[FLINK-34551][core] Refactor retry logic in FutureUtils

[kumar-mallikarjuna]

What is the purpose of the change

FutureUtils has different retry methods and multiple implementations which are overlapping. This PR refactors the retryOperation() and retryOperationWithDelay() methods.

Brief change log

• Make the retryOperation() support scheduled exection
• Remove retryOperationWithDelay()

Verifying this change

This change is already covered by existing tests, such as FutureUtilsTest.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (no)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (don't know) - The fabric8 client uses FutureUtils
• The S3 file system connector: (no)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable)

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 791954d Azure: SUCCESS

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[XComp]

Closing the PR. See FLINK-34551 for more context