cloudabi.rs

// Copyright (c) 2016-2017 Nuxi <https://nuxi.nl/> and contributors.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
// are met:
// 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
//    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
// ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
// ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
// FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
// DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
// OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
// HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
// LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
// OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
// SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// This file is automatically generated. Do not edit.
//
// Source: https://github.com/NuxiNL/cloudabi

// Appease Rust's tidy.
// ignore-license
// ignore-tidy-linelength

//! **PLEASE NOTE: This entire crate including this
//! documentation is automatically generated from
//! [`cloudabi.txt`](https://github.com/NuxiNL/cloudabi/blob/master/cloudabi.txt)**
//!
//! # Nuxi CloudABI
//!
//! CloudABI is what you get if you take POSIX, add capability-based
//! security, and remove everything that's incompatible with that. The
//! result is a minimal ABI consisting of only 49 syscalls.
//!
//! CloudABI doesn't have its own kernel, but instead is implemented in existing
//! kernels: FreeBSD has CloudABI support for x86-64 and arm64, and [a patch-set
//! for NetBSD](https://github.com/NuxiNL/netbsd) and [a patch-set for
//! Linux](https://github.com/NuxiNL/linux) are available as well. This means that
//! CloudABI binaries can be executed on different operating systems, without any
//! modification.
//!
//! ## Capability-Based Security
//!
//! Capability-based security means that processes can only perform
//! actions that have no global impact. Processes cannot open files by
//! their absolute path, cannot open network connections, and cannot
//! observe global system state such as the process table.
//!
//! The capabilities of a process are fully determined by its set of open
//! file descriptors (fds). For example, files can only be opened if the
//! process already has a file descriptor to a directory the file is in.
//!
//! Unlike in POSIX, where processes are normally started with file
//! descriptors 0, 1, and 2 reserved for standard input, output, and
//! error, CloudABI does not reserve any file descriptor numbers for
//! specific purposes.
//!
//! In CloudABI, a process depends on its parent process to launch it with
//! the right set of resources, since the process will not be able to open
//! any new resources. For example, a simple static web server would need
//! to be started with a file descriptor to a [TCP
//! listener](https://github.com/NuxiNL/flower), and a file descriptor to
//! the directory for which to serve files. The web server will then be
//! unable to do anything other than reading files in that directory, and
//! process incoming network connections.
//!
//! So, unknown CloudABI binaries can safely be executed without the need
//! for containers, virtual machines, or other sandboxing technologies.
//!
//! Watch [Ed Schouten's Talk at
//! 32C3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3N29vrPoDv8) for more
//! information about what capability-based security for UNIX means.
//!
//! ## Cloudlibc
//!
//! [Cloudlibc](https://github.com/NuxiNL/cloudlibc) is an implementation
//! of the C standard library, without all CloudABI-incompatible
//! functions. For example, Cloudlibc does not have `printf`, but does
//! have `fprintf`. It does not have `open`, but does have `openat`.
//!
//! ## CloudABI-Ports
//!
//! [CloudABI-Ports](https://github.com/NuxiNL/cloudabi-ports) is a
//! collection of ports of commonly used libraries and applications to
//! CloudABI. It contains software such as `zlib`, `libpng`, `boost`,
//! `memcached`, and much more. The software is patched to not depend on
//! any global state, such as files in `/etc` or `/dev`, using `open()`,
//! etc.
//!
//! ## Using CloudABI
//!
//! Instructions for using CloudABI (including kernel modules/patches,
//! toolchain, and ports) are available for several operating systems:
//!
//! - [Arch Linux](https://nuxi.nl/cloudabi/archlinux/)
//! - [Debian, Ubuntu, and other Debian derivatives](https://nuxi.nl/cloudabi/debian/)
//! - [FreeBSD, PC-BSD and DragonFly BSD](https://nuxi.nl/cloudabi/freebsd/)
//! - [Mac OS X](https://nuxi.nl/cloudabi/mac/)
//! - [NetBSD](https://nuxi.nl/cloudabi/netbsd/)
//!
//! ## Specification of the ABI
//!
//! The entire ABI is specified in a file called
//! [`cloudabi.txt`](https://github.com/NuxiNL/cloudabi/blob/master/cloudabi.txt),
//! from which all
//! [headers](https://github.com/NuxiNL/cloudabi/tree/master/headers)
//! and documentation (including the one you're reading now) is generated.

#![no_std]
#![allow(non_camel_case_types)]

include!("bitflags.rs");

/// File or memory access pattern advisory information.
#[repr(u8)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum advice {
  /// The application expects that it will not access the
  /// specified data in the near future.
  DONTNEED   = 1,
  /// The application expects to access the specified data
  /// once and then not reuse it thereafter.
  NOREUSE    = 2,
  /// The application has no advice to give on its behavior
  /// with respect to the specified data.
  NORMAL     = 3,
  /// The application expects to access the specified data
  /// in a random order.
  RANDOM     = 4,
  /// The application expects to access the specified data
  /// sequentially from lower offsets to higher offsets.
  SEQUENTIAL = 5,
  /// The application expects to access the specified data
  /// in the near future.
  WILLNEED   = 6,
}

/// Enumeration describing the kind of value stored in [`auxv`](struct.auxv.html).
#[repr(u32)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum auxtype {
  /// Base address of the binary argument data provided to
  /// [`proc_exec()`](fn.proc_exec.html).
  ARGDATA      = 256,
  /// Length of the binary argument data provided to
  /// [`proc_exec()`](fn.proc_exec.html).
  ARGDATALEN   = 257,
  /// Base address at which the executable is placed in
  /// memory.
  BASE         =   7,
  /// Base address of a buffer of random data that may be
  /// used for non-cryptographic purposes, for example as a
  /// canary for stack smashing protection.
  CANARY       = 258,
  /// Length of a buffer of random data that may be used
  /// for non-cryptographic purposes, for example as a
  /// canary for stack smashing protection.
  CANARYLEN    = 259,
  /// Number of CPUs that the system this process is running
  /// on has.
  NCPUS        = 260,
  /// Terminator of the auxiliary vector.
  NULL         =   0,
  /// Smallest memory object size for which individual
  /// memory protection controls can be configured.
  PAGESZ       =   6,
  /// Address of the first ELF program header of the
  /// executable.
  PHDR         =   3,
  /// Number of ELF program headers of the executable.
  PHNUM        =   4,
  /// Identifier of the process.
  ///
  /// This environment does not provide any simple numerical
  /// process identifiers, for the reason that these are not
  /// useful in distributed contexts. Instead, processes are
  /// identified by a UUID.
  ///
  /// This record should point to sixteen bytes of binary
  /// data, containing a version 4 UUID (fully random).
  PID          = 263,
  /// Address of the ELF header of the vDSO.
  ///
  /// The vDSO is a shared library that is mapped in the
  /// address space of the process. It provides entry points
  /// for every system call supported by the environment,
  /// all having a corresponding symbol that is prefixed
  /// with `cloudabi_sys_`. System calls should be invoked
  /// through these entry points.
  ///
  /// The first advantage of letting processes call into a
  /// vDSO to perform system calls instead of raising
  /// hardware traps is that it allows for easy emulation of
  /// executables on top of existing operating systems. The
  /// second advantage is that in cases where an operating
  /// system provides native support for CloudABI executables,
  /// it may still implement partial userspace
  /// implementations of these system calls to improve
  /// performance (e.g., [`clock_time_get()`](fn.clock_time_get.html)). It also provides
  /// a more dynamic way of adding, removing or replacing
  /// system calls.
  SYSINFO_EHDR = 262,
  /// Thread ID of the initial thread of the process.
  TID          = 261,
}

/// Identifiers for clocks.
#[repr(u32)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum clockid {
  /// The system-wide monotonic clock, which is defined as a
  /// clock measuring real time, whose value cannot be
  /// adjusted and which cannot have negative clock jumps.
  ///
  /// The epoch of this clock is undefined. The absolute
  /// time value of this clock therefore has no meaning.
  MONOTONIC          = 1,
  /// The CPU-time clock associated with the current
  /// process.
  PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = 2,
  /// The system-wide clock measuring real time. Time value
  /// zero corresponds with 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
  REALTIME           = 3,
  /// The CPU-time clock associated with the current thread.
  THREAD_CPUTIME_ID  = 4,
}

/// A userspace condition variable.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct condvar(pub u32);
/// The condition variable is in its initial state. There
/// are no threads waiting to be woken up. If the
/// condition variable has any other value, the kernel
/// must be called to wake up any sleeping threads.
pub const CONDVAR_HAS_NO_WAITERS: condvar = condvar(0);

/// Identifier for a device containing a file system. Can be used
/// in combination with [`inode`](struct.inode.html) to uniquely identify a file on the
/// local system.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct device(pub u64);

/// A reference to the offset of a directory entry.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct dircookie(pub u64);
/// Permanent reference to the first directory entry
/// within a directory.
pub const DIRCOOKIE_START: dircookie = dircookie(0);

