Java Library for SD-JWT

Overview

This is a Java library for the "Selective Disclosure for JWTs (SD-JWT)" specification. The following features are provided.

Create a Disclosure.
Parse a Disclosure.
Create an SD-JWT.
Parse an SD-JWT.
Create a Map instance that contains the "_sd" array.
Create a Map instance that represents a selectively-disclosable array element.
Encode a map or a list recursively.
Decode a map or a list recursively.

License

Apache License, Version 2.0

Maven

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.authlete</groupId>
    <artifactId>sd-jwt</artifactId>
    <version>${sd-jwt.version}</version>
</dependency>

Check the CHANGES.md file to know the latest version.

Source Code

https://github.com/authlete/sd-jwt

JavaDoc

https://authlete.github.io/sd-jwt

Description

Disclosure

Disclosure is a basic component in the SD-JWT specification. A Disclosure consists of a salt, a claim name and a claim value (for an object property), or consists of a salt and a claim value (for an array element).

The Disclosure class in this library corresponds to the concept of Disclosure. The class provides a constructor that takes 3 arguments which correspond to a salt, a claim name and a claim value, respectively.

// Code Snippet 1: Disclosure's 3-argument constructor

// Parameters for the 3-argument constructor of Disclosure.
String salt       = "_26bc4LT-ac6q2KI6cBW5es";
String claimName  = "family_name";
Object claimValue = "Möbius";

// Create a Disclosure instance with the parameters.
Disclosure disclosure = new Disclosure(salt, claimName, claimValue);

The SD-JWT specification recommends that a salt have 128-bit or higher entropy and be base64url-encoded. If you don't want to bother with salt generation, you can let the Disclosure class auto-generate a salt by using the 2-argument constructor.

// Code Snippet 2: Disclosure's 2-argument constructor

// Parameters for the 2-argument constructor of Disclosure.
String claimName  = "family_name";
Object claimValue = "Möbius";

// Create a Disclosure instance with the parameters.
Disclosure disclosure = new Disclosure(claimName, claimValue);

The SD-JWT specification defines a procedure to convert a combination of a salt, a claim name and a claim value into a single string in the base64url format. The steps of the procedure are as follows.

Create an array having a salt, a claim name and a claim value in this order.
Convert the array into JSON.
Convert the JSON into a UTF-8 byte sequence.
Base64url-encode the byte sequence.

Applying this procedure to the combination of parameters in Code Snippet 1 will generate the following string (It is assumed here that the JSON does not include any redundant white spaces).

WyJfMjZiYzRMVC1hYzZxMktJNmNCVzVlcyIsImZhbWlseV9uYW1lIiwiTcO2Yml1cyJd

A base64url string generated in this way is called "Disclosure".

You don't have to execute the steps one by one manually because the getDisclosure() method of the Disclosure class executes the steps on behalf of you. Also, the toString() method returns the same value as the getDisclosure() method does.

// Code Snippet 3: String representation of Disclosure

// Get the string representation of the Disclosure.
String disclosureA = disclosure.getDisclosure();
String disclosureB = disclosure.toString();

// disclosureA and disclosureB hold the same value.

If you have a Disclosure's string representation, you can construct a Disclosure instance from the string by using the parse(String) method of the Disclosure class.

// Code Snippet 4: Parsing a Disclosure's string representation

Disclosure disclosure = Disclosure.parse(
    "WyJfMjZiYzRMVC1hYzZxMktJNmNCVzVlcyIsICJmYW1pbHlfbmFtZSIsICJNw7ZiaXVzIl0");

Disclosure Digest

The basic idea to make claims in a JWT selectively-disclosable is to remove target claims from the JWT and insert digest values of the claims in exchange and then send the claims along with the JWT.

flowchart LR
    node1(Claim in JWT) --> node2(Digest in JWT)
    node1               --> node3(Claim)

Because actual claims cannot be deduced from their digest values, a receiver of the JWT cannot know actual claims only with the JWT. The receiver has to receive actual claims with the JWT.

From a perspective of the sender of the JWT, the mechanism enables the sender to select claims to disclose by choosing claims to send with the JWT.

The SD-JWT specification uses digest values of Disclosures as digest values in a JWT and Disclosures as actual claims sent with the JWT.

flowchart LR
    node1(Claim in JWT) --> node2(Digest of Disclosure in JWT)
    node1               --> node3(Disclosure)

When a digest value of Disclosure is embedded in a JSON object, it is listed as an element in the "_sd" array. The name of the array, i.e., "_sd", is defined in the SD-JWT specification for the purpose.

For example, a "family_name" claim in a JSON object like below

{
  "family_name": "Möbius"
}

will be replaced with a digest value like below.

