[FLINK-33702][core] Add the IncrementalDelayRetryStrategy implementation of RetryStrategy

[xiangyuf]

What is the purpose of the change

RetryStrategy now supports FixedRetryStrategy and ExponentialBackoffRetryStrategy.
In certain scenarios, we also need IncrementalDelayRetryStrategy to reduce the retry count and perform the action more timely.

Brief change log

• Add the IncrementalDelayRetryStrategy implementation of RetryStrategy
• IncrementalDelayRetryStrategy will increase the retry delay at a fixed rate for each attempt

Verifying this change

This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

• Added unit test IncrementalDelayRetryStrategyTest

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 5b27b75 Azure: SUCCESS

Bot commands

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• @flinkbot run azure re-run the last Azure build

[huwh]

Thanks @xiangyuf for preparing this PR. I left some comments, PTAL

[huwh]

LGTM with one comment, please take a look

[huwh]

LGTM, merging now