[FLINK-15550][runtime] Don't ignore the interruption for testCancelTa…

[akalash]

…skExceptionAfterTaskMarkedFailed

What is the purpose of the change

Backport of #17559

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (yes / no)
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• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (yes / no / don't know)
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• The S3 file system connector: (yes / no / don't know)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (yes / no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable / docs / JavaDocs / not documented)

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CI report:

• 258555b Azure: FAILURE

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[akalash]

As I can see tests are good, the one failed test is also present in main branch(https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/FLINK-24734)