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Specifications
yulongaion edited this page Feb 2, 2018
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Aion FastVM is a 128 bit virtual machine, which is based on Ethereum virtual machine. In this wiki, we detail the architecture design, instruction set and energy price sepcifications.
In Aion, wallet address takes 32 bytes for stronger security. It's structured into two data words inside the Aion FastVM, based on the following conventions:
< stack_top >
<address[ 0...16)>
<address[16...32)>
Similarly, hashes are organized as
< stack_top >
<hash[ 0...16)>
<hash[16...32)>
The semantics of instructions has been kept intact, but the specification has been updated to align with our architecture change, especially the number of stack items one instruction requires and produces. For the original definition of instructions, we refer readers to the Ethereum yellow paper.
Value Mnemonic δ α Note
-----------------------------------------------------------------
0x00 STOP 0 0
0x01 ADD 2 1 Arithmetic operations are based on 128-bit dataword
0x02 MUL 2 1
0x03 SUB 2 1
0x04 DIV 2 1
0x05 SDIV 2 1
0x06 MOD 2 1
0x07 SMOD 2 1
0x08 ADDMOD 3 1
0x09 MULMOD 3 1
0x0a EXP 2 1
0x0b SIGNEXTEND 2 1
0x10 LT 2 1
0x11 GT 2 1
0x12 SLT 2 1
0x13 SGT 2 1
0x14 EQ 2 1
0x15 ISZERO 1 1
0x16 AND 2 1
0x17 OR 2 1
0x18 XOR 2 1
0x19 NOT 1 1
0x1a BYTE 2 1
0x20 KECCAK256 2 2 Compute the KECCAK256 hash of a memory chunk; produces two stack items
0x30 ADDRESS 0 2 The contract address takes two stack items
0x31 BALANCE 2 1
0x32 ORIGIN 0 2
0x33 CALLER 0 2
0x34 CALLVALUE 0 1
0x35 CALLDATALOAD 1 1
0x36 CALLDATASIZE 0 1
0x37 CALLDATACOPY 3 0
0x38 CODESIZE 0 1
0x39 CODECOPY 3 0
0x3d RETURNDATASIZE 0 1
0x3e RETURNDATACOPY 3 0
0x3a GASPRICE 0 1
0x3b EXTCODESIZE 1 1
0x3c EXTCODECOPY 4 0
0x40 BLOCKHASH 1 2 Returns the hash of the given block; produces two stack items
0x41 COINBASE 0 2
0x42 TIMESTAMP 0 1
0x43 NUMBER 0 1
0x44 DIFFICULTY 0 1
0x45 GASLIMIT 0 1
0x50 POP 1 0
0x51 MLOAD 1 1
0x52 MSTORE 2 0
0x53 MSTORE8 2 0
0x54 SLOAD 1 1 Store a key-value pair in contract storage
0x55 SSTORE 2 0
0x56 JUMP 1 0
0x57 JUMPI 2 0
0x58 PC 0 1
0x59 MSIZE 0 1
0x5a GAS 0 1
0x5b JUMPDEST 0 0
0x60 PUSH1 0 1
0x61 PUSH2 0 1
0x62 PUSH3 0 1
0x63 PUSH4 0 1
0x64 PUSH5 0 1
0x65 PUSH6 0 1
0x66 PUSH7 0 1
0x67 PUSH8 0 1
0x68 PUSH9 0 1
0x69 PUSH10 0 1
0x6a PUSH11 0 1
0x6b PUSH12 0 1
0x6c PUSH13 0 1
0x6d PUSH14 0 1
0x6e PUSH15 0 1
0x6f PUSH16 0 1
0x70 PUSH17 0 2 Will produce two stack items for PUSH17+
0x71 PUSH18 0 2
0x72 PUSH19 0 2
0x73 PUSH20 0 2
0x74 PUSH21 0 2
0x75 PUSH22 0 2
0x76 PUSH23 0 2
0x77 PUSH24 0 2
0x78 PUSH25 0 2
0x79 PUSH26 0 2
0x7a PUSH27 0 2
0x7b PUSH28 0 2
0x7c PUSH29 0 2
0x7d PUSH30 0 2
0x7e PUSH31 0 2
0x7f PUSH32 0 2
0x80 DUP1 1 2
0x81 DUP2 2 3
0x82 DUP3 3 4
0x83 DUP4 4 5
0x84 DUP5 5 6
0x85 DUP6 6 7
0x86 DUP7 7 8
0x87 DUP8 8 9
0x88 DUP9 9 10
0x89 DUP10 10 11
0x8a DUP11 11 12
0x8b DUP12 12 13
0x8c DUP13 13 14
0x8d DUP14 14 15
0x8e DUP15 15 16
0x8f DUP16 16 17
0x90 SWAP1 2 2
0x91 SWAP2 3 3
0x92 SWAP3 4 4
0x93 SWAP4 5 5
0x94 SWAP5 6 6
0x95 SWAP6 7 7
0x96 SWAP7 8 8
0x97 SWAP8 9 9
0x98 SWAP9 10 10
0x99 SWAP10 11 11
0x9a SWAP11 12 12
0x9b SWAP12 13 13
0x9c SWAP13 14 14
0x9d SWAP14 15 15
0x9e SWAP15 16 16
0x9f SWAP16 17 17
0xa0 LOG0 2 0
0xa1 LOG1 3 0 Each additional topic takes two stack items
0xa2 LOG2 4 0
0xa3 LOG3 5 0
0xa4 LOG4 6 0
0xf0 CREATE 3 1
0xf1 CALL 7 1 Each the callee takes two stack items for CALL/CALLCODE/DELEGATECALL/STATICCALL
0xf2 CALLCODE 7 1
0xf3 RETURN 2 0
0xf4 DELEGATECALL 6 1
0xfa STATICCALL 6 1
0xfd REVERT 2 0
0xff SELFDESTRUCT 1 0
Energy is the execution fee for every operation made on Aion blockchain. The table below summarized the energy price of instructions.
