[SPARK-21332][SQL] Incorrect result type inferred for some decimal ex…

…pressions

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR changes the direction of expression transformation in the DecimalPrecision rule. Previously, the expressions were transformed down, which led to incorrect result types when decimal expressions had other decimal expressions as their operands. The root cause of this issue was in visiting outer nodes before their children. Consider the example below:

```
    val inputSchema = StructType(StructField("col", DecimalType(26, 6)) :: Nil)
    val sc = spark.sparkContext
    val rdd = sc.parallelize(1 to 2).map(_ => Row(BigDecimal(12)))
    val df = spark.createDataFrame(rdd, inputSchema)

    // Works correctly since no nested decimal expression is involved
    // Expected result type: (26, 6) * (26, 6) = (38, 12)
    df.select($"col" * $"col").explain(true)
    df.select($"col" * $"col").printSchema()

    // Gives a wrong result since there is a nested decimal expression that should be visited first
    // Expected result type: ((26, 6) * (26, 6)) * (26, 6) = (38, 12) * (26, 6) = (38, 18)
    df.select($"col" * $"col" * $"col").explain(true)
    df.select($"col" * $"col" * $"col").printSchema()
```

The example above gives the following output:

```
// Correct result without sub-expressions
== Parsed Logical Plan ==
'Project [('col * 'col) AS (col * col)#4]
+- LogicalRDD [col#1]

== Analyzed Logical Plan ==
(col * col): decimal(38,12)
Project [CheckOverflow((promote_precision(cast(col#1 as decimal(26,6))) * promote_precision(cast(col#1 as decimal(26,6)))), DecimalType(38,12)) AS (col * col)#4]
+- LogicalRDD [col#1]

== Optimized Logical Plan ==
Project [CheckOverflow((col#1 * col#1), DecimalType(38,12)) AS (col * col)#4]
+- LogicalRDD [col#1]

== Physical Plan ==
*Project [CheckOverflow((col#1 * col#1), DecimalType(38,12)) AS (col * col)#4]
+- Scan ExistingRDD[col#1]

// Schema
root
 |-- (col * col): decimal(38,12) (nullable = true)

// Incorrect result with sub-expressions
== Parsed Logical Plan ==
'Project [(('col * 'col) * 'col) AS ((col * col) * col)#11]
+- LogicalRDD [col#1]

== Analyzed Logical Plan ==
((col * col) * col): decimal(38,12)
Project [CheckOverflow((promote_precision(cast(CheckOverflow((promote_precision(cast(col#1 as decimal(26,6))) * promote_precision(cast(col#1 as decimal(26,6)))), DecimalType(38,12)) as decimal(26,6))) * promote_precision(cast(col#1 as decimal(26,6)))), DecimalType(38,12)) AS ((col * col) * col)#11]
+- LogicalRDD [col#1]

== Optimized Logical Plan ==
Project [CheckOverflow((cast(CheckOverflow((col#1 * col#1), DecimalType(38,12)) as decimal(26,6)) * col#1), DecimalType(38,12)) AS ((col * col) * col)#11]
+- LogicalRDD [col#1]

== Physical Plan ==
*Project [CheckOverflow((cast(CheckOverflow((col#1 * col#1), DecimalType(38,12)) as decimal(26,6)) * col#1), DecimalType(38,12)) AS ((col * col) * col)#11]
+- Scan ExistingRDD[col#1]

// Schema
root
 |-- ((col * col) * col): decimal(38,12) (nullable = true)
```

## How was this patch tested?

This PR was tested with available unit tests. Moreover, there are tests to cover previously failing scenarios.

Author: aokolnychyi <anton.okolnychyi@sap.com>

Closes #18583 from aokolnychyi/spark-21332.

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/DecimalPrecision.scala

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ object DecimalPrecision extends Rule[LogicalPlan] {
 
   def apply(plan: LogicalPlan): LogicalPlan = plan resolveOperators {
     // fix decimal precision for expressions
-    case q => q.transformExpressions(
+    case q => q.transformExpressionsUp(
       decimalAndDecimal.orElse(integralAndDecimalLiteral).orElse(nondecimalAndDecimal))
   }
 

sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/DecimalPrecisionSuite.scala

@@ -90,8 +90,14 @@ class DecimalPrecisionSuite extends AnalysisTest with BeforeAndAfter {
     checkType(Average(d1), DecimalType(6, 5))
 
     checkType(Add(Add(d1, d2), d1), DecimalType(7, 2))
+    checkType(Add(Add(d1, d1), d1), DecimalType(4, 1))
+    checkType(Add(d1, Add(d1, d1)), DecimalType(4, 1))
     checkType(Add(Add(Add(d1, d2), d1), d2), DecimalType(8, 2))
     checkType(Add(Add(d1, d2), Add(d1, d2)), DecimalType(7, 2))
+    checkType(Subtract(Subtract(d2, d1), d1), DecimalType(7, 2))
+    checkType(Multiply(Multiply(d1, d1), d2), DecimalType(11, 4))
+    checkType(Divide(d2, Add(d1, d1)), DecimalType(10, 6))
+    checkType(Sum(Add(d1, d1)), DecimalType(13, 1))
   }
 
   test("Comparison operations") {