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## Article title: Crop and landscape heterogeneity increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: A global review and meta-analysis

## Journal: Ecology Letters

## Authors: Tharaka S. Priyadarshana (ORCID: 0000-0003-3962-5465), Emily A. Martin (0000-0001-5785-9105), Clélia Sirami (0000-0003-1741-3082), Ben A. Woodcock (0000-0003-0300-9951), Eben Goodale (0000-0003-3403-2847), Carlos Martínez-Núñez (0000-0001-7814-4985), Myung-Bok Lee (0000-0003-2680-5707), Emilio Pagani-Núñez (0000-0001-8839-4005), Chloé A. Raderschall (0000-0003-2005-1705), Lluís Brotons (0000-0002-4826-4457), Anushka Rege (0000-0002-8383-0258), Annie Ouin (0000-0001-7046-2719), Teja Tscharntke (0000-0002-4482-3178), Eleanor M. Slade (0000-0002-6108-1196)

## Contact: Tharaka S. Priyadarshana; tharakas001@e.ntu.edu.sg; tharakas.priyadarshana@gmail.com	

## All the data files are publicly available in the Dryad Digital Repository, at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f7j (Priyadarshana et al. 2024). The source codes for the statistics are publicly available in the Zenodo Digital Repository, at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10799017. These data files and source codes are also accessible via the Digital Repository of Nanyang Technological University (DR-NTU), at https://doi.org/10.21979/N9/63PIP0

## Citation for data 

# Priyadarshana, T.S., Martin, E.A., Sirami, C., Woodcock, B.A., Goodale, E., Martínez-Núñez, C., et al. (2024). Data from: Crop and landscape heterogeneity increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: A global review and meta-analysis [dataset]. Dryad Digital Repository, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f7j. 

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## Specific data files

# There are eight data files containing the following metadata. To replicate our results, please run each data file with the corresponding R scripts.

# dat.csv: This data file contains all the extracted data and should be used in analyses related to invertebrates, vertebrates, animals (invertebrates and vertebrates together), plants, and climatic regions.

# datPollinators.csv; datPredators.csv; and datPests.csv: These three data files are derived from the dat.csv data file and should be used in analyses related to pollinators, predators and pests, respectively.

# datCropArea.csv; datSemiNaturalArea.csv; and datOtherArea.csv: These three data files are derived from the dat.csv data file and should be used in sensitivity analyses testing potential confounding effects on our results that may be caused by the proportion of cropped, semi-natural, and other anthropogenic land-cover types within the landscapes, respectively.

# datCroppingSystems.csv: This data file is derived from the dat.csv data file and should be used in analyses related to cropping systems.

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## Metadata

# Author: Citation for each study

# Study_ID: Identifier for each study

# Effect_Size_ID: Identifier for effect size

# Study_Country: Study country

# Study_Region: Study region

# Biome: Tropical/sub-tropical vs temperate farmlands

# Study_System: Dominant crops

# Verts_Inverts_Plants: Taxa categorisation into invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants

# Verts_Inverts_Plants_Without_Pests: Taxa categorisation into invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants, but excluding pest invertebrates and vertebrates

# Animals_Plants: Taxa categorisation into animals (i.e. invertebrates and vertebrates without pests) and plants

# Functional_Groups: Functional groups

# Orders: Taxonomic orders, including birds

# Taxa_Category_2: More details about the study taxa

# Biodiversity_Category: Biodiversity metrics (i.e. abundance, richness and Shannon diversity)

# Heterogeneity_Measure: Spatial heterogeneity components

# Heterogeneity_Mesure_Fine: Computation of the spatial heterogeneity components

# Heterogeneity_Type: Spatial heterogeneity component (i.e. crop compositional heterogeneity, crop configurational heterogeneity, landscape compositional heterogeneity, and landscape configurational heterogeneity)

# Heterogeneity: Spatial heterogeneity types (i.e. compositional heterogeneity = crop and landscape compositional heterogeneity; configurational heterogeneity = crop and landscape configurational heterogeneity)

# Heterogeneity_Type_L_C: Land-use type (i.e. crop heterogeneity = crop compositional and configurational heterogeneity; landscape heterogeneity = landscape compositional and configurational heterogeneity)

