[FLINK-25809][table-api-java] Add table test program infrastructure

[twalthr]

What is the purpose of the change

This adds infrastructure for declaring table test programs once and use them for various purposes.

/**
 * A generic declaration of a table program for testing.
 *
 * <p>A test program only defines the basic test pipeline (from source to sink) and required
 * artifacts such as table sources and sinks, configuration options, and user-defined functions.
 *
 * <p>Tests programs are intended to reduce code duplication and test the same SQL statement though
 * different layers of the stack. Different {@link TableTestProgramRunner}s can share the same
 * program and enrich it with custom implementation and assertions.
 *
 * <p>For example, a SQL query such as {@code SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1), (2), (3))} can be declared
 * once and can be shared among different tests for integration testing, optimizer plan testing,
 * compiled plan testing, transformation testing, and others.
 */

Brief change log

• API and builder patterns added
• Basic interface for runners added

Verifying this change

Testing is TBD.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? JavaDocs

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 90d376e Azure: SUCCESS

Bot commands

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[dawidwys]

Could we change a single field, which would make it possible to write restore tests. Otherwise looks good.

[dawidwys]

Can we switch it to List<String>? That's what TestValuesTable produces. Having a predicate on List<Row> makes it really hard to use with List<String> as it is not straightforward to convert back to a Row.

[dawidwys]

After an offline discussion we said we'll try to adapt TestValuesTable.