/// Error codes returned by system calls.
///
/// Not all of these error codes are returned by the system calls
/// provided by this environment, but are either used in userspace
/// exclusively or merely provided for alignment with POSIX.
#[repr(u16)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum errno {
  /// No error occurred. System call completed successfully.
  SUCCESS        =  0,
  /// Argument list too long.
  TOOBIG         =  1,
  /// Permission denied.
  ACCES          =  2,
  /// Address in use.
  ADDRINUSE      =  3,
  /// Address not available.
  ADDRNOTAVAIL   =  4,
  /// Address family not supported.
  AFNOSUPPORT    =  5,
  /// Resource unavailable, or operation would block.
  AGAIN          =  6,
  /// Connection already in progress.
  ALREADY        =  7,
  /// Bad file descriptor.
  BADF           =  8,
  /// Bad message.
  BADMSG         =  9,
  /// Device or resource busy.
  BUSY           = 10,
  /// Operation canceled.
  CANCELED       = 11,
  /// No child processes.
  CHILD          = 12,
  /// Connection aborted.
  CONNABORTED    = 13,
  /// Connection refused.
  CONNREFUSED    = 14,
  /// Connection reset.
  CONNRESET      = 15,
  /// Resource deadlock would occur.
  DEADLK         = 16,
  /// Destination address required.
  DESTADDRREQ    = 17,
  /// Mathematics argument out of domain of function.
  DOM            = 18,
  /// Reserved.
  DQUOT          = 19,
  /// File exists.
  EXIST          = 20,
  /// Bad address.
  FAULT          = 21,
  /// File too large.
  FBIG           = 22,
  /// Host is unreachable.
  HOSTUNREACH    = 23,
  /// Identifier removed.
  IDRM           = 24,
  /// Illegal byte sequence.
  ILSEQ          = 25,
  /// Operation in progress.
  INPROGRESS     = 26,
  /// Interrupted function.
  INTR           = 27,
  /// Invalid argument.
  INVAL          = 28,
  /// I/O error.
  IO             = 29,
  /// Socket is connected.
  ISCONN         = 30,
  /// Is a directory.
  ISDIR          = 31,
  /// Too many levels of symbolic links.
  LOOP           = 32,
  /// File descriptor value too large.
  MFILE          = 33,
  /// Too many links.
  MLINK          = 34,
  /// Message too large.
  MSGSIZE        = 35,
  /// Reserved.
  MULTIHOP       = 36,
  /// Filename too long.
  NAMETOOLONG    = 37,
  /// Network is down.
  NETDOWN        = 38,
  /// Connection aborted by network.
  NETRESET       = 39,
  /// Network unreachable.
  NETUNREACH     = 40,
  /// Too many files open in system.
  NFILE          = 41,
  /// No buffer space available.
  NOBUFS         = 42,
  /// No such device.
  NODEV          = 43,
  /// No such file or directory.
  NOENT          = 44,
  /// Executable file format error.
  NOEXEC         = 45,
  /// No locks available.
  NOLCK          = 46,
  /// Reserved.
  NOLINK         = 47,
  /// Not enough space.
  NOMEM          = 48,
  /// No message of the desired type.
  NOMSG          = 49,
  /// Protocol not available.
  NOPROTOOPT     = 50,
  /// No space left on device.
  NOSPC          = 51,
  /// Function not supported.
  NOSYS          = 52,
  /// The socket is not connected.
  NOTCONN        = 53,
  /// Not a directory or a symbolic link to a directory.
  NOTDIR         = 54,
  /// Directory not empty.
  NOTEMPTY       = 55,
  /// State not recoverable.
  NOTRECOVERABLE = 56,
  /// Not a socket.
  NOTSOCK        = 57,
  /// Not supported, or operation not supported on socket.
  NOTSUP         = 58,
  /// Inappropriate I/O control operation.
  NOTTY          = 59,
  /// No such device or address.
  NXIO           = 60,
  /// Value too large to be stored in data type.
  OVERFLOW       = 61,
  /// Previous owner died.
  OWNERDEAD      = 62,
  /// Operation not permitted.
  PERM           = 63,
  /// Broken pipe.
  PIPE           = 64,
  /// Protocol error.
  PROTO          = 65,
  /// Protocol not supported.
  PROTONOSUPPORT = 66,
  /// Protocol wrong type for socket.
  PROTOTYPE      = 67,
  /// Result too large.
  RANGE          = 68,
  /// Read-only file system.
  ROFS           = 69,
  /// Invalid seek.
  SPIPE          = 70,
  /// No such process.
  SRCH           = 71,
  /// Reserved.
  STALE          = 72,
  /// Connection timed out.
  TIMEDOUT       = 73,
  /// Text file busy.
  TXTBSY         = 74,
  /// Cross-device link.
  XDEV           = 75,
  /// Extension: Capabilities insufficient.
  NOTCAPABLE     = 76,
}

bitflags! {
  /// The state of the file descriptor subscribed to with
  /// [`FD_READ`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.FD_READ) or [`FD_WRITE`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.FD_WRITE).
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct eventrwflags: u16 {
    /// The peer of this socket has closed or disconnected.
    const HANGUP = 0x0001;
  }
}

/// Type of a subscription to an event or its occurrence.
#[repr(u8)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum eventtype {
  /// The time value of clock [`subscription.union.clock.clock_id`](struct.subscription_clock.html#structfield.clock_id)
  /// has reached timestamp [`subscription.union.clock.timeout`](struct.subscription_clock.html#structfield.timeout).
  CLOCK          = 1,
  /// Condition variable [`subscription.union.condvar.condvar`](struct.subscription_condvar.html#structfield.condvar) has
  /// been woken up and [`subscription.union.condvar.lock`](struct.subscription_condvar.html#structfield.lock) has been
  /// acquired for writing.
  CONDVAR        = 2,
  /// File descriptor [`subscription.union.fd_readwrite.fd`](struct.subscription_fd_readwrite.html#structfield.fd) has
  /// data available for reading. This event always triggers
  /// for regular files.
  FD_READ        = 3,
  /// File descriptor [`subscription.union.fd_readwrite.fd`](struct.subscription_fd_readwrite.html#structfield.fd) has
  /// capacity available for writing. This event always
  /// triggers for regular files.
  FD_WRITE       = 4,
  /// Lock [`subscription.union.lock.lock`](struct.subscription_lock.html#structfield.lock) has been acquired for
  /// reading.
  LOCK_RDLOCK    = 5,
  /// Lock [`subscription.union.lock.lock`](struct.subscription_lock.html#structfield.lock) has been acquired for
  /// writing.
  LOCK_WRLOCK    = 6,
  /// The process associated with process descriptor
  /// [`subscription.union.proc_terminate.fd`](struct.subscription_proc_terminate.html#structfield.fd) has terminated.
  PROC_TERMINATE = 7,
}

/// Exit code generated by a process when exiting.
pub type exitcode = u32;

/// A file descriptor number.
///
/// Unlike on POSIX-compliant systems, none of the file descriptor
/// numbers are reserved for a purpose (e.g., stdin, stdout,
/// stderr). Operating systems are not required to allocate new
/// file descriptors in ascending order.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct fd(pub u32);
/// Returned to the child process by [`proc_fork()`](fn.proc_fork.html).
pub const PROCESS_CHILD: fd = fd(0xffffffff);
/// Passed to [`mem_map()`](fn.mem_map.html) when creating a mapping to
/// anonymous memory.
pub const MAP_ANON_FD  : fd = fd(0xffffffff);

bitflags! {
  /// File descriptor flags.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct fdflags: u16 {
    /// Append mode: Data written to the file is always
    /// appended to the file's end.
    const APPEND   = 0x0001;
    /// Write according to synchronized I/O data integrity
    /// completion. Only the data stored in the file is
    /// synchronized.
    const DSYNC    = 0x0002;
    /// Non-blocking mode.
    const NONBLOCK = 0x0004;
    /// Synchronized read I/O operations.
    const RSYNC    = 0x0008;
    /// Write according to synchronized I/O file integrity
    /// completion. In addition to synchronizing the data
    /// stored in the file, the system may also synchronously
    /// update the file's metadata.
    const SYNC     = 0x0010;
  }
}

bitflags! {
  /// Which file descriptor attributes to adjust.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct fdsflags: u16 {
    /// Adjust the file descriptor flags stored in
    /// [`fdstat.fs_flags`](struct.fdstat.html#structfield.fs_flags).
    const FLAGS  = 0x0001;
    /// Restrict the rights of the file descriptor to the
    /// rights stored in [`fdstat.fs_rights_base`](struct.fdstat.html#structfield.fs_rights_base) and
    /// [`fdstat.fs_rights_inheriting`](struct.fdstat.html#structfield.fs_rights_inheriting).
    const RIGHTS = 0x0002;
  }
}

/// Relative offset within a file.
pub type filedelta = i64;

/// Non-negative file size or length of a region within a file.
pub type filesize = u64;

/// The type of a file descriptor or file.
#[repr(u8)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum filetype {
  /// The type of the file descriptor or file is unknown or
  /// is different from any of the other types specified.
  UNKNOWN          =   0,
  /// The file descriptor or file refers to a block device
  /// inode.
  BLOCK_DEVICE     =  16,
  /// The file descriptor or file refers to a character
  /// device inode.
  CHARACTER_DEVICE =  17,
  /// The file descriptor or file refers to a directory
  /// inode.
  DIRECTORY        =  32,
  /// The file descriptor refers to a process handle.
  PROCESS          =  80,
  /// The file descriptor or file refers to a regular file
  /// inode.
  REGULAR_FILE     =  96,
  /// The file descriptor refers to a shared memory object.
  SHARED_MEMORY    = 112,
  /// The file descriptor or file refers to a datagram
  /// socket.
  SOCKET_DGRAM     = 128,
  /// The file descriptor or file refers to a byte-stream
  /// socket.
  SOCKET_STREAM    = 130,
  /// The file refers to a symbolic link inode.
  SYMBOLIC_LINK    = 144,
}

bitflags! {
  /// Which file attributes to adjust.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct fsflags: u16 {
    /// Adjust the last data access timestamp to the value
    /// stored in [`filestat.st_atim`](struct.filestat.html#structfield.st_atim).
    const ATIM     = 0x0001;
    /// Adjust the last data access timestamp to the time
    /// of clock [`REALTIME`](enum.clockid.html#variant.REALTIME).
    const ATIM_NOW = 0x0002;
    /// Adjust the last data modification timestamp to the
    /// value stored in [`filestat.st_mtim`](struct.filestat.html#structfield.st_mtim).
    const MTIM     = 0x0004;
    /// Adjust the last data modification timestamp to the
    /// time of clock [`REALTIME`](enum.clockid.html#variant.REALTIME).
    const MTIM_NOW = 0x0008;
    /// Truncate or extend the file to the size stored in
    /// [`filestat.st_size`](struct.filestat.html#structfield.st_size).
    const SIZE     = 0x0010;
  }
}

/// File serial number that is unique within its file system.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct inode(pub u64);

/// Number of hard links to an inode.
pub type linkcount = u32;

