GH-40441: [GLib][Docs] Use Sphinx for Apache Arrow GLib front page (#…

…40442)

### Rationale for this change

Using both of apache/arrow and apache/arrow-site to maintain https://arrow.apache.org/docs/c_glib/  is difficult to maintain.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Use  https://github.com/apache/arrow/tree/main/docs/source/c_glib as https://arrow.apache.org/docs/c_glib/ 's source.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* GitHub Issue: #40441

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

ci/conda_env_sphinx.txt

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 breathe
 doxygen
 ipython
+linkify-it-py
+myst-parser
 numpydoc
 pydata-sphinx-theme=0.14
 sphinx-autobuild

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 breathe
 ipython
+myst-parser[linkify]
 numpydoc
 pydata-sphinx-theme~=0.14
 sphinx-autobuild

docs/source/c_glib/arrow-cuda-glib/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!--
+  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+  distributed with this work for additional information
+  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+  under the License.
+-->
+
+(arrow-cuda-glib)=
+# Apache Arrow CUDA GLib
+
+Stub page for the Apache Arrow CUDA GLib docs; actual source is located in c_glib/ sub-directory.

docs/source/c_glib/arrow-dataset-glib/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!--
+  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+  distributed with this work for additional information
+  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+  under the License.
+-->
+
+(arrow-dataset-glib)=
+# Apache Arrow Dataset GLib
+
+Stub page for the Apache Arrow Dataset GLib docs; actual source is located in c_glib/ sub-directory.

docs/source/c_glib/arrow-flight-glib/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!--
+  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+  distributed with this work for additional information
+  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+  under the License.
+-->
+
+(arrow-flight-glib)=
+# Apache Arrow Flight GLib
+
+Stub page for the Apache Arrow Flight GLib docs; actual source is located in c_glib/ sub-directory.

docs/source/c_glib/arrow-flight-sql-glib/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!--
+  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+  distributed with this work for additional information
+  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+  under the License.
+-->
+
+(arrow-flight-sql-glib)=
+# Apache Arrow Flight SQL GLib
+
+Stub page for the Apache Arrow Flight SQL GLib docs; actual source is located in c_glib/ sub-directory.

docs/source/c_glib/arrow-glib/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!--
+  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+  distributed with this work for additional information
+  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+  under the License.
+-->
+
+(arrow-glib)=
+# Apache Arrow GLib
+
+Stub page for the Apache Arrow GLib docs; actual source is located in c_glib/ sub-directory.

docs/source/c_glib/gandiva-glib/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!--
+  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+  distributed with this work for additional information
+  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+  under the License.
+-->
+
+(gandiva-glib)=
+# Gandiva GLib
+
+Stub page for the Gandiva GLib docs; actual source is located in c_glib/ sub-directory.

docs/source/c_glib/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<!--
+  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+  distributed with this work for additional information
+  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+  under the License.
+-->
+
+(c-glib)=
+# Apache Arrow GLib (C)
+
+Apache Arrow GLib is a wrapper library for Apache Arrow C++. Apache Arrow GLib provides C API.
+
+Apache Arrow GLib supports [GObject Introspection][gobject-introspection]. It means that you can create language bindings at runtime or compile time automatically.
+
+## API reference manuals
+
+```{toctree}
+:maxdepth: 1
+
+Apache Arrow GLib <arrow-glib/index>
+Apache Arrow CUDA GLib <arrow-cuda-glib/index>
+Apache Arrow Dataset <arrow-dataset-glib/index>
+Apache Arrow Flight GLib <arrow-flight-glib/index>
+Apache Arrow Flight SQL GLib <arrow-flight-sql-glib/index>
+Apache Parquet GLib <parquet-glib/index>
+Gandiva GLib <gandiva-glib/index>
+```
+
+[gobject-introspection]: https://gi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+

docs/source/c_glib/parquet-glib/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!--
+  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+  distributed with this work for additional information
+  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+  under the License.
+-->
+
+(parquet-glib)=
+# Apache Parquet GLib
+
+Stub page for the Apache Parquet GLib docs; actual source is located in c_glib/ sub-directory.

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@
     'breathe',
     'IPython.sphinxext.ipython_console_highlighting',
     'IPython.sphinxext.ipython_directive',
+    'myst_parser',
     'numpydoc',
     'sphinx_design',
     'sphinx_copybutton',
@@ -150,6 +151,24 @@
 # ipython directive options
 ipython_mplbackend = ''
 
+# MyST-Parser configuration
+myst_enable_extensions = [
+    'amsmath',
+    'attrs_inline',
+    # 'colon_fence',
+    'deflist',
+    'dollarmath',
+    'fieldlist',
+    'html_admonition',
+    'html_image',
+    'linkify',
+    # 'replacements',
+    # 'smartquotes',
+    'strikethrough',
+    'substitution',
+    'tasklist',
+]
+
 # numpydoc configuration
 numpydoc_xref_param_type = True
 numpydoc_show_class_members = False
@@ -188,7 +207,10 @@
 # You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
 #
 
-source_suffix = ['.rst']
+source_suffix = {
+    '.md': 'markdown',
+    '.rst': 'restructuredtext',
+}
 
 autosummary_generate = True