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Flood fill in C# #1011

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1cc3119
Flood fill in C#
DimYfantidis Aug 18, 2023
466ad37
Updated code and .md to fit the new lines
DimYfantidis Aug 19, 2023
607e1f5
Refactored Code and Markdown
DimYfantidis Aug 23, 2023
8afaf73
Merge branch 'main' into flood_fill_in_csharp
Amaras Aug 23, 2023
bd16e72
Merge branch 'main' into flood_fill_in_csharp
Amaras Aug 23, 2023
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Merge branch 'main' into flood_fill_in_csharp
DimYfantidis Nov 7, 2023
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190 changes: 190 additions & 0 deletions contents/flood_fill/code/csharp/FloodFill.cs
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using System.Linq;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Collections.Generic;


namespace Graphics
{
abstract class FloodFill
{
// A simple point on the 2 dimensional integer plane.
private class Point2I
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Hi there 👋

Something else that stood out here is that you are using 2I for naming. It might be good to consider renaming this to be 2D since you are dealing with x and y coordinates.

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Hello, thanks for the feedback.

I had initially named it "2D" but then i remembered how OpenGL uses "glVertex2f()" to refer to a vertex (vector) of 2 floats, "glVertex2i" to refer to a vertex of 2 integers and "glVertex2d" to refer to a vertex of 2 doubles. Since we're using points with integers, I used Point2I since according to OpenGL (other libraries do it as well) it would mean "Point of two Integers". I understand that at first glance it's confusing, but now that I have given some context I hope that the logic behind it is clear :)

It's simply a convention that I stick to personally.

{
// Coordinates
public int x;
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It might be a good idea here to consider encapsulating the x and y fields by making them private and exposing them through public properties. This adds a layer of protection and allows for future validation if needed.

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@DimYfantidis DimYfantidis Nov 11, 2023 •
edited
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I understand that according to Object Oriented Programming principles all variables should have setter and getter functions. For that reason, sometimes I don't really like OOP as it takes simple things and makes them complicated (given that Point2I is a simple x,y point class and it's not that much of an interesting object).

The program that I wrote is supposed to be as simple as possible and easy to understand for a beginner programmer and algorithm enthusiast that would like to make a first contact with the flood fill algorithm in C#. I feel that

public int getX() { return x; }
public int getY() { return y; }
public void setX(int x) { this.x = x; }
public void setY(int y) { this.y = y; }

would add extra complexity to the program. Although, no problem from my part, I could implement encapsulation for x and y.

public int y;

public Point2I(int x, int y)
{
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}

public override bool Equals(object o)
{
if(!(o is Point2I other))
return false;
return this.x.Equals(other.x) && this.y.Equals(other.y);
}

public override int GetHashCode()
{
int hash = 17;
hash = 31 * hash + x;
hash = 31 * hash + y;
return hash;
}
}
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Is all this necessary, and if so, where?

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You are right, it seems that there is no equality comparison nor hashing of Point2I instances in the code. I will remove these functions.


// Utility object for comparing List<List<float>> objects.
private class FloatListEqualityComparer : IEqualityComparer<List<float>>
{
public bool Equals(List<float> one, List<float> two)
{
if (ReferenceEquals(one, two))
return true;
if (one == null || two == null)
return false;
return one.SequenceEqual(two);
}
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@Amaras Amaras Aug 23, 2023 •
edited
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Couldn't you shorten this function like so?

Suggested change
public bool Equals(List<float> one, List<float> two)
{
if (ReferenceEquals(one, two))
return true;
if (one == null || two == null)
return false;
return one.SequenceEqual(two);
}
public bool Equals(List<float> one, List<float> two)
{
return ReferenceEquals(one, two) || one != null && two != null && one.SequenceEqual(two);
}

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Let's say one and two are not null. So the expression one != null && two != null evaluates to true. This way,
ReferenceEquals(one, two) && one != null && two != null && one.SequenceEqual(two) can be simplified to
ReferenceEquals(one, two) && one.SequenceEqual(two). If one and two point to different Lists, then the first argument will evaluate to false. That means that, no matter what one.SequenceEqual(two) (if they have equal contents or not) evaluates to, the result will always be false, which ultimately defeats the purpose of overriding of the bool Equals(List<float>, List<float>) function.

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So, I'm afraid the initial function and the suggested changes are not equivalent.

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It was too late, I used the wrong operator.
I meant to use || instead of the first &&

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@DimYfantidis DimYfantidis Aug 23, 2023 •
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Ah, yes that's better. It didn't cross my mind that you made a typo, I'm sorry.
&& has higher priority than || so I believe you are right.


public int GetHashCode(List<float> list) {
return list.GetHashCode();
}
}

private static bool InBounds(Point2I size, Point2I loc)
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One thing to consider here would be the readability to know what the variables of "siz" and "loc" are trying to convey. It looks as though size is supposed to convey bounds and loc is trying to convey a point.

Variable name change suggestion:

  • siz -> bounds
  • Ioc -> point ( although loc is still a pretty viable name here )

{
if (loc.x < 0 || loc.y < 0) {
return false;
}
return loc.x < size.x && loc.y < size.y;
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shouldn't this be?