/// A userspace read-recursive readers-writer lock, similar to a
/// Linux futex or a FreeBSD umtx.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct lock(pub u32);
/// Value indicating that the lock is in its initial
/// unlocked state.
pub const LOCK_UNLOCKED      : lock = lock(0x00000000);
/// Bitmask indicating that the lock is write-locked. If
/// set, the lower 30 bits of the lock contain the
/// identifier of the thread that owns the write lock.
/// Otherwise, the lower 30 bits of the lock contain the
/// number of acquired read locks.
pub const LOCK_WRLOCKED      : lock = lock(0x40000000);
/// Bitmask indicating that the lock is either read locked
/// or write locked, and that one or more threads have
/// their execution suspended, waiting to acquire the
/// lock. The last owner of the lock must call the
/// kernel to unlock.
///
/// When the lock is acquired for reading and this bit is
/// set, it means that one or more threads are attempting
/// to acquire this lock for writing. In that case, other
/// threads should only acquire additional read locks if
/// suspending execution would cause a deadlock. It is
/// preferred to suspend execution, as this prevents
/// starvation of writers.
pub const LOCK_KERNEL_MANAGED: lock = lock(0x80000000);
/// Value indicating that the lock is in an incorrect
/// state. A lock cannot be in its initial unlocked state,
/// while also managed by the kernel.
pub const LOCK_BOGUS         : lock = lock(0x80000000);

bitflags! {
  /// Flags determining the method of how paths are resolved.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct lookupflags: u32 {
    /// As long as the resolved path corresponds to a symbolic
    /// link, it is expanded.
    const SYMLINK_FOLLOW = 0x00000001;
  }
}

bitflags! {
  /// Memory mapping flags.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct mflags: u8 {
    /// Instead of mapping the contents of the file provided,
    /// create a mapping to anonymous memory. The file
    /// descriptor argument must be set to [`MAP_ANON_FD`](constant.MAP_ANON_FD.html),
    /// and the offset must be set to zero.
    const ANON    = 0x01;
    /// Require that the mapping is performed at the base
    /// address provided.
    const FIXED   = 0x02;
    /// Changes are private.
    const PRIVATE = 0x04;
    /// Changes are shared.
    const SHARED  = 0x08;
  }
}

bitflags! {
  /// Memory page protection options.
  ///
  /// This implementation enforces the `W^X` property: Pages cannot be
  /// mapped for execution while also mapped for writing.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct mprot: u8 {
    /// Page can be executed.
    const EXEC  = 0x01;
    /// Page can be written.
    const WRITE = 0x02;
    /// Page can be read.
    const READ  = 0x04;
  }
}

bitflags! {
  /// Methods of synchronizing memory with physical storage.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct msflags: u8 {
    /// Perform asynchronous writes.
    const ASYNC      = 0x01;
    /// Invalidate cached data.
    const INVALIDATE = 0x02;
    /// Perform synchronous writes.
    const SYNC       = 0x04;
  }
}

/// Specifies the number of threads sleeping on a condition
/// variable that should be woken up.
pub type nthreads = u32;

bitflags! {
  /// Open flags used by [`file_open()`](fn.file_open.html).
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct oflags: u16 {
    /// Create file if it does not exist.
    const CREAT     = 0x0001;
    /// Fail if not a directory.
    const DIRECTORY = 0x0002;
    /// Fail if file already exists.
    const EXCL      = 0x0004;
    /// Truncate file to size 0.
    const TRUNC     = 0x0008;
  }
}

bitflags! {
  /// Flags provided to [`sock_recv()`](fn.sock_recv.html).
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct riflags: u16 {
    /// Returns the message without removing it from the
    /// socket's receive queue.
    const PEEK    = 0x0004;
    /// On byte-stream sockets, block until the full amount
    /// of data can be returned.
    const WAITALL = 0x0010;
  }
}

bitflags! {
  /// File descriptor rights, determining which actions may be
  /// performed.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct rights: u64 {
    /// The right to invoke [`fd_datasync()`](fn.fd_datasync.html).
    ///
    /// If [`FILE_OPEN`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.FILE_OPEN) is set, includes the right to
    /// invoke [`file_open()`](fn.file_open.html) with [`DSYNC`](struct.fdflags.html#associatedconstant.DSYNC).
    const FD_DATASYNC           = 0x0000000000000001;
    /// The right to invoke [`fd_read()`](fn.fd_read.html) and [`sock_recv()`](fn.sock_recv.html).
    ///
    /// If [`MEM_MAP`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.MEM_MAP) is set, includes the right to
    /// invoke [`mem_map()`](fn.mem_map.html) with memory protection option
    /// [`READ`](struct.mprot.html#associatedconstant.READ).
    ///
    /// If [`FD_SEEK`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.FD_SEEK) is set, includes the right to invoke
    /// [`fd_pread()`](fn.fd_pread.html).
    const FD_READ               = 0x0000000000000002;
    /// The right to invoke [`fd_seek()`](fn.fd_seek.html). This flag implies
    /// [`FD_TELL`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.FD_TELL).
    const FD_SEEK               = 0x0000000000000004;
    /// The right to invoke [`fd_stat_put()`](fn.fd_stat_put.html) with
    /// [`FLAGS`](struct.fdsflags.html#associatedconstant.FLAGS).
    const FD_STAT_PUT_FLAGS     = 0x0000000000000008;
    /// The right to invoke [`fd_sync()`](fn.fd_sync.html).
    ///
    /// If [`FILE_OPEN`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.FILE_OPEN) is set, includes the right to
    /// invoke [`file_open()`](fn.file_open.html) with [`RSYNC`](struct.fdflags.html#associatedconstant.RSYNC) and
    /// [`DSYNC`](struct.fdflags.html#associatedconstant.DSYNC).
    const FD_SYNC               = 0x0000000000000010;
    /// The right to invoke [`fd_seek()`](fn.fd_seek.html) in such a way that the
    /// file offset remains unaltered (i.e., [`CUR`](enum.whence.html#variant.CUR) with
    /// offset zero).
    const FD_TELL               = 0x0000000000000020;
    /// The right to invoke [`fd_write()`](fn.fd_write.html) and [`sock_send()`](fn.sock_send.html).
    ///
    /// If [`MEM_MAP`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.MEM_MAP) is set, includes the right to
    /// invoke [`mem_map()`](fn.mem_map.html) with memory protection option
    /// [`WRITE`](struct.mprot.html#associatedconstant.WRITE).
    ///
    /// If [`FD_SEEK`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.FD_SEEK) is set, includes the right to
    /// invoke [`fd_pwrite()`](fn.fd_pwrite.html).
    const FD_WRITE              = 0x0000000000000040;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_advise()`](fn.file_advise.html).
    const FILE_ADVISE           = 0x0000000000000080;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_allocate()`](fn.file_allocate.html).
    const FILE_ALLOCATE         = 0x0000000000000100;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_create()`](fn.file_create.html) with
    /// [`DIRECTORY`](enum.filetype.html#variant.DIRECTORY).
    const FILE_CREATE_DIRECTORY = 0x0000000000000200;
    /// If [`FILE_OPEN`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.FILE_OPEN) is set, the right to invoke
    /// [`file_open()`](fn.file_open.html) with [`CREAT`](struct.oflags.html#associatedconstant.CREAT).
    const FILE_CREATE_FILE      = 0x0000000000000400;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_link()`](fn.file_link.html) with the file
    /// descriptor as the source directory.
    const FILE_LINK_SOURCE      = 0x0000000000001000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_link()`](fn.file_link.html) with the file
    /// descriptor as the target directory.
    const FILE_LINK_TARGET      = 0x0000000000002000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_open()`](fn.file_open.html).
    const FILE_OPEN             = 0x0000000000004000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_readdir()`](fn.file_readdir.html).
    const FILE_READDIR          = 0x0000000000008000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_readlink()`](fn.file_readlink.html).
    const FILE_READLINK         = 0x0000000000010000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_rename()`](fn.file_rename.html) with the file
    /// descriptor as the source directory.
    const FILE_RENAME_SOURCE    = 0x0000000000020000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_rename()`](fn.file_rename.html) with the file
    /// descriptor as the target directory.
    const FILE_RENAME_TARGET    = 0x0000000000040000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_stat_fget()`](fn.file_stat_fget.html).
    const FILE_STAT_FGET        = 0x0000000000080000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_stat_fput()`](fn.file_stat_fput.html) with
    /// [`SIZE`](struct.fsflags.html#associatedconstant.SIZE).
    ///
    /// If [`FILE_OPEN`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.FILE_OPEN) is set, includes the right to
    /// invoke [`file_open()`](fn.file_open.html) with [`TRUNC`](struct.oflags.html#associatedconstant.TRUNC).
    const FILE_STAT_FPUT_SIZE   = 0x0000000000100000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_stat_fput()`](fn.file_stat_fput.html) with
    /// [`ATIM`](struct.fsflags.html#associatedconstant.ATIM), [`ATIM_NOW`](struct.fsflags.html#associatedconstant.ATIM_NOW), [`MTIM`](struct.fsflags.html#associatedconstant.MTIM),
    /// and [`MTIM_NOW`](struct.fsflags.html#associatedconstant.MTIM_NOW).
    const FILE_STAT_FPUT_TIMES  = 0x0000000000200000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_stat_get()`](fn.file_stat_get.html).
    const FILE_STAT_GET         = 0x0000000000400000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_stat_put()`](fn.file_stat_put.html) with
    /// [`ATIM`](struct.fsflags.html#associatedconstant.ATIM), [`ATIM_NOW`](struct.fsflags.html#associatedconstant.ATIM_NOW), [`MTIM`](struct.fsflags.html#associatedconstant.MTIM),
    /// and [`MTIM_NOW`](struct.fsflags.html#associatedconstant.MTIM_NOW).
    const FILE_STAT_PUT_TIMES   = 0x0000000000800000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_symlink()`](fn.file_symlink.html).
    const FILE_SYMLINK          = 0x0000000001000000;
    /// The right to invoke [`file_unlink()`](fn.file_unlink.html).
    const FILE_UNLINK           = 0x0000000002000000;
    /// The right to invoke [`mem_map()`](fn.mem_map.html) with [`mprot`](struct.mprot.html) set to
    /// zero.
    const MEM_MAP               = 0x0000000004000000;
    /// If [`MEM_MAP`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.MEM_MAP) is set, the right to invoke
    /// [`mem_map()`](fn.mem_map.html) with [`EXEC`](struct.mprot.html#associatedconstant.EXEC).
    const MEM_MAP_EXEC          = 0x0000000008000000;
    /// If [`FD_READ`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.FD_READ) is set, includes the right to
    /// invoke [`poll()`](fn.poll.html) to subscribe to [`FD_READ`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.FD_READ).
    ///
    /// If [`FD_WRITE`](struct.rights.html#associatedconstant.FD_WRITE) is set, includes the right to
    /// invoke [`poll()`](fn.poll.html) to subscribe to [`FD_WRITE`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.FD_WRITE).
    const POLL_FD_READWRITE     = 0x0000000010000000;
    /// The right to invoke [`poll()`](fn.poll.html) to subscribe to
    /// [`PROC_TERMINATE`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.PROC_TERMINATE).
    const POLL_PROC_TERMINATE   = 0x0000000040000000;
    /// The right to invoke [`proc_exec()`](fn.proc_exec.html).
    const PROC_EXEC             = 0x0000000100000000;
    /// The right to invoke [`sock_shutdown()`](fn.sock_shutdown.html).
    const SOCK_SHUTDOWN         = 0x0000008000000000;
  }
}

