GH-39582: [C++][Acero] Increase size of Acero TempStack (#40007)

We have had problems for a long time with a specific batch job that combines data from different sources. There is something in the data causing an Acero execution plan to hang or crash at random. The problem has been reproduced since Arrow 11.0.0, originally in Ruby, but it has also in Python. There is unfortunately no test case that reliably reproduces the issue in a release build.

However, in a debug build we can see that the batch job causes an overflow on the temp stack in arrow/cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.cc:38. Increasing the size of the stack created in the Acero QueryContext works around the issue, but a real fix should be investigated separately.

**This PR contains a "Critical Fix".**
* Closes: #39582

Lead-authored-by: Sten Larsson <sten@burtcorp.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>

cpp/src/arrow/acero/query_context.cc

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ size_t QueryContext::max_concurrency() const { return thread_indexer_.Capacity()
 Result<util::TempVectorStack*> QueryContext::GetTempStack(size_t thread_index) {
   if (!tld_[thread_index].is_init) {
     RETURN_NOT_OK(tld_[thread_index].stack.Init(
-        memory_pool(), 8 * util::MiniBatch::kMiniBatchLength * sizeof(uint64_t)));
+        memory_pool(), 32 * util::MiniBatch::kMiniBatchLength * sizeof(uint64_t)));
     tld_[thread_index].is_init = true;
   }
   return &tld_[thread_index].stack;

cpp/src/arrow/compute/util.cc

@@ -32,17 +32,18 @@ using internal::CpuInfo;
 namespace util {
 
 void TempVectorStack::alloc(uint32_t num_bytes, uint8_t** data, int* id) {
-  int64_t old_top = top_;
-  top_ += PaddedAllocationSize(num_bytes) + 2 * sizeof(uint64_t);
-  // Stack overflow check
-  ARROW_DCHECK(top_ <= buffer_size_);
-  *data = buffer_->mutable_data() + old_top + sizeof(uint64_t);
+  int64_t new_top = top_ + PaddedAllocationSize(num_bytes) + 2 * sizeof(uint64_t);
+  // Stack overflow check (see GH-39582).
+  // XXX cannot return a regular Status because most consumers do not either.
+  ARROW_CHECK_LE(new_top, buffer_size_) << "TempVectorStack::alloc overflow";
+  *data = buffer_->mutable_data() + top_ + sizeof(uint64_t);
   // We set 8 bytes before the beginning of the allocated range and
   // 8 bytes after the end to check for stack overflow (which would
   // result in those known bytes being corrupted).
-  reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(buffer_->mutable_data() + old_top)[0] = kGuard1;
-  reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(buffer_->mutable_data() + top_)[-1] = kGuard2;
+  reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(buffer_->mutable_data() + top_)[0] = kGuard1;
+  reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(buffer_->mutable_data() + new_top)[-1] = kGuard2;
   *id = num_vectors_++;
+  top_ = new_top;
 }
 
 void TempVectorStack::release(int id, uint32_t num_bytes) {