[FLINK-18286] Implement type inference for functions on composite types

[dawidwys]

What is the purpose of the change

This ports ELEMENT/ITEM_AT/CARDINALITY functions to the new type inference stack. The end goal is to get rid off PlannerTypeInferenceUtil.

Verifying this change

All existing IT tests pass.
Added tests for the introduced strategies.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (yes / no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (yes / no)
• The serializers: (yes / no / don't know)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (yes / no / don't know)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (yes / no / don't know)
• The S3 file system connector: (yes / no / don't know)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (yes / no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable / docs / JavaDocs / not documented)

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• f5619d3 Azure: SUCCESS

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[jnh5y]

I think there may be some unused imports, but I'm happy.