bitflags! {
  /// Flags returned by [`sock_recv()`](fn.sock_recv.html).
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct roflags: u16 {
    /// Returned by [`sock_recv()`](fn.sock_recv.html): List of file descriptors
    /// has been truncated.
    const FDS_TRUNCATED  = 0x0001;
    /// Returned by [`sock_recv()`](fn.sock_recv.html): Message data has been
    /// truncated.
    const DATA_TRUNCATED = 0x0008;
  }
}

/// Indicates whether an object is stored in private or shared
/// memory.
#[repr(u8)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum scope {
  /// The object is stored in private memory.
  PRIVATE = 4,
  /// The object is stored in shared memory.
  SHARED  = 8,
}

bitflags! {
  /// Which channels on a socket need to be shut down.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct sdflags: u8 {
    /// Disables further receive operations.
    const RD = 0x01;
    /// Disables further send operations.
    const WR = 0x02;
  }
}

bitflags! {
  /// Flags provided to [`sock_send()`](fn.sock_send.html). As there are currently no flags
  /// defined, it must be set to zero.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct siflags: u16 {
    const DEFAULT = 0;
  }
}

/// Signal condition.
#[repr(u8)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum signal {
  /// Process abort signal.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  ABRT   =  1,
  /// Alarm clock.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  ALRM   =  2,
  /// Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  BUS    =  3,
  /// Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
  ///
  /// Action: Ignored.
  CHLD   =  4,
  /// Continue executing, if stopped.
  ///
  /// Action: Continues executing, if stopped.
  CONT   =  5,
  /// Erroneous arithmetic operation.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  FPE    =  6,
  /// Hangup.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  HUP    =  7,
  /// Illegal instruction.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  ILL    =  8,
  /// Terminate interrupt signal.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  INT    =  9,
  /// Kill.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  KILL   = 10,
  /// Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
  ///
  /// Action: Ignored.
  PIPE   = 11,
  /// Terminal quit signal.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  QUIT   = 12,
  /// Invalid memory reference.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  SEGV   = 13,
  /// Stop executing.
  ///
  /// Action: Stops executing.
  STOP   = 14,
  /// Bad system call.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  SYS    = 15,
  /// Termination signal.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  TERM   = 16,
  /// Trace/breakpoint trap.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  TRAP   = 17,
  /// Terminal stop signal.
  ///
  /// Action: Stops executing.
  TSTP   = 18,
  /// Background process attempting read.
  ///
  /// Action: Stops executing.
  TTIN   = 19,
  /// Background process attempting write.
  ///
  /// Action: Stops executing.
  TTOU   = 20,
  /// High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
  ///
  /// Action: Ignored.
  URG    = 21,
  /// User-defined signal 1.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  USR1   = 22,
  /// User-defined signal 2.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  USR2   = 23,
  /// Virtual timer expired.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  VTALRM = 24,
  /// CPU time limit exceeded.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  XCPU   = 25,
  /// File size limit exceeded.
  ///
  /// Action: Terminates the process.
  XFSZ   = 26,
}

bitflags! {
  /// Flags determining how the timestamp provided in
  /// [`subscription.union.clock.timeout`](struct.subscription_clock.html#structfield.timeout) should be interpreted.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct subclockflags: u16 {
    /// If set, treat the timestamp provided in
    /// [`subscription.union.clock.timeout`](struct.subscription_clock.html#structfield.timeout) as an absolute timestamp
    /// of clock [`subscription.union.clock.clock_id`](struct.subscription_clock.html#structfield.clock_id).
    ///
    /// If clear, treat the timestamp provided in
    /// [`subscription.union.clock.timeout`](struct.subscription_clock.html#structfield.timeout) relative to the current
    /// time value of clock [`subscription.union.clock.clock_id`](struct.subscription_clock.html#structfield.clock_id).
    const ABSTIME = 0x0001;
  }
}

bitflags! {
  /// Flags influencing the method of polling for read or writing on
  /// a file descriptor.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct subrwflags: u16 {
    /// Deprecated. Must be set by callers and ignored by
    /// implementations.
    const POLL = 0x0001;
  }
}

/// Unique system-local identifier of a thread. This identifier is
/// only valid during the lifetime of the thread.
///
/// Threads must be aware of their thread identifier, as it is
/// written it into locks when acquiring them for writing. It is
/// not advised to use these identifiers for any other purpose.
///
/// As the thread identifier is also stored in [`lock`](struct.lock.html) when
/// [`LOCK_WRLOCKED`](constant.LOCK_WRLOCKED.html) is set, the top two bits of the thread
/// must always be set to zero.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct tid(pub u32);

/// Timestamp in nanoseconds.
pub type timestamp = u64;

bitflags! {
  /// Specifies whether files are unlinked or directories are
  /// removed.
  #[repr(C)]
  pub struct ulflags: u8 {
    /// If set, removes a directory. Otherwise, unlinks any
    /// non-directory file.
    const REMOVEDIR = 0x01;
  }
}

/// User-provided value that can be attached to objects that is
/// retained when extracted from the kernel.
pub type userdata = u64;

/// Relative to which position the offset of the file descriptor
/// should be set.
#[repr(u8)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum whence {
  /// Seek relative to current position.
  CUR = 1,
  /// Seek relative to end-of-file.
  END = 2,
  /// Seek relative to start-of-file.
  SET = 3,
}

/// Auxiliary vector entry.
///
/// The auxiliary vector is a list of key-value pairs that is
/// provided to the process on startup. Unlike structures, it is
/// extensible, as it is possible to add new records later on.
/// The auxiliary vector is always terminated by an entry having
/// type [`NULL`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.NULL).
///
/// The auxiliary vector is part of the x86-64 ABI, but is used by
/// this environment on all architectures.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct auxv {
  /// The type of the auxiliary vector entry.
  pub a_type: auxtype,
  pub union: auxv_union
}
/// A union inside `auxv`.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub union auxv_union {
  /// Used when `a_type` is [`ARGDATALEN`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.ARGDATALEN), [`CANARYLEN`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.CANARYLEN), [`NCPUS`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.NCPUS), [`PAGESZ`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.PAGESZ), [`PHNUM`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.PHNUM), or [`TID`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.TID).
/// A numerical value.
  pub a_val: usize,
  /// Used when `a_type` is [`ARGDATA`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.ARGDATA), [`BASE`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.BASE), [`CANARY`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.CANARY), [`PHDR`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.PHDR), [`PID`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.PID), or [`SYSINFO_EHDR`](enum.auxtype.html#variant.SYSINFO_EHDR).
/// A pointer value.
  pub a_ptr: *mut (),
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn auxv_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<auxv>(), 8);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<auxv>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: auxv = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.a_type as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.a_val as *const _ as usize - base, 4);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.a_ptr as *const _ as usize - base, 4);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn auxv_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<auxv>(), 16);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<auxv>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: auxv = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.a_type as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.a_val as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.a_ptr as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
  }
}

/// A region of memory for scatter/gather writes.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct ciovec {
  /// The address and length of the buffer to be written.
  pub buf: (*const (), usize),
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn ciovec_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<ciovec>(), 8);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<ciovec>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: ciovec = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.buf.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.buf.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 4);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn ciovec_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<ciovec>(), 16);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<ciovec>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: ciovec = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.buf.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.buf.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
  }
}

/// A directory entry.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct dirent {
  /// The offset of the next directory entry stored in this
  /// directory.
  pub d_next: dircookie,
  /// The serial number of the file referred to by this
  /// directory entry.
  pub d_ino: inode,
  /// The length of the name of the directory entry.
  pub d_namlen: u32,
  /// The type of the file referred to by this directory
  /// entry.
  pub d_type: filetype,
}
#[test]
fn dirent_layout_test() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<dirent>(), 24);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<dirent>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: dirent = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.d_next as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.d_ino as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.d_namlen as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.d_type as *const _ as usize - base, 20);
  }
}