zero = 0 --> 0
base = 2 --> 1
verylow = 3 --> 1
low = 5 --> 1
mid = 8 --> 1
high = 10 --> 1
extcode = 700 --> 1000 DB read, min = 10000000 / (3000 / 0.2) = 666
balance = 400 --> 1000 account state read, worst case DB read, min = 666
sload = 200 --> 1000 account storage read, worst case DB read, min = 666
jumpdest = 1 --> 1
sset = 20,000 --> 20,000 account storage write, trie update, worst cast DB write,
storage space increase, min = 10000000 / (3000 / 2) = 6666
sreset = 5,000 --> 8,000 account storage key delete, trie update, worst case DB write,
storage space unchanged/decrease, min = 10000000 / (3000 / 2) = 6666
sclear = 15,000 --> 15,000 REFUND, needs to make sure `sset + ssreset - sclear > min`
suicide = 24,000 --> 24,000 REFUND
suicide = 5,000 --> 5,000
create = 32,000 --> 200,000 require JIT compilation, min = 10000000 / (3000 / 50) = 166666
codedeposit = 200 --> 1,000 update the callback to charge energy
call = 700 --> 1,000 db read, min = 666
callvalue = 9,000 --> 15,000 two DB read, two DB write, state trie update, min = 666 x 2 + 6666 x 2 = 14,664
callstipend = 2,300 --> 2,300
newaccount = 25000 --> 25,000 new account state, new trie, DB write
exp = 10 --> 1
expbyte = 10 --> 1
memory = 3 --> 1 1 * x + x * x / 512 = 10,000,000, the x = 80,000 * 32 = 2400,000 B = 2.4 MB
txcreate = 32,000 --> 200,000 update the basic transaction cost for CREATE transactions
txdatazero = 4 --> 4 storage space increase
txdatanonzero = 68 --> 64 storage space increase
transaction = 21,000 --> 21,000 coin transfer cost, two database write
log = 375 --> 500 storage space increase
logdata = 8 --> 20 storage space increase
logtopic = 375 --> 500 storage space increase
sha3 = 30 --> 30
sha3word = 6 --> 6
copy = 3 --> 3
blockhash = 20 --> 20
Elementary types:
-
uint<M>: unsigned integer type ofMbits,0 < M <= 128,M % 8 == 0. e.g.uint8,uint32,uint128. -
int<M>: two's complement signed integer type ofMbits,0 < M <= 128,M % 8 == 0. -
address: equivalent tobytes32. -
uint,int: synonyms foruint128,int128respectively. -
bool: equivalent touint8restricted to the values 0 and 1. -
bytes<M>: binary type ofMbytes,0 < M <= 32. -
function: an address, followed by a 4 bytes function selector
Fixed-size array types:
-
<type>[M]: a fixed-length array of the given fixed-length type.
Dynamic-size array types:
-
bytes: dynamic sized byte sequence. -
string: dynamic sized unicode string assumed to be UTF-8 encoded. -
<type>[]: a variable-length array of the given fixed-length type.
bool type: size = 16
int/uint type: size = 16, default to 128 bit, max 128 bit
address: no change
bytesX: size = 16 or 32 depending on X, left-aligned
string: [length] + [16-bytes-aligned byte array], sizeof(length) = 16
bytes: [length] + [16-bytes-aligned byte array], sizeof(length) = 16
T[N]: static array, size = sizeof(base_type) * length
T[]: dynamic array, [length] + (base is static)[element_0][element_1][element_N]
(base is dynamic)[offset_0][offset_1][offset_N][element_0][element_1][element_N],
sizeof(length) = 16
topic1 := hash(event_external_signature)
topic2 := ext(1st_indexed_parameter)
topic3 := ext(2nd_indexed_parameter)
topic4 := ext(3rd_indexed_parameter)
data := abi_encode(non_indexed_parameters)
ext := extend to two data words by adding zeros