[C++][Compute] Add fixed_size_binary support to more compute functions

[asfimport]

The following compute functions do not support fixed_size_binary but do support binary via ARROW-13879:

• match_substring[_regex]

• split_pattern[_regex]

• replace_substring[_regex]

• match_like

• starts/ends_with

• extract_regex

  Note: FixedSizeBinaryType does not have an offset_type alias in its class definition, but some of these kernel implementations use/expect offset_type (e.g., MatchSubstringImpl).

Reporter: Eduardo Ponce / @edponce

Related issues:

• [C++] Add fixed_size_binary support to compute functions (relates to)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-14331. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}