[refurb] Implement math-constant (FURB152) (#8727)

## Summary

Implements
[FURB152](https://github.com/dosisod/refurb/blob/master/docs/checks.md#furb152-use-math-constant)
that checks for literals that are similar to constants in `math` module,
for example:

```python
A = 3.141592 * r ** 2
```

Use instead:
```python
A = math.pi * r ** 2
```

Related to #1348.

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/refurb/FURB152.py

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+r = 3.1  # OK
+
+A = 3.14 * r ** 2  # FURB152
+
+C = 6.28 * r  # FURB152
+
+e = 2.71  # FURB152

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/analyze/expression.rs

@@ -1245,10 +1245,13 @@ pub(crate) fn expression(expr: &Expr, checker: &mut Checker) {
                 refurb::rules::single_item_membership_test(checker, expr, left, ops, comparators);
             }
         }
-        Expr::NumberLiteral(_) => {
+        Expr::NumberLiteral(number_literal @ ast::ExprNumberLiteral { .. }) => {
             if checker.source_type.is_stub() && checker.enabled(Rule::NumericLiteralTooLong) {
                 flake8_pyi::rules::numeric_literal_too_long(checker, expr);
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::MathConstant) {
+                refurb::rules::math_constant(checker, number_literal);
+            }
         }
         Expr::BytesLiteral(_) => {
             if checker.source_type.is_stub() && checker.enabled(Rule::StringOrBytesTooLong) {

crates/ruff_linter/src/codes.rs

@@ -951,6 +951,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Refurb, "140") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::ReimplementedStarmap),
         (Refurb, "145") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::SliceCopy),
         (Refurb, "148") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::UnnecessaryEnumerate),
+        (Refurb, "152") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::MathConstant),
         (Refurb, "168") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::IsinstanceTypeNone),
         (Refurb, "169") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::TypeNoneComparison),
         (Refurb, "171") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::SingleItemMembershipTest),

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/mod.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test_case(Rule::ReimplementedStarmap, Path::new("FURB140.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::SliceCopy, Path::new("FURB145.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::UnnecessaryEnumerate, Path::new("FURB148.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::MathConstant, Path::new("FURB152.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::PrintEmptyString, Path::new("FURB105.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::ImplicitCwd, Path::new("FURB177.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::SingleItemMembershipTest, Path::new("FURB171.py"))]

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/rules/math_constant.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
+
+use ruff_diagnostics::{Diagnostic, Edit, Fix, FixAvailability, Violation};
+use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, Number};
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
+
+use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
+use crate::importer::ImportRequest;
+
+/// ## What it does
+/// Checks for literals that are similar to constants in `math` module.
+///
+/// ## Why is this bad?
+/// Hard-coding mathematical constants like π increases code duplication,
+/// reduces readability, and may lead to a lack of precision.
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```python
+/// A = 3.141592 * r**2
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// A = math.pi * r**2
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## References
+/// - [Python documentation: `math` constants](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#constants)
+#[violation]
+pub struct MathConstant {
+    literal: String,
+    constant: &'static str,
+}
+
+impl Violation for MathConstant {
+    const FIX_AVAILABILITY: FixAvailability = FixAvailability::Sometimes;
+
+    #[derive_message_formats]
+    fn message(&self) -> String {
+        let MathConstant { literal, constant } = self;
+        format!("Replace `{literal}` with `math.{constant}`")
+    }
+
+    fn fix_title(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        let MathConstant { constant, .. } = self;
+        Some(format!("Use `math.{constant}`"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// FURB152
+pub(crate) fn math_constant(checker: &mut Checker, literal: &ast::ExprNumberLiteral) {
+    let Number::Float(value) = literal.value else {
+        return;
+    };
+    for (real_value, constant) in [
+        (std::f64::consts::PI, "pi"),
+        (std::f64::consts::E, "e"),
+        (std::f64::consts::TAU, "tau"),
+    ] {
+        if (value - real_value).abs() < 1e-2 {
+            let mut diagnostic = Diagnostic::new(
+                MathConstant {
+                    literal: checker.locator().slice(literal).into(),
+                    constant,
+                },
+                literal.range(),
+            );
+            diagnostic.try_set_fix(|| convert_to_constant(literal, constant, checker));
+            checker.diagnostics.push(diagnostic);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn convert_to_constant(
+    literal: &ast::ExprNumberLiteral,
+    constant: &'static str,
+    checker: &Checker,
+) -> Result<Fix> {
+    let (edit, binding) = checker.importer().get_or_import_symbol(
+        &ImportRequest::import("math", constant),
+        literal.start(),
+        checker.semantic(),
+    )?;
+    Ok(Fix::safe_edits(
+        Edit::range_replacement(binding, literal.range()),
+        [edit],
+    ))
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/rules/mod.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ pub(crate) use delete_full_slice::*;
 pub(crate) use if_expr_min_max::*;
 pub(crate) use implicit_cwd::*;
 pub(crate) use isinstance_type_none::*;
+pub(crate) use math_constant::*;
 pub(crate) use print_empty_string::*;
 pub(crate) use read_whole_file::*;
 pub(crate) use reimplemented_starmap::*;
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ mod delete_full_slice;
 mod if_expr_min_max;
 mod implicit_cwd;
 mod isinstance_type_none;
+mod math_constant;
 mod print_empty_string;
 mod read_whole_file;
 mod reimplemented_starmap;