/// An event that occurred.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct event {
  /// User-provided value that got attached to
  /// [`subscription.userdata`](struct.subscription.html#structfield.userdata).
  pub userdata: userdata,
  /// If non-zero, an error that occurred while processing
  /// the subscription request.
  pub error: errno,
  /// The type of the event that occurred.
  pub type_: eventtype,
  pub union: event_union
}
/// A union inside `event`.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub union event_union {
  /// Used when `type_` is [`FD_READ`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.FD_READ) or [`FD_WRITE`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.FD_WRITE).
  pub fd_readwrite: event_fd_readwrite,
  /// Used when `type_` is [`PROC_TERMINATE`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.PROC_TERMINATE).
  pub proc_terminate: event_proc_terminate,
}
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct event_fd_readwrite {
  /// The number of bytes available
  /// for reading or writing.
  pub nbytes: filesize,
  /// Obsolete.
  pub unused: [u8; 4],
  /// The state of the file
  /// descriptor.
  pub flags: eventrwflags,
}
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct event_proc_terminate {
  /// Obsolete.
  pub unused: [u8; 4],
  /// If zero, the process has
  /// exited.
  /// Otherwise, the signal
  /// condition causing it to
  /// terminated.
  pub signal: signal,
  /// If exited, the exit code of
  /// the process.
  pub exitcode: exitcode,
}
#[test]
fn event_layout_test() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<event>(), 32);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<event>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: event = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.userdata as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.error as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.type_ as *const _ as usize - base, 10);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.fd_readwrite.nbytes as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.fd_readwrite.unused as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.fd_readwrite.flags as *const _ as usize - base, 28);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.proc_terminate.unused as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.proc_terminate.signal as *const _ as usize - base, 20);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.proc_terminate.exitcode as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
  }
}

/// File descriptor attributes.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct fdstat {
  /// File type.
  pub fs_filetype: filetype,
  /// File descriptor flags.
  pub fs_flags: fdflags,
  /// Rights that apply to this file descriptor.
  pub fs_rights_base: rights,
  /// Maximum set of rights that can be installed on new
  /// file descriptors that are created through this file
  /// descriptor, e.g., through [`file_open()`](fn.file_open.html).
  pub fs_rights_inheriting: rights,
}
#[test]
fn fdstat_layout_test() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<fdstat>(), 24);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<fdstat>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: fdstat = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.fs_filetype as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.fs_flags as *const _ as usize - base, 2);
    assert_eq!(&obj.fs_rights_base as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.fs_rights_inheriting as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
  }
}

/// File attributes.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct filestat {
  /// Device ID of device containing the file.
  pub st_dev: device,
  /// File serial number.
  pub st_ino: inode,
  /// File type.
  pub st_filetype: filetype,
  /// Number of hard links to the file.
  pub st_nlink: linkcount,
  /// For regular files, the file size in bytes. For
  /// symbolic links, the length in bytes of the pathname
  /// contained in the symbolic link.
  pub st_size: filesize,
  /// Last data access timestamp.
  pub st_atim: timestamp,
  /// Last data modification timestamp.
  pub st_mtim: timestamp,
  /// Last file status change timestamp.
  pub st_ctim: timestamp,
}
#[test]
fn filestat_layout_test() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<filestat>(), 56);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<filestat>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: filestat = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.st_dev as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.st_ino as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.st_filetype as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.st_nlink as *const _ as usize - base, 20);
    assert_eq!(&obj.st_size as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
    assert_eq!(&obj.st_atim as *const _ as usize - base, 32);
    assert_eq!(&obj.st_mtim as *const _ as usize - base, 40);
    assert_eq!(&obj.st_ctim as *const _ as usize - base, 48);
  }
}

/// A region of memory for scatter/gather reads.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct iovec {
  /// The address and length of the buffer to be filled.
  pub buf: (*mut (), usize),
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn iovec_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<iovec>(), 8);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<iovec>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: iovec = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.buf.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.buf.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 4);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn iovec_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<iovec>(), 16);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<iovec>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: iovec = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.buf.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.buf.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
  }
}

/// Path lookup properties.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct lookup {
  /// The working directory at which the resolution of the
  /// path starts.
  pub fd: fd,
  /// Flags determining the method of how the path is
  /// resolved.
  pub flags: lookupflags,
}
#[test]
fn lookup_layout_test() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<lookup>(), 8);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<lookup>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: lookup = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.fd as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.flags as *const _ as usize - base, 4);
  }
}

/// Entry point for a process (`_start`).
///
/// **auxv**:
/// The auxiliary vector. See [`auxv`](struct.auxv.html).
pub type processentry = unsafe extern "C" fn(
  auxv: *const auxv,
) -> ();

/// Arguments of [`sock_recv()`](fn.sock_recv.html).
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct recv_in {
  /// List of scatter/gather vectors where message data
  /// should be stored.
  pub ri_data: (*const iovec, usize),
  /// Buffer where numbers of incoming file descriptors
  /// should be stored.
  pub ri_fds: (*mut fd, usize),
  /// Message flags.
  pub ri_flags: riflags,
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn recv_in_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<recv_in>(), 20);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<recv_in>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: recv_in = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_data.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_data.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 4);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_fds.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_fds.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 12);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_flags as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn recv_in_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<recv_in>(), 40);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<recv_in>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: recv_in = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_data.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_data.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_fds.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_fds.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ri_flags as *const _ as usize - base, 32);
  }
}

/// Results of [`sock_recv()`](fn.sock_recv.html).
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct recv_out {
  /// Number of bytes stored in [`recv_in.ri_data`](struct.recv_in.html#structfield.ri_data).
  pub ro_datalen: usize,
  /// Number of file descriptors stored in [`recv_in.ri_fds`](struct.recv_in.html#structfield.ri_fds).
  pub ro_fdslen: usize,
  /// Fields that were used by previous implementations.
  pub ro_unused: [u8; 40],
  /// Message flags.
  pub ro_flags: roflags,
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn recv_out_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<recv_out>(), 52);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<recv_out>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: recv_out = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.ro_datalen as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ro_fdslen as *const _ as usize - base, 4);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ro_unused as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ro_flags as *const _ as usize - base, 48);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn recv_out_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<recv_out>(), 64);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<recv_out>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: recv_out = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.ro_datalen as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ro_fdslen as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ro_unused as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.ro_flags as *const _ as usize - base, 56);
  }
}

/// Arguments of [`sock_send()`](fn.sock_send.html).
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct send_in {
  /// List of scatter/gather vectors where message data
  /// should be retrieved.
  pub si_data: (*const ciovec, usize),
  /// File descriptors that need to be attached to the
  /// message.
  pub si_fds: (*const fd, usize),
  /// Message flags.
  pub si_flags: siflags,
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn send_in_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<send_in>(), 20);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<send_in>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: send_in = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_data.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_data.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 4);
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_fds.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_fds.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 12);
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_flags as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn send_in_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<send_in>(), 40);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<send_in>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: send_in = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_data.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_data.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_fds.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_fds.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
    assert_eq!(&obj.si_flags as *const _ as usize - base, 32);
  }
}

/// Results of [`sock_send()`](fn.sock_send.html).
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct send_out {
  /// Number of bytes transmitted.
  pub so_datalen: usize,
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn send_out_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<send_out>(), 4);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<send_out>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: send_out = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.so_datalen as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn send_out_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<send_out>(), 8);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<send_out>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: send_out = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.so_datalen as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
  }
}

/// Subscription to an event.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct subscription {
  /// User-provided value that is attached to the
  /// subscription in the kernel and returned through
  /// [`event.userdata`](struct.event.html#structfield.userdata).
  pub userdata: userdata,
  /// Used by previous implementations. Ignored.
  pub unused: u16,
  /// The type of the event to which to subscribe.
  ///
  /// Currently, [`CONDVAR`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.CONDVAR),
  /// [`LOCK_RDLOCK`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.LOCK_RDLOCK), and [`LOCK_WRLOCK`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.LOCK_WRLOCK)
  /// must be provided as the first subscription and may
  /// only be followed by up to one other subscription,
  /// having type [`CLOCK`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.CLOCK).
  pub type_: eventtype,
  pub union: subscription_union
}
/// A union inside `subscription`.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub union subscription_union {
  /// Used when `type_` is [`CLOCK`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.CLOCK).
  pub clock: subscription_clock,
  /// Used when `type_` is [`CONDVAR`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.CONDVAR).
  pub condvar: subscription_condvar,
  /// Used when `type_` is [`FD_READ`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.FD_READ) or [`FD_WRITE`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.FD_WRITE).
  pub fd_readwrite: subscription_fd_readwrite,
  /// Used when `type_` is [`LOCK_RDLOCK`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.LOCK_RDLOCK) or [`LOCK_WRLOCK`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.LOCK_WRLOCK).
  pub lock: subscription_lock,
  /// Used when `type_` is [`PROC_TERMINATE`](enum.eventtype.html#variant.PROC_TERMINATE).
  pub proc_terminate: subscription_proc_terminate,
}
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct subscription_clock {
  /// The user-defined unique
  /// identifier of the clock.
  pub identifier: userdata,
  /// The clock against which the
  /// timestamp should be compared.
  pub clock_id: clockid,
  /// The absolute or relative
  /// timestamp.
  pub timeout: timestamp,
  /// The amount of time that the
  /// kernel may wait additionally
  /// to coalesce with other events.
  pub precision: timestamp,
  /// Flags specifying whether the
  /// timeout is absolute or
  /// relative.
  pub flags: subclockflags,
}
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct subscription_condvar {
  /// The condition variable on
  /// which to wait to be woken up.
  pub condvar: *mut condvar,
  /// The lock that will be
  /// released while waiting.
  ///
  /// The lock will be reacquired
  /// for writing when the condition
  /// variable triggers.
  pub lock: *mut lock,
  /// Whether the condition variable
  /// is stored in private or shared
  /// memory.
  pub condvar_scope: scope,
  /// Whether the lock is stored in
  /// private or shared memory.
  pub lock_scope: scope,
}
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct subscription_fd_readwrite {
  /// The file descriptor on which
  /// to wait for it to become ready
  /// for reading or writing.
  pub fd: fd,
  /// Under which conditions to
  /// trigger.
  pub flags: subrwflags,
}
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct subscription_lock {
  /// The lock that will be acquired
  /// for reading or writing.
  pub lock: *mut lock,
  /// Whether the lock is stored in
  /// private or shared memory.
  pub lock_scope: scope,
}
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct subscription_proc_terminate {
  /// The process descriptor on
  /// which to wait for process
  /// termination.
  pub fd: fd,
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn subscription_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<subscription>(), 56);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<subscription>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: subscription = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.userdata as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.unused as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.type_ as *const _ as usize - base, 10);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.identifier as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.clock_id as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.timeout as *const _ as usize - base, 32);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.precision as *const _ as usize - base, 40);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.flags as *const _ as usize - base, 48);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.condvar.condvar as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.condvar.lock as *const _ as usize - base, 20);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.condvar.condvar_scope as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.condvar.lock_scope as *const _ as usize - base, 25);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.fd_readwrite.fd as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.fd_readwrite.flags as *const _ as usize - base, 20);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.lock.lock as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.lock.lock_scope as *const _ as usize - base, 20);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.proc_terminate.fd as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn subscription_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<subscription>(), 56);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<subscription>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: subscription = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.userdata as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.unused as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.type_ as *const _ as usize - base, 10);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.identifier as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.clock_id as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.timeout as *const _ as usize - base, 32);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.precision as *const _ as usize - base, 40);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.clock.flags as *const _ as usize - base, 48);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.condvar.condvar as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.condvar.lock as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.condvar.condvar_scope as *const _ as usize - base, 32);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.condvar.lock_scope as *const _ as usize - base, 33);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.fd_readwrite.fd as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.fd_readwrite.flags as *const _ as usize - base, 20);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.lock.lock as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.lock.lock_scope as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
    assert_eq!(&obj.union.proc_terminate.fd as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
  }
}

