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Build profiles and reproducible builds
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| # Sketch build profiles and reproducible builds | ||
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| ## Overview | ||
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| The Arduino build system and Sketch specifications lack a way to share and archive sketches and guarantee reproducibility of the built firmware at any time in the future as it was last successfully built. | ||
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| These incompatibilities might arise due to newer versions of a Platform, Tool, or Library. | ||
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| ## Problem | ||
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| An Arduino project is known as Sketch. It comprises its main `.ino` file plus optional local source code (in the same folder) and an optional extra `src` folder containing additional sources if required. | ||
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| The sketch compiles against a set of globally installed libraries and platforms. When said library and/or part of the hardware platform is updated, sometimes introducing some breaking changes, that sketch might not compile anymore or behave differently. | ||
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| Currently, the only way to guarantee portability and reproducibility of a sketch build at a later time is for the developer to provide instructions to the final user for the installation of the sketch dependencies, including the exact versions of the boards platform and libraries. | ||
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| ## Goals | ||
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| This RFC aims to propose new augmentations to the current library management and a build system that can be entirely transparent to the user and retains backward compatibility yet allowing more flexibility for the future. | ||
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| The following should be true: | ||
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| - Implement ways for any Arduino Sketch to behave as a reproducible build with an option for versioning | ||
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| - Allow sharing of such sketch and “environment settings” from | ||
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| - IDE 1.8 and 2.0 using Archive Sketch | ||
| - Arduino Cloud using Share/Download Sketch | ||
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| ## Constraints | ||
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| - Must be compatible across build systems | ||
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| - Arduino CLI | ||
| - Arduino IDE 2.0 | ||
| - Arduino IDE 1.8 | ||
| - Arduino Cloud | ||
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| Must not break pre-existing setups or be completely transparent to / ignored by previous versions of the tools | ||
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| ## Proposed Solution | ||
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| The proposal is to add a project file called `sketch.yaml`. This file will be in YAML format and it will contain a description of all the resources required to compile a sketch, in particular: | ||
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| - the board FQBN | ||
| - the target core platform version (and the 3rd party platform index URL if needed) | ||
| - a possible core platform that is a dependency of the target core platform (again with version and index URL) | ||
| - the libraries used (including their version) | ||
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| We will call the set of the information above a **profile**. Each profile will be saved in the file `sketch.yaml` and this file may have one or more profiles. | ||
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| The format of the file is the following: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| profiles: | ||
| <PROFILE_NAME>: | ||
| notes: <USER_NOTES> | ||
| fqbn: <FQBN> | ||
| platforms: | ||
| - platform: <PLATFORM> (<PLATFORM_VERSION>) | ||
| platform_index_url: <3RD_PARTY_PLATFORM_URL> | ||
| - platform: <PLATFORM_DEPENDENCY> (<PLATFORM_DEPENDENCY_VERSION>) | ||
| platform_index_url: <3RD_PARTY_PLATFORM_DEPENDENCY_URL> | ||
| libraries: | ||
| - <LIB_NAME> (<LIB_VERSION>) | ||
| - <LIB_NAME> (<LIB_VERSION>) | ||
| - <LIB_NAME> (<LIB_VERSION>) | ||
| ...more profiles here... | ||
| default_profile: <DEFAULT_PROFILE_NAME> | ||
| ``` | ||
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| We have a `profiles:` section containing all the profiles. Each field is self-explanatory, in particular: | ||
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| - `<PROFILE_NAME>` is the profile identifier, it’s a user-defined field, and the allowed characters are alphanumerics, underscore `_`, dot `.`, and dash `-` | ||
| - `<PLATFORM>` is the target core platform identifier, for example, `arduino:avr` or `adafruit:samd` | ||
| - `<PLATFORM_VERSION>` is the target core platform version required | ||
| - `<3RD_PARTY_PLATFORM_URL>` is the index URL to download the target core platform (also known as “Additional Boards Manager URLs” in the Arduino IDE). This field can be omitted for the official `arduino:*` platforms. | ||
| - `<PLATFORM_DEPENDENCY>`, `<PLATFORM_DEPENDENCY_VERSION>`, and `<3RD_PARTY_PLATFORM_DEPENDENCY_URL>` contains the same information as `<PLATFORM>`, `<PLATFORM_VERSION>`, and `<3RD_PARTY_PLATFORM_URL>` but for the core platform dependency of the main core platform. These fields are optional. | ||
| - `<LIB_VERSION>` is the version required for the library, for example, `1.0.0` | ||
| - `<USER_NOTES>` is a free text string available to the developer to add comments | ||
| - `<DEFAULT_PROFILE_NAME>` is the profile used by default (more on that later) | ||
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| A complete example of a `sketch.yaml` may be the following: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| profiles: | ||
| nanorp: | ||
| fqbn: arduino:mbed_nano:nanorp2040connect | ||