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__refurb__tests__FURB152_FURB152.py.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+source: crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/mod.rs
+---
+FURB152.py:3:5: FURB152 [*] Replace `3.14` with `math.pi`
+  |
+1 | r = 3.1  # OK
+2 | 
+3 | A = 3.14 * r ** 2  # FURB152
+  |     ^^^^ FURB152
+4 | 
+5 | C = 6.28 * r  # FURB152
+  |
+  = help: Use `math.pi`
+
+ℹ Safe fix
+  1 |+import math
+1 2 | r = 3.1  # OK
+2 3 | 
+3   |-A = 3.14 * r ** 2  # FURB152
+  4 |+A = math.pi * r ** 2  # FURB152
+4 5 | 
+5 6 | C = 6.28 * r  # FURB152
+6 7 | 
+
+FURB152.py:5:5: FURB152 [*] Replace `6.28` with `math.tau`
+  |
+3 | A = 3.14 * r ** 2  # FURB152
+4 | 
+5 | C = 6.28 * r  # FURB152
+  |     ^^^^ FURB152
+6 | 
+7 | e = 2.71  # FURB152
+  |
+  = help: Use `math.tau`
+
+ℹ Safe fix
+  1 |+import math
+1 2 | r = 3.1  # OK
+2 3 | 
+3 4 | A = 3.14 * r ** 2  # FURB152
+4 5 | 
+5   |-C = 6.28 * r  # FURB152
+  6 |+C = math.tau * r  # FURB152
+6 7 | 
+7 8 | e = 2.71  # FURB152
+
+FURB152.py:7:5: FURB152 [*] Replace `2.71` with `math.e`
+  |
+5 | C = 6.28 * r  # FURB152
+6 | 
+7 | e = 2.71  # FURB152
+  |     ^^^^ FURB152
+  |
+  = help: Use `math.e`
+
+ℹ Safe fix
+  1 |+import math
+1 2 | r = 3.1  # OK
+2 3 | 
+3 4 | A = 3.14 * r ** 2  # FURB152
+4 5 | 
+5 6 | C = 6.28 * r  # FURB152
+6 7 | 
+7   |-e = 2.71  # FURB152
+  8 |+e = math.e  # FURB152
+
+

crates/ruff_workspace/src/configuration.rs

@@ -1159,6 +1159,7 @@ mod tests {
         Rule::TooManyPublicMethods,
         Rule::UndocumentedWarn,
         Rule::UnnecessaryEnumerate,
+        Rule::MathConstant,
     ];
 
     #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]