/// The Thread Control Block (TCB).
///
/// After a thread begins execution (at program startup or when
/// created through [`thread_create()`](fn.thread_create.html)), the CPU's registers
/// controlling Thread-Local Storage (TLS) will already be
/// initialized. They will point to an area only containing the
/// TCB.
///
/// If the thread needs space for storing thread-specific
/// variables, the thread may allocate a larger area and adjust
/// the CPU's registers to point to that area instead. However, it
/// does need to make sure that the TCB is copied over to the new
/// TLS area.
///
/// The purpose of the TCB is that it allows light-weight
/// emulators to store information related to individual threads.
/// For example, it may be used to store a copy of the CPU
/// registers prior emulation, so that TLS for the host system
/// can be restored if needed.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct tcb {
  /// Pointer that may be freely assigned by the system. Its
  /// value cannot be interpreted by the application.
  pub parent: *mut (),
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn tcb_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<tcb>(), 4);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<tcb>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: tcb = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.parent as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn tcb_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<tcb>(), 8);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<tcb>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: tcb = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.parent as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
  }
}

/// Entry point for additionally created threads.
///
/// **tid**:
/// Thread ID of the current thread.
///
/// **aux**:
/// Copy of the value stored in
/// [`threadattr.argument`](struct.threadattr.html#structfield.argument).
pub type threadentry = unsafe extern "C" fn(
  tid: tid,
  aux: *mut (),
) -> ();

/// Attributes for thread creation.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct threadattr {
  /// Initial program counter value.
  pub entry_point: threadentry,
  /// Region allocated to serve as stack space.
  pub stack: (*mut (), usize),
  /// Argument to be forwarded to the entry point function.
  pub argument: *mut (),
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
fn threadattr_layout_test_32() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<threadattr>(), 16);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<threadattr>(), 4);
  unsafe {
    let obj: threadattr = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.entry_point as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.stack.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 4);
    assert_eq!(&obj.stack.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.argument as *const _ as usize - base, 12);
  }
}
#[test]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
fn threadattr_layout_test_64() {
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::size_of::<threadattr>(), 32);
  assert_eq!(::core::mem::align_of::<threadattr>(), 8);
  unsafe {
    let obj: threadattr = ::core::mem::uninitialized();
    let base = &obj as *const _ as usize;
    assert_eq!(&obj.entry_point as *const _ as usize - base, 0);
    assert_eq!(&obj.stack.0 as *const _ as usize - base, 8);
    assert_eq!(&obj.stack.1 as *const _ as usize - base, 16);
    assert_eq!(&obj.argument as *const _ as usize - base, 24);
  }
}

/// The table with pointers to all syscall implementations.
#[allow(improper_ctypes)]
extern "C" {
  fn cloudabi_sys_clock_res_get(_: clockid, _: *mut timestamp) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_clock_time_get(_: clockid, _: timestamp, _: *mut timestamp) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_condvar_signal(_: *mut condvar, _: scope, _: nthreads) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_close(_: fd) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_create1(_: filetype, _: *mut fd) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_create2(_: filetype, _: *mut fd, _: *mut fd) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_datasync(_: fd) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_dup(_: fd, _: *mut fd) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_pread(_: fd, _: *const iovec, _: usize, _: filesize, _: *mut usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_pwrite(_: fd, _: *const ciovec, _: usize, _: filesize, _: *mut usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_read(_: fd, _: *const iovec, _: usize, _: *mut usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_replace(_: fd, _: fd) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_seek(_: fd, _: filedelta, _: whence, _: *mut filesize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_stat_get(_: fd, _: *mut fdstat) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_stat_put(_: fd, _: *const fdstat, _: fdsflags) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_sync(_: fd) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_fd_write(_: fd, _: *const ciovec, _: usize, _: *mut usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_advise(_: fd, _: filesize, _: filesize, _: advice) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_allocate(_: fd, _: filesize, _: filesize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_create(_: fd, _: *const u8, _: usize, _: filetype) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_link(_: lookup, _: *const u8, _: usize, _: fd, _: *const u8, _: usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_open(_: lookup, _: *const u8, _: usize, _: oflags, _: *const fdstat, _: *mut fd) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_readdir(_: fd, _: *mut (), _: usize, _: dircookie, _: *mut usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_readlink(_: fd, _: *const u8, _: usize, _: *mut u8, _: usize, _: *mut usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_rename(_: fd, _: *const u8, _: usize, _: fd, _: *const u8, _: usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_stat_fget(_: fd, _: *mut filestat) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_stat_fput(_: fd, _: *const filestat, _: fsflags) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_stat_get(_: lookup, _: *const u8, _: usize, _: *mut filestat) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_stat_put(_: lookup, _: *const u8, _: usize, _: *const filestat, _: fsflags) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_symlink(_: *const u8, _: usize, _: fd, _: *const u8, _: usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_file_unlink(_: fd, _: *const u8, _: usize, _: ulflags) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_lock_unlock(_: *mut lock, _: scope) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_mem_advise(_: *mut (), _: usize, _: advice) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_mem_map(_: *mut (), _: usize, _: mprot, _: mflags, _: fd, _: filesize, _: *mut *mut ()) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_mem_protect(_: *mut (), _: usize, _: mprot) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_mem_sync(_: *mut (), _: usize, _: msflags) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_mem_unmap(_: *mut (), _: usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_poll(_: *const subscription, _: *mut event, _: usize, _: *mut usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_proc_exec(_: fd, _: *const (), _: usize, _: *const fd, _: usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_proc_exit(_: exitcode) -> !;
  fn cloudabi_sys_proc_fork(_: *mut fd, _: *mut tid) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_proc_raise(_: signal) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_random_get(_: *mut (), _: usize) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_sock_recv(_: fd, _: *const recv_in, _: *mut recv_out) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_sock_send(_: fd, _: *const send_in, _: *mut send_out) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_sock_shutdown(_: fd, _: sdflags) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_thread_create(_: *mut threadattr, _: *mut tid) -> errno;
  fn cloudabi_sys_thread_exit(_: *mut lock, _: scope) -> !;
  fn cloudabi_sys_thread_yield() -> errno;
}

/// Obtains the resolution of a clock.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **clock_id**:
/// The clock for which the resolution needs to be
/// returned.
///
/// **resolution**:
/// The resolution of the clock.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn clock_res_get(clock_id_: clockid, resolution_: &mut timestamp) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_clock_res_get(clock_id_, resolution_)
}

/// Obtains the time value of a clock.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **clock_id**:
/// The clock for which the time needs to be
/// returned.
///
/// **precision**:
/// The maximum lag (exclusive) that the returned
/// time value may have, compared to its actual
/// value.
///
/// **time**:
/// The time value of the clock.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn clock_time_get(clock_id_: clockid, precision_: timestamp, time_: &mut timestamp) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_clock_time_get(clock_id_, precision_, time_)
}

/// Wakes up threads waiting on a userspace condition variable.
///
/// If an invocation of this system call causes all waiting
/// threads to be woken up, the value of the condition variable
/// is set to [`CONDVAR_HAS_NO_WAITERS`](constant.CONDVAR_HAS_NO_WAITERS.html). As long as the condition
/// variable is set to this value, it is not needed to invoke this
/// system call.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **condvar**:
/// The userspace condition variable that has
/// waiting threads.
///
/// **scope**:
/// Whether the condition variable is stored in
/// private or shared memory.
///
/// **nwaiters**:
/// The number of threads that need to be woken
/// up. If it exceeds the number of waiting
/// threads, all threads are woken up.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn condvar_signal(condvar_: *mut condvar, scope_: scope, nwaiters_: nthreads) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_condvar_signal(condvar_, scope_, nwaiters_)
}

/// Closes a file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor that needs to be closed.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_close(fd_: fd) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_close(fd_)
}

/// Creates a file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **type**:
/// Possible values:
///
///   - [`SHARED_MEMORY`](enum.filetype.html#variant.SHARED_MEMORY):
///     Creates an anonymous shared memory
///     object.
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor that has been created.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_create1(type_: filetype, fd_: &mut fd) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_create1(type_, fd_)
}

/// Creates a pair of file descriptors.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **type**:
/// Possible values:
///
///   - [`SOCKET_DGRAM`](enum.filetype.html#variant.SOCKET_DGRAM):
///     Creates a UNIX datagram socket pair.
///   - [`SOCKET_STREAM`](enum.filetype.html#variant.SOCKET_STREAM):
///     Creates a UNIX byte-stream socket
///     pair.
///
/// **fd1**:
/// The first file descriptor of the pair.
///
/// **fd2**:
/// The second file descriptor of the pair.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_create2(type_: filetype, fd1_: &mut fd, fd2_: &mut fd) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_create2(type_, fd1_, fd2_)
}

