Effective-CPP-practice

阅读 Effective C++: 55 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs, 3rd edition，中文译名《Effective C++:改善程序与设计的55个具体做法》（第三版）一书时，做的一些代码验证练习和笔记。

按章节划分：

Chapter 1: Accustoming Yourself to C++

• Item 1: View C++ as a federation of languages.
• Item 2: Prefer consts, enums, and inlines to #defines.
• Item 3: Use const whenever possible.
• Item 4: Make sure that objects are initialized before they’re used.

Chapter 2: Constructors, Destructors, and Assignment Operators

• Item 5: Know what functions C++ silently writes and calls.
• Item 6: Explicitly disallow the use of compiler-generated functions you do not want.
• Item 7: Declare destructors virtual in polymorphic base classes.
• Item 8: Prevent exceptions from leaving destructors.
• Item 9: Never call virtual functions during construction or destruction.
• Item 10: Have assignment operators return a reference to *this.
• Item 11: Handle assignment to self in operator=.
• Item 12: Copy all parts of an object.

Chapter 3: Resource Management

资源（resource）是指使用完毕后要返还给系统的东西。比如内存、文件描述符、互斥锁、GUI的字体和笔刷、数据库连接以及网络套接字。

• Item 13: Use objects to manage resources.
• Item 14: Think carefully about copying behavior in resource-managing classes.
• Item 15: Provide access to raw resources in resource-managing classes.
• Item 16: Use the same form in corresponding uses of new and delete.
• Item 17: Store newed objects in smart pointers in standalone statements.

Chapter 4: Designs and Declarations

• Item 18: Make interfaces easy to use correctly and hard to use incorrectly.
• Item 19: Treat class design as type design.
• Item 20: Prefer pass-by-reference-to-const to pass-by-value.
• Item 21: Don’t try to return a reference when you must return an object.
• Item 22: Declare data members private.
• Item 23: Prefer non-member non-friend functions to member functions.
• Item 24: Declare non-member functions when type conversions should apply to all parameters.
• Item 25: Consider support for a non-throwing swap.

Chapter 5: Implementations

• Item 26: Postpone variable definitions as long as possible.
• Item 27: Minimize casting.
• Item 28: Avoid returning “handles” to object internals.
• Item 29: Strive for exception-safe code.
• Item 30: Understand the ins and outs of inlining.
• Item 31: Minimize compilation dependencies between files.

Chapter 6: Inheritance and Object-Oriented Design

• Item 32: Make sure public inheritance models “is-a.”
• Item 33: Avoid hiding inherited names.
• Item 34: Differentiate between inheritance of interface and inheritance of implementation.
• Item 35: Consider alternatives to virtual functions.
• Item 36: Never redefine an inherited non-virtual function.
• Item 37: Never redefine a function’s inherited default parameter value.
• Item 38: Model “has-a” or “is-implemented-in-terms-of” through composition.
• Item 39: Use private inheritance judiciously.
• Item 40: Use multiple inheritance judiciously.

Chapter 7: Templates and Generic Programming

• Item 41: Understand implicit interfaces and compile-time polymorphism.
• Item 42: Understand the two meanings of typename.
• Item 43: Know how to access names in templatized base classes.
• Item 44: Factor parameter-independent code out of templates.
• Item 45: Use member function templates to accept “all compatible types.”
• Item 46: Define non-member functions inside templates when type conversions are desired.
• Item 47: Use traits classes for information about types.
• Item 48: Be aware of template metaprogramming.

Chapter 8: Customizing new and delete

• Item 49: Understand the behavior of the new-handler.
• Item 50: Understand when it makes sense to replace new and delete.
• Item 51: Adhere to convention when writing new and delete.
• Item 52: Write placement delete if you write placement new.

Chapter 9: Miscellany

• Item 53: Pay attention to compiler warnings.
• Item 54: Familiarize yourself with the standard library, including TR1.
• Item 55: Familiarize yourself with Boost.