| platforms: | ||
| - platform: arduino:mbed_nano (2.1.0) | ||
| libraries: | ||
| - ArduinoIoTCloud (1.0.2) | ||
| - Arduino_ConnectionHandler (0.6.4) | ||
| - TinyDHT sensor library (1.1.0) | ||
| another_profile_name: | ||
| notes: testing the limit of the AVR platform, may be unstable | ||
| fqbn: arduino:avr:uno | ||
| platforms: | ||
| - platform: arduino:avr (1.8.4) | ||
| libraries: | ||
| - VitconMQTT (1.0.1) | ||
| - Arduino_ConnectionHandler (0.6.4) | ||
| - TinyDHT sensor library (1.1.0) | ||
| tiny: | ||
| notes: testing the very limit of the AVR platform, it will be very unstable | ||
| fqbn: attiny:avr:ATtinyX5:cpu=attiny85,clock=internal16 | ||
| platforms: | ||
| - platform: attiny:avr@1.0.2 | ||
| platform_index_url: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/damellis/attiny/ide-1.6.x-boards-manager/package_damellis_attiny_index.json | ||
| - platform: arduino:avr@1.8.3 | ||
| libraries: | ||
| - ArduinoIoTCloud (1.0.2) | ||
| - Arduino_ConnectionHandler (0.6.4) | ||
| - TinyDHT sensor library (1.1.0) | ||
| feather: | ||
| fqbn: adafruit:samd:adafruit_feather_m0 | ||
| platforms: | ||
| - platform: adafruit:samd (1.6.0) | ||
| platform_index_url: https://adafruit.github.io/arduino-board-index/package_adafruit_index.json | ||
| libraries: | ||
| - ArduinoIoTCloud (1.0.2) | ||
| - Arduino_ConnectionHandler (0.6.4) | ||
| - TinyDHT sensor library (1.1.0) | ||
| default_profile: nanorp | ||
| ``` | ||
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| ## Building a sketch | ||
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| When a `sketch.yaml` file exists in the sketch, it can be leveraged to compile the sketch with the `--profile` flag in the compile command: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| arduino-cli compile [sketch] --profile nanorp | ||
| ``` | ||
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| In this case, the sketch will be compiled using the core platform and libraries specified in the `nanorp` profile. If a core platform or a library is missing it will be automatically downloaded and installed on the fly in a dedicated directory inside the data folder. The dedicated storage is not accessible to the user and is meant as a “cache” of the resources used to build the sketch. | ||
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| When using the profile-based build, the globally installed platforms and libraries are excluded from the compile and **can not be used in any way**, in other words, the build is isolated from the system and will rely only on the resources specified in the profile: this will ensure that the build is portable and reproducible independently from the platforms and libraries installed in the system. | ||
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| ## Using a default profile | ||
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| If a `default_profile` is specified in the `sketch.yaml` then the “classic” compile command: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| arduino-cli compile [sketch] | ||
| ``` | ||
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| will, instead, trigger a profile-based build using the default profile indicated in the `sketch.yaml`. | ||
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| ## Vendoring libraries with custom modifications | ||
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| We will add the possibility to add custom libraries directly in the sketch using the `libraries` subdirectory in the sketch root folder. | ||
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| A typical usage scenario is when the sketch needs a library that is not offered for installation from Library Manager, or if the sketch needs a library with some customizations that are not available in the upstream release. | ||
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| To accomplish this the idea is to put the custom libraries' source code directly in the `libraries` subdirectory of the sketch (exactly as we do for the globally installed libraries in the `libraries` subdirectory of the sketchbook root folder). For example: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| ~/Arduino/HumiditySensor$ tree | ||
| HumiditySensor | ||
| ├── HumiditySensor.ino | ||
| ├── sketch.yaml | ||
| └── libraries | ||
| ├── DHTSensorCustom | ||
| │ ├── library.properties | ||
| │ ├── README | ||
| │ └── src | ||
| │ ├── DHT.cpp | ||
| │ ├── DHT.h | ||
| │ └── DHTSensorCustom.h | ||
| └── NTPClientEth | ||
| ├── NTPClient.h | ||
| └── NTPClient.cpp | ||
| ``` | ||
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| If we run a “classic” build, without profiles, then the libraries `DHTSensorCustom` and `NTPClientEth` will be included at compile time as they were installed globally. | ||
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| If we want to run a reproducible build with profiles, we need to explicitly specify the bundled libraries we intend to use in the `sketch.yaml` in this way: | ||
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| ``` | ||
| profiles: | ||
| nanorp: | ||
| fqbn: arduino:mbed_nano:nanorp2040connect | ||
| platforms: | ||
| - platform: arduino:mbed_nano (2.1.0) | ||
| libraries: | ||
| - ArduinoIoTCloud (1.0.2) | ||
| - Arduino_ConnectionHandler (0.6.4) | ||
| - TinyDHT sensor library (1.1.0) | ||
| vendored_libraries: | ||
| - NTPClientEth | ||
| uno: | ||
| notes: testing the limit of the AVR platform, may be unstable | ||
| fqbn: arduino:avr:uno | ||
| platforms: | ||
| - platform: arduino:avr (1.8.4) | ||
| libraries: | ||
| - VitconMQTT (1.0.1) | ||
| - Arduino_ConnectionHandler (0.6.4) | ||
| vendored_libraries: | ||
| - DHTSensorCustom | ||
| - NTPClientEth | ||
| ``` | ||
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| In this case: | ||
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| - running a build using the profile `nanorp` will use the bundled `NTPClientEth` library, but not `DHTSensorCustom` | ||
| - running a build with the profile `uno` will use both `NTPClientEth` and `DHTSensorCustom` | ||
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| This behavior is required to allow different profiles to use a different set of vendored libraries. |