ARROW-16416: [C++] Support cast-function in Substrait

[rtpsw]

The cast-function is special in Arrow, because its operation is determined by its output type rather than just by its parameter, and so it requires special handling in Substrait to support it.

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16416

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[westonpace]

The general approach described in ARROW-15582 should be general enough to handle cast as well. However, if you have a short term need for "cast" I don't have any problem with this change until we get around to implementing ARROW-15582. Just one minor suggestion.

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 3c03d49 and contender = f8d6eac. f8d6eac is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished ⬇️0.7% ⬆️0.04%] test-mac-arm
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️0.35% ⬆️0.04%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
[Finished] f8d6eac3 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished] f8d6eac3 test-mac-arm
[Finished] f8d6eac3 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] f8d6eac3 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
[Finished] 3c03d493 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished] 3c03d493 test-mac-arm
[Finished] 3c03d493 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 3c03d493 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java