Suggested change
if (loc.x < 0 || loc.y < 0) {
return false;
}
return loc.x < size.x && loc.y < size.y;
return loc.x >= 0 && loc.y >= 0 && loc.x < size.x && loc.y < size.y;

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Yes, these are equivalent. It is my personal preference to write boolean expressions that aren't too long, although this has no effect on the program's logic. I could shorten the boolean expression just like you suggested.

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I'd prefer the orig if possible

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It would be preferred to use the original for readability.
If you are wanting to shorten and since there is only two options for return you could use a ternary operator here.

Readability > Complexity for C# Code is what I will always suggest.

}

private static List<Point2I> FindNeighbors(ref List<List<float>> grid, Point2I loc, float oldValue)
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In this instance I don't think it is necessary for you to use the ref keyword with:
ref List<List<float>> grid

Since you are only reading from the grid and not modifying it, there is no need to use the ref keyword.

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I didn't do it for read/write reasons, I did it for passing quickly the data structure into the function in $\mathcal{O}(1)$ time.

From what I've understood from C#, since the ref keyword exists then it's like C++ where everything is passed by value except if you say "pass by reference" explicitly (C++ uses the & symbol). This way, since List<List<float>> is an object of $\mathcal{O}(n^{2})$ space complexity, then copying it should take $\mathcal{O}(n^{2})$ time to pass it inside the function. Passing only its reference should take $\mathcal{O}(1)$ time. In C++ this would be written as

const  List<List<float>>& grid

in order to avoid copying the entire data structure.

Keep in mind that I am using my C++ experience and making some assumptions that the inner mechanisms of C# work in the same way. If what I'm saying is wrong and there is no correspondence between the two languages feel free to correct me.

{
var possibleNeighbors = new List<Point2I>
{
new Point2I(loc.x, loc.y + 1),
new Point2I(loc.x + 1, loc.y),
new Point2I(loc.x, loc.y - 1),
new Point2I(loc.x - 1, loc.y)
};
var neighbors = new List<Point2I>();

foreach (Point2I possibleNeighbor in possibleNeighbors)
{
var size = new Point2I(grid[0].Count, grid.Count);
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presumably, you don't need to recompute size every loop

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@DimYfantidis DimYfantidis Aug 23, 2023 •
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In case the grid (canvas) was not square but let's say it was:

new List<float>(){0, 0, 1, 0},
new List<float>(){0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0},
new List<float>(){0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0},
new List<float>(){8, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},

This way, the size check is necassary for every loop. Also, in my defense, this is the corresponding for-loop in the C++ implementation:

for (auto const& possible_neighbor : possible_neighbors) {
    const auto size = CartesianIndex{ static_cast<int>(grid[0].size()), static_cast<int>(grid.size()) };
    const auto x = static_cast<std::size_t>(possible_neighbor[0]);
    const auto y = static_cast<std::size_t>(possible_neighbor[1]);
    if (inbounds(size, possible_neighbor) && grid[x][y] == old_value) {
        neighbors.push_back(possible_neighbor);
    }
}

where using CartesianIndex = std::array<int, 2>;. The code above is found in the AAA's implementation of Flood Fill in C++. The C++ implementation is equivalent to mine as the size value is computed in each loop in the exact same way.

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Indeed, the C++ implementation needs an edit.
The thing is, you don't use the size of each line, you use the size of the first line and assume it's the same for each line.

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Hmm, indeed. I blindly copied and pastied that part from the C++ implementation which is also wrong on this case.
I will probably remove it from the loop, but I could probably come up with a way to find in which line of the matrix the given point is situated, in order to get its length. Thanks for your observations.

var x = possibleNeighbor.x;
var y = possibleNeighbor.y;
if (!InBounds(size, possibleNeighbor)) {
continue;
}
if (grid[x][y].Equals(oldValue)) {
neighbors.Add(possibleNeighbor);
}
}
return neighbors;
}

private static void RecursiveFill(ref List<List<float>> grid, Point2I loc, float oldValue, float newValue)
{
if (oldValue.Equals(newValue)) {
return;
}
grid[loc.x][loc.y] = newValue;

var possibleNeighbors = FindNeighbors(ref grid, loc, oldValue);
foreach (Point2I possibleNeighbor in possibleNeighbors) {
RecursiveFill(ref grid, possibleNeighbor, oldValue, newValue);
}
}

private static void QueueFill(ref List<List<float>> grid, Point2I loc, float oldValue, float newValue)
{
if (oldValue.Equals(newValue)) {
return;
}

var queue = new Queue<Point2I>();
queue.Enqueue(loc);
grid[loc.x][loc.y] = newValue;

while (queue.Count > 0)
{
var currentLoc = queue.Dequeue();
var possibleNeighbors = FindNeighbors(ref grid, currentLoc, oldValue);
foreach (Point2I neighbor in possibleNeighbors)
{
grid[neighbor.x][neighbor.y] = newValue;
queue.Enqueue(neighbor);
}
}
}


private static void StackFill(ref List<List<float>> grid, Point2I loc, float oldValue, float newValue)
{
if (oldValue.Equals(newValue)) {
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Would a simple == check not work here?