{
  "_sd": [
    "TZjouOTrBKEwUNjNDs9yeMzBoQn8FFLPaJjRRmAtwrM"
  ]
}

The procedure to compute the digest value of a Disclosure to be listed in the "_sd" array is defined as follows.

Compute a digest value over the US-ASCII bytes of the base64url-encoded Disclosure.
Base64url-encode the digest value.

The digest value suitable for being embedded can be computed by using the digest() method or the digest(String) method of the Disclosure class. The no-argument digest() method uses sha-256 as a hash algorithm while the 1-argument digest(String) method accepts a hash algorithm to use (cf. IANA: Named Information Hash Algorithm Registry).

// Code Snippet 5: Disclosure digest

// Compute a digest with the hash algorithm "sha-256".
String digestSha256 = disclosure.digest();

// Compute a digest with a specified hash algorithm.
String digestSha512 = disclosure.digest("sha-512");

Disclosure for Array Element

When there is an array like below,

{
  "array": [ "element0", "element1" ]
}

a Disclosure for the whole array can be created as follows.

// Code Snippet 6: Disclosure for the whole array.
List<String> array = List.of("element0", "element1");
Disclosure disclosure = new Disclosure("array", array);

On the other hand, a disclosure can be created for each array element if you wish. In this case, a Disclosure consists of a salt and an array element value.

// Code Snippet 7: Disclosures for array elements

// Create a disclosure for an array element. The 1-argument constructor
// of the Disclosure class is used here. The constructor takes the value
// of an array element. Disclosures for array elements do not require a
// claim name.
Disclosure disclosure0 = new Disclosure("element0");

// If a salt needs to be specified explicitly, the 3-argument constructor
// should be used with 'claimName' null.
Disclosure disclosure1 = new Disclosure(salt, null, "element1");

An array element can be made selectively-disclosable by replacing it with a JSON object that has a sole key-value pair whose key is ... (literally three dots) and whose value is the digest of the disclosure that corresponds to the array element. Below is an example.

{
  "array": [ "element0", {"...": "11sTIzcE9RxK90IvzjPpWe_s7iQm1Da-AUk_VT45DMo"} ]
}

The Disclosure class provides the toArrayElement() method and the toArrayElement(String hashAlgorithm) method that create a Map instance representing a selectively-disclosable array element.

// Code Snippet 8: Selectively-disclosable array element

// Create a Map instance that represents a selectively-disclosable
// array element.
Map<String, Object> element = disclosure1.toArrayElement();

// element -> {"...": "11sTIzcE9RxK90IvzjPpWe_s7iQm1Da-AUk_VT45DMo"}

Selective Disclosure Object

The SDObjectBuilder class in this library is a utility class to create a Map instance that represents a JSON object which may contain the "_sd" array.

A typical flow of using the SDObjectBuilder class is as follows.

Create an SDObjectBuilder instance.
Add normal claims as necessary.
Add digests of Disclosures as necessary.
Call the build() method to create a Map instance.

// Code Snippet 9: Usage of SDObjectBuilder

// Create an SDObjectBuilder instance.
SDObjectBuilder builder = new SDObjectBuilder();

// Add a normal claim.
builder.putClaim("my_claim_name", "my_claim_value");

// Add a digest of Disclosure.
Disclosure disclosure = new Disclosure(
    "_26bc4LT-ac6q2KI6cBW5es", "family_name", "Möbius");
builder.putSDClaim(disclosure);

// Create a Map instance.
Map<String, Object> map = builder.build();

The code snippet above will create a Map instance that is equivalent to the following JSON.

{
  "my_claim_name": "my_claim_value",
  "_sd": [
    "TZjouOTrBKEwUNjNDs9yeMzBoQn8FFLPaJjRRmAtwrM"
  ]
}

The hash algorithm used to compute digests of Disclosures can be specified by using the 1-argument constructor of the SDObjectBuilder class. The no-argument constructor uses "sha-256" as the hash algorithm.

// Code Snippet 10: Specifying a hash algorithm for SDObjectBuilder to use

// Create an SDObjectBuilder instance with a hash algorithm.
SDObjectBuilder builder = new SDObjectBuilder("sha-512");

The name of the hash algorithm can be embedded in the Map instance by calling the 1-argument variant of the build method with true.

// Code Snippet 11: Including the name of the hash algorithm

// Create a Map instance with the name of the hash algorithm included.
Map<String, Object> map = builder.build(true);

_sd_alg is used as the name of the claim that holds the name of the hash algorithm. The following JSON is an example including the _sd_alg claim and a digest value computed with the hash algorithm "sha-512".

