ARROW-14280: [Doc] R package Architectural Overview

[AlenkaF]

This PR adds an architectural overview of the R package to the New Contributor's Guide.

This work is co-authored by @thisisnic .

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-14280

[github-actions]

⚠️ Ticket has not been started in JIRA, please click 'Start Progress'.

[AlenkaF]

Mind having a look at this PR @jonkeane @thisisnic?
Wasn't sure if this should go to the R dev docs or in the New Contributor's Guide.

[jonkeane]

Thanks for this, this is really great. I'm fine keeping it where it is, but it would be nice to link to it in our developers guide section somewhere too.

The only other thing that I might add is:

• When distributing a source package, we frequently bundle the libarrow source in a directory tools/cpp

  arrow/r/Makefile

  Lines 43 to 49 in 797f770

  	sync-cpp:
  	cp ../NOTICE.txt inst/NOTICE.txt
  	rsync --archive --delete --exclude 'apidoc' --exclude 'build' --exclude 'build-support/boost_*' --exclude 'examples' --exclude 'src/gandiva' --exclude 'src/jni' --exclude 'src/plasma' --exclude 'src/skyhook' --exclude 'submodules' --exclude '**/*_test.cc' ../cpp tools/
  	cp -p ../.env tools/dotenv
  	cp -p ../NOTICE.txt tools/
  	cp -p ../LICENSE.txt tools/
  	sed -i"" -e "s/\.env/dotenv/g" tools/cpp/CMakeLists.txt

  for a part of the makefile that does that.
• Do we want to mention anything about the man directory with documentation (and that it shouldn't be updated directly?)
• Do we want to mention anything about the vignettes directory?

[AlenkaF]

+1 @jonkeane, thank you! Will include suggested and ping when I am done 🙏

[AlenkaF]

@jonkeane I think I have addressed all of you comments and the PR should be ready for another round of review.

[jonkeane]

Love this! Thank you so much

[AlenkaF]

@thisisnic would be great to have your final review also 🙏

[thisisnic]

LGTM!

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 02c671a and contender = 6d815a4. 6d815a4 is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] test-mac-arm
[Failed ⬇️0.27% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️0.14% ⬆️0.04%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
[Finished] 6d815a4d ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] 6d815a4d test-mac-arm
[Failed] 6d815a4d ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 6d815a4d ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
[Finished] 02c671a3 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] 02c671a3 test-mac-arm
[Failed] 02c671a3 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 02c671a3 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java