# Pearson_Correlation: Effect size (i.e. Pearson correlation coefficient)

# Sample_Size: Sample size

# Scale: Spatial scales that the heterogeneity components are defined at

# Scale_Cat: Spatial scale (A_LocalScale [i.e. < 0.5 km radius area], LandscapeScale_1 [i.e. ? 0.5 km, but < 1 km], and LandscapeScale_2 [i.e. ? 1 km radius area])

# Seminatural_Cover_Mean: Mean semi-natural area (%)

# Crop_Cover_Mean: Mean cultivated area (%)

# Other_Cover_Mean: Mean other land-use area (%)

# Annual_Perennial: Annual vs perennial crops

# Article_Tittle: Article tittle

# Notes: Additional notes

# NAs: Not available

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## Specific R scripts

# 1 Publication_Bias.R: A R script testing for publication bias, outliers, and influential studies; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 2 Effects_Of_Semi-Natural_Area.R: A R script testing for the influence of mean semi-natural area on the estimated average relationships between spatial heterogeneity and biodiversity; this script should be run with datSemiNaturalArea.csv data file.

# 3 Effects_Of_Crop_Area.R: A R script testing for the influence of mean cultivated area on the estimated average relationships between spatial heterogeneity and biodiversity; this script should be run with datCropArea.csv data file.

# 4 Effects_Of_Other_Land_Use_Area.R: A R script testing for the influence of mean other land-use area on the estimated average relationships between spatial heterogeneity and biodiversity; this script should be run with datOtherArea.csv data file.

# 5 Invertebrate_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on invertebrate abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 6 Invertebrate_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on invertebrate richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 7 Invertebrate_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on invertebrate Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 8 Vertebrate_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on vertebrate abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 9 Vertebrate_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on vertebrate richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 10 Vertebrate_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on vertebrate Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 11 Plant_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on plant abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 12 Plant_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on plant richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 13 Plant_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on plant Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 14 Pollinator_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pollinator abundance; this script should be run with datPollinators.csv data file.

# 15 Pollinator_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pollinator richness; this script should be run with datPollinators.csv data file.

# 16 Pollinator_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pollinator Shannon diversity; this script should be run with datPollinators.csv data file.

# 17 Predator_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effects of spatial heterogeneity on predator abundance; this script should be run with datPredators.csv data file.

# 18 Predator_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on predator richness; this script should be run with datPredators.csv data file.

# 19 Predator_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on predator Shannon diversity; this script should be run with datPredators.csv data file.

# 20 Pest_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pest abundance; this script should be run with datPests.csv data file.

# 21 Pest_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pest richness; this script should be run with datPests.csv data file.

# 22 Araneae_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Araneae abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 23 Araneae_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Araneae richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 24 Araneae_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Araneae Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 25 Bird_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on bird abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 26 Bird_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on bird richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 27 Bird_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on bird Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 28 Coleoptera_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Coleoptera abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 29 Coleoptera_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Coleoptera richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 30 Coleoptera_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Coleoptera Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 31 Diptera_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Diptera abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 32 Diptera_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Diptera richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 33 Diptera_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Diptera Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 34 Hymenoptera_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Hymenoptera abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 35 Hymenoptera_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Hymenoptera richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 36 Hymenoptera_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Hymenoptera Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 37 Lepidoptera_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Lepidoptera abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 38 Lepidoptera_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Lepidoptera richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 39 Lepidoptera_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Lepidoptera Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 40 Animal_Abundance.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animal [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] abundance; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 41 Animal_Richness.R: A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animal [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] richness; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 42 Animal_Diversity.R: A R script testing for the effects of spatial heterogeneity metrics on animal [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 43 Tropical_vs_Temperate_Farmlands.R: A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animals [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] in tropical an temperate farmlands; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 44 Annual_vs_Perennial_Crops.R: A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animals [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] in annual and perennial farmlands; this script should be run with datCroppingSystems.csv data file.

# 45 Invertebrate_Scale.R: A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on invertebrate in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 46 Vertebrate_Scale.R: A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on vertebrate in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 47 Animal_Scale.R: A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animals [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with dat.csv data file.

# 48 Pollinator_Scale.R: A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pollinators in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with datPollinators.csv data file.

# 49 Predator_Scale.R: A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on predators in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with datPredators.csv data file.

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