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xiaolai committed Mar 30, 2024
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr.md
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Expand Up @@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ There are many common words where `l` ends the syllable. Be sure to include the

> *fail* `/feɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *file* `/faɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/file-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sell* `/sel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sale* `/seɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tell* `/tel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tale* `/teɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *trail* `/treɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *drill* `/drɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>...

注意,`/ʌl/` 没有 `ə` 的加音,因为 `ʌ``ə` 原本就非常相近。比如,*ultimate* `/ˈʌltɪmət/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>,或者 *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外,在自然语音中,`/iːl/` 要注意。比如, *reveal* 的确读做 `/rɪˈviːəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>,有加音 `ə`,但,*revealing*,读作 `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>,没有加音 `ə`,可能是因为 `l` 被挪到后面和 `ɪŋ` 构成了第三个音节 `/lɪŋ/`……
注意,`/ʌl/` 没有 `ə` 的加音,因为 `ʌ` 和 `ə` 原本就非常相近。比如,*ultimate* `/ˈʌltɪmət/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>,或者 *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外,在自然语音中,`/iːl/` 要注意。比如, *reveal*,词典里的音标是 `/rɪˈviːl/`, 但它的确读做 `/rɪˈviːəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>,有加音 `ə`,但,*revealing*,读作 `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>,没有加音 `ə`,可能是因为 `l` 被挪到后面和 `ɪŋ` 构成了第三个音节 `/lɪŋ/`……

Note that `/ʌl/` doesn't have the schwa (`ə`) sound added, since `/ʌ/` and `ə` are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* `/ˈəltəmət/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>. Also, pay attention to `/iːl/` in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is indeed pronounced as `/rɪˈviːəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>, with the schwa sound, *revealing* is pronounced as `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the `l` sound has been moved to form a third syllable with `ɪŋ` as `/lɪŋ/`.
Note that `/ʌl/` doesn't have the schwa (`ə`) sound added, since `/ʌ/` and `ə` are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* `/ˈəltəmət/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>. Also, pay attention to `/iːl/` in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is noted as `/rɪˈviːl/` in dictionary, and indeed pronounced as `/rɪˈviːəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>, with the schwa sound, *revealing* is pronounced as `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the `l` sound has been moved to form a third syllable with `ɪŋ` as `/lɪŋ/`.

`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼,叫做**音节辅音**,就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话,前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如,*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span> —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `` 的意思是说,这里的 `` 是个**音节辅音**,相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然,很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtᵊl/` 或者 `/ˈlɪtəl/`。CEPD 里标注的是 `/ˈlɪt̬əl/`,因为 `t` 夹在两个元音之间,变成了弹舌音 ``

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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.1-pitch.md
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Clear syllables when pronounced, may vary in *pitch*.

> Yet, | it is a fact of **life** | that an *un·lettered* **pea**sant is considered **ig**norant.
> **Yet**, | it is a fact of **life** | that an unlettered **pea**sant is considered **ig**norant.
这句话里,*Yet**life* 这两个单音节词汇,以及 *peasant* 的第一个音节 `/pe/`,以及 *ignorant* 里的第一个音节 `/ɪg/`,都有明显的音高(*pitch*)拉升。语音分析工具可以帮我们清楚地 “看到”:

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