hostnames.
-   Fixed an issue where URLs with leading whitespace would raise
 `InvalidSchema` errors.
-   Fixed an issue where some URLs without the HTTP or HTTPS schemes
 would still have HTTP URL preparation applied to them.
-   Fixed an issue where Unicode strings could not be used in basic
 auth.
-   Fixed an issue encountered by some Requests plugins where
 constructing a Response object would cause `Response.content` to
 raise an `AttributeError`.

2.12.1

-------------------

**Bugfixes**

-   Updated setuptools 'security' extra for the new PyOpenSSL backend in
 urllib3.

**Miscellaneous**

-   Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.19.1.

2.12.0

-------------------

**Improvements**

-   Updated support for internationalized domain names from IDNA2003 to
 IDNA2008. This updated support is required for several forms of IDNs
 and is mandatory for .de domains.
-   Much improved heuristics for guessing content lengths: Requests will
 no longer read an entire `StringIO` into memory.
-   Much improved logic for recalculating `Content-Length` headers for
 `PreparedRequest` objects.
-   Improved tolerance for file-like objects that have no `tell` method
 but do have a `seek` method.
-   Anything that is a subclass of `Mapping` is now treated like a
 dictionary by the `data=` keyword argument.
-   Requests now tolerates empty passwords in proxy credentials, rather
 than stripping the credentials.
-   If a request is made with a file-like object as the body and that
 request is redirected with a 307 or 308 status code, Requests will
 now attempt to rewind the body object so it can be replayed.

**Bugfixes**

-   When calling `response.close`, the call to `close` will be
 propagated through to non-urllib3 backends.
-   Fixed issue where the `ALL_PROXY` environment variable would be
 preferred over scheme-specific variables like `HTTP_PROXY`.
-   Fixed issue where non-UTF8 reason phrases got severely mangled by
 falling back to decoding using ISO 8859-1 instead.
-   Fixed a bug where Requests would not correctly correlate cookies set
 when using custom Host headers if those Host headers did not use the
 native string type for the platform.

**Miscellaneous**

-   Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.19.
-   Updated bundled certifi certs to 2016.09.26.

Links

• PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/requests
• Changelog: https://pyup.io/changelogs/requests/
• Docs: https://requests.readthedocs.io