/// Synchronizes the data of a file to disk.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor of the file whose data
/// needs to be synchronized to disk.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_datasync(fd_: fd) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_datasync(fd_)
}

/// Duplicates a file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **from**:
/// The file descriptor that needs to be
/// duplicated.
///
/// **fd**:
/// The new file descriptor.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_dup(from_: fd, fd_: &mut fd) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_dup(from_, fd_)
}

/// Reads from a file descriptor, without using and updating the
/// file descriptor's offset.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor from which data should be
/// read.
///
/// **iovs**:
/// List of scatter/gather vectors where data
/// should be stored.
///
/// **offset**:
/// The offset within the file at which reading
/// should start.
///
/// **nread**:
/// The number of bytes read.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_pread(fd_: fd, iovs_: &[iovec], offset_: filesize, nread_: &mut usize) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_pread(fd_, iovs_.as_ptr(), iovs_.len(), offset_, nread_)
}

/// Writes to a file descriptor, without using and updating the
/// file descriptor's offset.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor to which data should be
/// written.
///
/// **iovs**:
/// List of scatter/gather vectors where data
/// should be retrieved.
///
/// **offset**:
/// The offset within the file at which writing
/// should start.
///
/// **nwritten**:
/// The number of bytes written.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_pwrite(fd_: fd, iovs_: &[ciovec], offset_: filesize, nwritten_: &mut usize) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_pwrite(fd_, iovs_.as_ptr(), iovs_.len(), offset_, nwritten_)
}

/// Reads from a file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor from which data should be
/// read.
///
/// **iovs**:
/// List of scatter/gather vectors where data
/// should be stored.
///
/// **nread**:
/// The number of bytes read.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_read(fd_: fd, iovs_: &[iovec], nread_: &mut usize) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_read(fd_, iovs_.as_ptr(), iovs_.len(), nread_)
}

/// Atomically replaces a file descriptor by a copy of another
/// file descriptor.
///
/// Due to the strong focus on thread safety, this environment
/// does not provide a mechanism to duplicate a file descriptor to
/// an arbitrary number, like dup2(). This would be prone to race
/// conditions, as an actual file descriptor with the same number
/// could be allocated by a different thread at the same time.
///
/// This system call provides a way to atomically replace file
/// descriptors, which would disappear if dup2() were to be
/// removed entirely.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **from**:
/// The file descriptor that needs to be copied.
///
/// **to**:
/// The file descriptor that needs to be
/// overwritten.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_replace(from_: fd, to_: fd) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_replace(from_, to_)
}

/// Moves the offset of the file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor whose offset has to be
/// moved.
///
/// **offset**:
/// The number of bytes to move.
///
/// **whence**:
/// Relative to which position the move should
/// take place.
///
/// **newoffset**:
/// The new offset of the file descriptor,
/// relative to the start of the file.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_seek(fd_: fd, offset_: filedelta, whence_: whence, newoffset_: &mut filesize) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_seek(fd_, offset_, whence_, newoffset_)
}

/// Gets attributes of a file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor whose attributes have to
/// be obtained.
///
/// **buf**:
/// The buffer where the file descriptor's
/// attributes are stored.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_stat_get(fd_: fd, buf_: *mut fdstat) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_stat_get(fd_, buf_)
}

/// Adjusts attributes of a file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor whose attributes have to
/// be adjusted.
///
/// **buf**:
/// The desired values of the file descriptor
/// attributes that are adjusted.
///
/// **flags**:
/// A bitmask indicating which attributes have to
/// be adjusted.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_stat_put(fd_: fd, buf_: *const fdstat, flags_: fdsflags) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_stat_put(fd_, buf_, flags_)
}

/// Synchronizes the data and metadata of a file to disk.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor of the file whose data
/// and metadata needs to be synchronized to disk.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_sync(fd_: fd) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_sync(fd_)
}

/// Writes to a file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor to which data should be
/// written.
///
/// **iovs**:
/// List of scatter/gather vectors where data
/// should be retrieved.
///
/// **nwritten**:
/// The number of bytes written.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fd_write(fd_: fd, iovs_: &[ciovec], nwritten_: &mut usize) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_fd_write(fd_, iovs_.as_ptr(), iovs_.len(), nwritten_)
}

/// Provides file advisory information on a file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor for which to provide file
/// advisory information.
///
/// **offset**:
/// The offset within the file to which the
/// advisory applies.
///
/// **len**:
/// The length of the region to which the advisory
/// applies.
///
/// **advice**:
/// The advice.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_advise(fd_: fd, offset_: filesize, len_: filesize, advice_: advice) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_advise(fd_, offset_, len_, advice_)
}

/// Forces the allocation of space in a file.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file in which the space should be
/// allocated.
///
/// **offset**:
/// The offset at which the allocation should
/// start.
///
/// **len**:
/// The length of the area that is allocated.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_allocate(fd_: fd, offset_: filesize, len_: filesize) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_allocate(fd_, offset_, len_)
}

/// Creates a file of a specified type.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the file to be created starts.
///
/// **path**:
/// The path at which the file should be created.
///
/// **type**:
/// Possible values:
///
///   - [`DIRECTORY`](enum.filetype.html#variant.DIRECTORY):
///     Creates a directory.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_create(fd_: fd, path_: &[u8], type_: filetype) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_create(fd_, path_.as_ptr(), path_.len(), type_)
}

/// Creates a hard link.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd1**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the source path starts.
///
/// **path1**:
/// The source path of the file that should be
/// hard linked.
///
/// **fd2**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the destination path starts.
///
/// **path2**:
/// The destination path at which the hard link
/// should be created.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_link(fd1_: lookup, path1_: &[u8], fd2_: fd, path2_: &[u8]) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_link(fd1_, path1_.as_ptr(), path1_.len(), fd2_, path2_.as_ptr(), path2_.len())
}

/// Opens a file.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **dirfd**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the file to be opened starts.
///
/// **path**:
/// The path of the file that should be opened.
///
/// **oflags**:
/// The method at which the file should be opened.
///
/// **fds**:
/// [`fdstat.fs_rights_base`](struct.fdstat.html#structfield.fs_rights_base) and
/// [`fdstat.fs_rights_inheriting`](struct.fdstat.html#structfield.fs_rights_inheriting) specify the
/// initial rights of the newly created file
/// descriptor. The operating system is allowed to
/// return a file descriptor with fewer rights
/// than specified, if and only if those rights do
/// not apply to the type of file being opened.
///
/// [`fdstat.fs_flags`](struct.fdstat.html#structfield.fs_flags) specifies the initial flags
/// of the file descriptor.
///
/// [`fdstat.fs_filetype`](struct.fdstat.html#structfield.fs_filetype) is ignored.
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor of the file that has been
/// opened.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_open(dirfd_: lookup, path_: &[u8], oflags_: oflags, fds_: *const fdstat, fd_: &mut fd) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_open(dirfd_, path_.as_ptr(), path_.len(), oflags_, fds_, fd_)
}

/// Reads directory entries from a directory.
///
/// When successful, the contents of the output buffer consist of
/// a sequence of directory entries. Each directory entry consists
/// of a [`dirent`](struct.dirent.html) object, followed by [`dirent.d_namlen`](struct.dirent.html#structfield.d_namlen) bytes
/// holding the name of the directory entry.
///
/// This system call fills the output buffer as much as possible,
/// potentially truncating the last directory entry. This allows
/// the caller to grow its read buffer size in case it's too small
/// to fit a single large directory entry, or skip the oversized
/// directory entry.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The directory from which to read the directory
/// entries.
///
/// **buf**:
/// The buffer where directory entries are stored.
///
/// **cookie**:
/// The location within the directory to start
/// reading.
///
/// **bufused**:
/// The number of bytes stored in the read buffer.
/// If less than the size of the read buffer, the
/// end of the directory has been reached.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_readdir(fd_: fd, buf_: &mut [u8], cookie_: dircookie, bufused_: &mut usize) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_readdir(fd_, buf_.as_mut_ptr() as *mut (), buf_.len(), cookie_, bufused_)
}

/// Reads the contents of a symbolic link.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the path of the symbolic starts.
///
/// **path**:
/// The path of the symbolic link whose contents
/// should be read.
///
/// **buf**:
/// The buffer where the contents of the symbolic
/// link should be stored.
///
/// **bufused**:
/// The number of bytes placed in the buffer.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_readlink(fd_: fd, path_: &[u8], buf_: &mut [u8], bufused_: &mut usize) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_readlink(fd_, path_.as_ptr(), path_.len(), buf_.as_mut_ptr(), buf_.len(), bufused_)
}

/// Renames a file.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd1**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the source path starts.
///
/// **path1**:
/// The source path of the file that should be
/// renamed.
///
/// **fd2**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the destination path starts.
///
/// **path2**:
/// The destination path to which the file should
/// be renamed.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_rename(fd1_: fd, path1_: &[u8], fd2_: fd, path2_: &[u8]) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_rename(fd1_, path1_.as_ptr(), path1_.len(), fd2_, path2_.as_ptr(), path2_.len())
}

/// Gets attributes of a file by file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor whose attributes have to
/// be obtained.
///
/// **buf**:
/// The buffer where the file's attributes are
/// stored.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_stat_fget(fd_: fd, buf_: *mut filestat) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_stat_fget(fd_, buf_)
}

/// Adjusts attributes of a file by file descriptor.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The file descriptor whose attributes have to
/// be adjusted.
///
/// **buf**:
/// The desired values of the file attributes that
/// are adjusted.
///
/// **flags**:
/// A bitmask indicating which attributes have to
/// be adjusted.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_stat_fput(fd_: fd, buf_: *const filestat, flags_: fsflags) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_stat_fput(fd_, buf_, flags_)
}

/// Gets attributes of a file by path.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the path whose attributes have to be
/// obtained starts.
///
/// **path**:
/// The path of the file whose attributes have to
/// be obtained.
///
/// **buf**:
/// The buffer where the file's attributes are
/// stored.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_stat_get(fd_: lookup, path_: &[u8], buf_: *mut filestat) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_stat_get(fd_, path_.as_ptr(), path_.len(), buf_)
}

