ARROW-15326: [C++] Fix Gandiva crashes

[pitrou]

• Stack smashing crash because of excessive size given to utf8proc.
• Heap access crash because of insufficient scratch space in levenshtein calculation.

[pitrou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[pitrou]

@augustoasilva @pravindra @ViniciusSouzaRoque Can you take a look?

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-15326

[github-actions]

⚠️ Ticket has not been started in JIRA, please click 'Start Progress'.

[github-actions]

Revision: fdbf185

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-1395

Task	Status
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-debian-10-cpp-amd64
test-debian-10-cpp-i386
test-debian-11-cpp-amd64
test-debian-11-cpp-i386
test-fedora-33-cpp
test-ubuntu-18.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-18.04-cpp-release
test-ubuntu-18.04-cpp-static
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-14
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-17
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer

[pitrou]

Note the test-fedora-33-cpp failure should be fixed by #12146

[ViniciusSouzaRoque]

@augustoasilva @pravindra @ViniciusSouzaRoque Can you take a look?

ok, everything right with this change.

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 99f7c3c and contender = fc6d408. fc6d408 is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished ⬇️2.69% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️0.04% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java