Just curious if we could do something like
if (oldValue == newValue) return

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Yes it would, but values are floats and my IDE goes crazy because:
"'==' operator is prone to floating point arithmetic errors. Try using 'abs(oldValue, newValue) < ERROR_CONSTANT' instead"
So, one quick way out is to use the built-in float.Equals(float) method because if C# is smart enough to correct me on it, it should be smart enough to implement it itself.

return;
}

var stack = new Stack<Point2I>();
stack.Push(loc);

while (stack.Count > 0)
{
var currentLoc = stack.Pop();

var x = currentLoc.x;
var y = currentLoc.y;

if (grid[x][y].Equals(oldValue))
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I'd suggest adding a check to see if you are out of bounds here with your x and y.
This would help prevent IndexOutOfRangeException Errors in the future.

{
grid[x][y] = newValue;
var possibleNeighbors = FindNeighbors(ref grid, currentLoc, oldValue);
foreach (Point2I neighbor in possibleNeighbors) {
stack.Push(neighbor);
}
}
}
}


private static void Main(string[] args)
{
// All neighbouring zeros, adjacent to (1, 1), must be replaced with 3 in the end result.
var grid = new List<List<float>>
{
new List<float>(){0, 0, 1, 0, 0},
new List<float>(){0, 0, 1, 0, 0},
new List<float>(){0, 0, 1, 0, 0},
new List<float>(){8, 0, 1, 1, 1},
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new List<float>(){0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
};
var solutionGrid = new List<List<float>>
{
new List<float>(){3, 3, 1, 0, 0},
new List<float>(){3, 3, 1, 0, 0},
new List<float>(){3, 3, 1, 0, 0},
new List<float>(){8, 3, 1, 1, 1},
new List<float>(){3, 3, 3, 3, 3}
};
var startingPoint = new Point2I(1, 1);
var gridComparator = new FloatListEqualityComparer();

var testGrid = new List<List<float>>(grid);
RecursiveFill(ref testGrid, startingPoint, 0, 3);
Debug.Assert(testGrid.SequenceEqual(solutionGrid, gridComparator), "Recursive Flood Fill Failed");

testGrid = new List<List<float>>(grid);
QueueFill(ref testGrid, startingPoint, 0, 3);
Debug.Assert(testGrid.SequenceEqual(solutionGrid, gridComparator), "Queue Flood Fill Failed");

testGrid = new List<List<float>>(grid);
StackFill(ref testGrid, startingPoint, 0, 3);
Debug.Assert(testGrid.SequenceEqual(solutionGrid, gridComparator), "Stack Flood Fill Failed");

}
}
}
10 changes: 10 additions & 0 deletions contents/flood_fill/flood_fill.md
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Expand Up @@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ In code, this might look like this:
[import:10-25, lang="python"](code/python/flood_fill.py)
{% sample lang="coco" %}
[import:15-20, lang="coconut"](code/coconut/flood_fill.coco)
{% sample lang="cs" %}
[import:64-88, lang="csharp"](code/csharp/FloodFill.cs)
{% endmethod %}


Expand All @@ -118,6 +120,8 @@ In code, it might look like this:
[import:55-63, lang="python"](code/python/flood_fill.py)
{% sample lang="coco" %}
[import:52-61, lang:"coconut"](code/coconut/flood_fill.coco)
{% sample lang="cs" %}
[import:90-101, lang="csharp"](code/csharp/FloodFill.cs)
{% endmethod %}

The above code continues recursing through available neighbors as long as neighbors exist, and this should work so long as we are adding the correct set of neighbors.
Expand All @@ -135,6 +139,8 @@ Additionally, it is possible to do the same type of traversal by managing a stac
[import:27-36, lang="python"](code/python/flood_fill.py)
{% sample lang="coco" %}
[import:23-34, lang:"coconut"](code/coconut/flood_fill.coco)
{% sample lang="cs" %}
[import:126-151, lang="csharp"](code/csharp/FloodFill.cs)
{% endmethod %}

This is ultimately the same method of traversal as before; however, because we are managing our own data structure, there are a few distinct differences:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -180,6 +186,8 @@ The code would look something like this:
[import:38-53, lang="python"](code/python/flood_fill.py)
{% sample lang="coco" %}
[import:36-49, lang:"coconut"](code/coconut/flood_fill.coco)
{% sample lang="cs" %}
[import:103-123, lang="csharp"](code/csharp/FloodFill.cs)
{% endmethod %}

Now, there is a small trick in this code that must be considered to make sure it runs optimally.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -264,6 +272,8 @@ After, we will fill in the left-hand side of the array to be all ones by choosin
[import:, lang="python"](code/python/flood_fill.py)
{% sample lang="coco" %}
[import, lang="coconut"](code/coconut/flood_fill.coco)
{% sample lang="cs" %}
[import, lang="csharp"](code/csharp/FloodFill.cs)
{% endmethod %}


Expand Down
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