/// Adjusts attributes of a file by path.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the path whose attributes have to be
/// adjusted starts.
///
/// **path**:
/// The path of the file whose attributes have to
/// be adjusted.
///
/// **buf**:
/// The desired values of the file attributes that
/// are adjusted.
///
/// **flags**:
/// A bitmask indicating which attributes have to
/// be adjusted.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_stat_put(fd_: lookup, path_: &[u8], buf_: *const filestat, flags_: fsflags) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_stat_put(fd_, path_.as_ptr(), path_.len(), buf_, flags_)
}

/// Creates a symbolic link.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **path1**:
/// The contents of the symbolic link.
///
/// **fd**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the destination path starts.
///
/// **path2**:
/// The destination path at which the symbolic
/// link should be created.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_symlink(path1_: &[u8], fd_: fd, path2_: &[u8]) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_symlink(path1_.as_ptr(), path1_.len(), fd_, path2_.as_ptr(), path2_.len())
}

/// Unlinks a file, or removes a directory.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// The working directory at which the resolution
/// of the path starts.
///
/// **path**:
/// The path that needs to be unlinked or removed.
///
/// **flags**:
/// Possible values:
///
///   - [`REMOVEDIR`](struct.ulflags.html#associatedconstant.REMOVEDIR):
///     If set, attempt to remove a directory.
///     Otherwise, unlink a file.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn file_unlink(fd_: fd, path_: &[u8], flags_: ulflags) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_file_unlink(fd_, path_.as_ptr(), path_.len(), flags_)
}

/// Unlocks a write-locked userspace lock.
///
/// If a userspace lock is unlocked while having its
/// [`LOCK_KERNEL_MANAGED`](constant.LOCK_KERNEL_MANAGED.html) flag set, the lock cannot be unlocked in
/// userspace directly. This system call needs to be performed
/// instead, so that any waiting threads can be woken up.
///
/// To prevent spurious invocations of this system call, the lock
/// must be locked for writing. This prevents other threads from
/// acquiring additional read locks while the system call is in
/// progress. If the lock is acquired for reading, it must first
/// be upgraded to a write lock.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **lock**:
/// The userspace lock that is locked for writing
/// by the calling thread.
///
/// **scope**:
/// Whether the lock is stored in private or
/// shared memory.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn lock_unlock(lock_: *mut lock, scope_: scope) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_lock_unlock(lock_, scope_)
}

/// Provides memory advisory information on a region of memory.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **mapping**:
/// The pages for which to provide memory advisory
/// information.
///
/// **advice**:
/// The advice.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn mem_advise(mapping_: &mut [u8], advice_: advice) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_mem_advise(mapping_.as_mut_ptr() as *mut (), mapping_.len(), advice_)
}

/// Creates a memory mapping, making the contents of a file
/// accessible through memory.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **addr**:
/// If [`FIXED`](struct.mflags.html#associatedconstant.FIXED) is set, specifies to which
/// address the file region is mapped. Otherwise,
/// the mapping is performed at an unused
/// location.
///
/// **len**:
/// The length of the memory mapping to be
/// created.
///
/// **prot**:
/// Initial memory protection options for the
/// memory mapping.
///
/// **flags**:
/// Memory mapping flags.
///
/// **fd**:
/// If [`ANON`](struct.mflags.html#associatedconstant.ANON) is set, this argument must be
/// [`MAP_ANON_FD`](constant.MAP_ANON_FD.html). Otherwise, this argument
/// specifies the file whose contents need to be
/// mapped.
///
/// **off**:
/// If [`ANON`](struct.mflags.html#associatedconstant.ANON) is set, this argument must be
/// zero. Otherwise, this argument specifies the
/// offset within the file at which the mapping
/// starts.
///
/// **mem**:
/// The starting address of the memory mapping.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn mem_map(addr_: *mut (), len_: usize, prot_: mprot, flags_: mflags, fd_: fd, off_: filesize, mem_: &mut *mut ()) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_mem_map(addr_, len_, prot_, flags_, fd_, off_, mem_)
}

/// Change the protection of a memory mapping.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **mapping**:
/// The pages that need their protection changed.
///
/// **prot**:
/// New protection options.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn mem_protect(mapping_: &mut [u8], prot_: mprot) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_mem_protect(mapping_.as_mut_ptr() as *mut (), mapping_.len(), prot_)
}

/// Synchronize a region of memory with its physical storage.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **mapping**:
/// The pages that need to be synchronized.
///
/// **flags**:
/// The method of synchronization.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn mem_sync(mapping_: &mut [u8], flags_: msflags) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_mem_sync(mapping_.as_mut_ptr() as *mut (), mapping_.len(), flags_)
}

/// Unmaps a region of memory.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **mapping**:
/// The pages that needs to be unmapped.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn mem_unmap(mapping_: &mut [u8]) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_mem_unmap(mapping_.as_mut_ptr() as *mut (), mapping_.len())
}

/// Concurrently polls for the occurrence of a set of events.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **in**:
/// The events to which to subscribe.
///
/// **out**:
/// The events that have occurred.
///
/// **nsubscriptions**:
/// Both the number of subscriptions and events.
///
/// **nevents**:
/// The number of events stored.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn poll(in_: *const subscription, out_: *mut event, nsubscriptions_: usize, nevents_: &mut usize) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_poll(in_, out_, nsubscriptions_, nevents_)
}

/// Replaces the process by a new executable.
///
/// Process execution in CloudABI differs from POSIX in two ways:
/// handling of arguments and inheritance of file descriptors.
///
/// CloudABI does not use string command line arguments. Instead,
/// a buffer with binary data is copied into the address space of
/// the new executable. The kernel does not enforce any specific
/// structure to this data, although CloudABI's C library uses it
/// to store a tree structure that is semantically identical to
/// YAML.
///
/// Due to the strong focus on thread safety, file descriptors
/// aren't inherited through close-on-exec flags. An explicit
/// list of file descriptors that need to be retained needs to be
/// provided. After execution, file descriptors are placed in the
/// order in which they are stored in the array. This not only
/// makes the execution process deterministic. It also prevents
/// potential information disclosures about the layout of the
/// original process.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// A file descriptor of the new executable.
///
/// **data**:
/// Binary argument data that is passed on to the
/// new executable.
///
/// **fds**:
/// The layout of the file descriptor table after
/// execution.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn proc_exec(fd_: fd, data_: &[u8], fds_: &[fd]) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_proc_exec(fd_, data_.as_ptr() as *const (), data_.len(), fds_.as_ptr(), fds_.len())
}

/// Terminates the process normally.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **rval**:
/// The exit code returned by the process. The
/// exit code can be obtained by other processes
/// through [`event.union.proc_terminate.exitcode`](struct.event_proc_terminate.html#structfield.exitcode).
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn proc_exit(rval_: exitcode) -> ! {
  cloudabi_sys_proc_exit(rval_)
}

/// Forks the process of the calling thread.
///
/// After forking, a new process shall be created, having only a
/// copy of the calling thread. The parent process will obtain a
/// process descriptor. When closed, the child process is
/// automatically signaled with [`KILL`](enum.signal.html#variant.KILL).
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **fd**:
/// In the parent process: the file descriptor
/// number of the process descriptor.
///
/// In the child process: [`PROCESS_CHILD`](constant.PROCESS_CHILD.html).
///
/// **tid**:
/// In the parent process: undefined.
///
/// In the child process: the thread ID of the
/// initial thread of the child process.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn proc_fork(fd_: &mut fd, tid_: &mut tid) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_proc_fork(fd_, tid_)
}

/// Sends a signal to the process of the calling thread.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **sig**:
/// The signal condition that should be triggered.
/// If the signal causes the process to terminate,
/// its condition can be obtained by other
/// processes through
/// [`event.union.proc_terminate.signal`](struct.event_proc_terminate.html#structfield.signal).
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn proc_raise(sig_: signal) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_proc_raise(sig_)
}

/// Obtains random data from the kernel random number generator.
///
/// As this interface is not guaranteed to be fast, it is advised
/// that the random data obtained through this system call is used
/// as the seed for a userspace pseudo-random number generator.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **buf**:
/// The buffer that needs to be filled with random
/// data.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn random_get(buf_: &mut [u8]) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_random_get(buf_.as_mut_ptr() as *mut (), buf_.len())
}

/// Receives a message on a socket.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **sock**:
/// The socket on which a message should be
/// received.
///
/// **in**:
/// Input parameters.
///
/// **out**:
/// Output parameters.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn sock_recv(sock_: fd, in_: *const recv_in, out_: *mut recv_out) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_sock_recv(sock_, in_, out_)
}

/// Sends a message on a socket.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **sock**:
/// The socket on which a message should be sent.
///
/// **in**:
/// Input parameters.
///
/// **out**:
/// Output parameters.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn sock_send(sock_: fd, in_: *const send_in, out_: *mut send_out) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_sock_send(sock_, in_, out_)
}

/// Shuts down socket send and receive channels.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **sock**:
/// The socket that needs its channels shut down.
///
/// **how**:
/// Which channels on the socket need to be shut
/// down.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn sock_shutdown(sock_: fd, how_: sdflags) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_sock_shutdown(sock_, how_)
}

/// Creates a new thread within the current process.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **attr**:
/// The desired attributes of the new thread.
///
/// **tid**:
/// The thread ID of the new thread.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn thread_create(attr_: *mut threadattr, tid_: &mut tid) -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_thread_create(attr_, tid_)
}

/// Terminates the calling thread.
///
/// This system call can also unlock a single userspace lock
/// after termination, which can be used to implement thread
/// joining.
///
/// ## Parameters
///
/// **lock**:
/// Userspace lock that is locked for writing by
/// the calling thread.
///
/// **scope**:
/// Whether the lock is stored in private or
/// shared memory.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn thread_exit(lock_: *mut lock, scope_: scope) -> ! {
  cloudabi_sys_thread_exit(lock_, scope_)
}

/// Temporarily yields execution of the calling thread.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn thread_yield() -> errno {
  cloudabi_sys_thread_yield()
}