{
  "_sd": [
    "j35wlGQlyQ8b4OE3Py6l3AAvOskjcNOxj0SsiVSrVdmVs8bapSUelViRDbmlntFABkp6_zSz1fA-dlWGUxGpEA"
  ],
  "_sd_alg": "sha-512"
}

The putSDClaim method has some other variants than putSDClaim(Disclosure) as listed below.

putSDClaim(String claimName, Object claimValue)
putSDClaim(String salt, String claimName, Object claimValue)

They are aliases of putSDClaim(Disclosure), meaning that they internally create a Disclosure instance and then call the putSDClaim(Disclosure) method with the Disclosure instance.

Decoy Digest

From the SD-JWT specification:

An Issuer MAY add additional digests to the SD-JWT that are not associated with any claim. The purpose of such "decoy" digests is to make it more difficult for an attacker to see the original number of claims contained in the SD-JWT. Decoy digests MAY be added both to the _sd array for objects as well as in arrays.

The SDObjectBuilder class has the putDecoyDigest() method that adds a decoy digest and the putDecoyDigests(int) method that adds the specified number of decoy digests.

// Code Snippet 12: Decoy digests

// Add a decoy digest.
builder.putDecoyDigest();

// Add the specified number of decoy digests.
builder.putDecoyDigests(3);

Credential JWT

This library calls a JWT whose payload may contain the "_sd" array and/or a disclosable array element somewhere Credential JWT. A credential JWT is always put at the head of an SD-JWT.

This library deliberately avoids providing utility classes to build JWTs and instead provides only a small utility (SDObjectBuilder) to help build the payload part of an SD-JWT.

As this library does not get involved in the process of JWT generation, you can use any JWT library you like.

The following is an example of generating an SD-JWT using the "Nimbus JOSE + JWT" library.

// Code Snippet 13: Credential JWT generation

import java.util.*;
import com.authlete.sd.*;
import com.nimbusds.jose.*;
import com.nimbusds.jose.crypto.*;
import com.nimbusds.jose.jwk.*;
import com.nimbusds.jose.jwk.gen.*;
import com.nimbusds.jwt.*;

public class CredentialJwtGenerationExample
{
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
    {
        //--------------------------------------------------
        // Using the SD-JWT library
        //--------------------------------------------------

        // Create a Disclosure for the claim "nickname":"Taka".
        Disclosure disclosure = new Disclosure("nickname", "Taka");

        // Create an SDObjectBuilder instance to prepare the payload part of
        // a credential JWT. "sha-256" is used as a hash algorithm to compute
        // digest values of Disclosures.
        SDObjectBuilder builder = new SDObjectBuilder();

        // Put the digest value of the Disclosure.
        builder.putSDClaim(disclosure);

        // Create a Map instance that represents the payload part of a
        // credential JWT. The 'claims' map contains the "_sd" array.
        // The size of the array is 1.
        Map<String, Object> claims = builder.build();

        //--------------------------------------------------
        // Using the Nimbus JOSE + JWT library
        //--------------------------------------------------

        // Prepare the header part of a credential JWT.
        // The header represents {"alg":"ES256","typ":"vc+sd-jwt"}.
        JWSHeader header =
            new JWSHeader.Builder(JWSAlgorithm.ES256)
                .type(new JOSEObjectType("vc+sd-jwt")).build();

        // Prepare the payload part of a credential JWT.
        //
        // Just converting the Map instance to a JWTClaimsSet instance which
        // is to be passed to the constructor of the SignedJWT class below.
        JWTClaimsSet claimsSet = JWTClaimsSet.parse(claims);

        // Create a credential JWT. (not signed yet)
        SignedJWT jwt = new SignedJWT(header, claimsSet);

        // Create a private key to sign the credential JWT.
        ECKey privateKey = new ECKeyGenerator(Curve.P_256).generate();

        // Create a signer that signs the credential JWT with the private key.
        JWSSigner signer = new ECDSASigner(privateKey);

        // Let the signer sign the credential JWT.
        jwt.sign(signer);

        // Print the JWT in the JWS compact serialization format.
        System.out.println(jwt.serialize());
    }
}

The example code above generates a credential JWT (a kind of JWT) like below.

eyJ0eXAiOiJ2YytzZC1qd3QiLCJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJfc2QiOlsiVzVEX3dSam9qbUZvYUNpeFVLNVJXSFRsVE1TYnNqZHhHU3daYTltXzZ1RSJdfQ.IiJyysrsFqjyv2n9gmjQehvmxYY5g2-nR_mgtn1BeHkiWTYuK_UEoLn00nSteX1cFj1n8waEYwVO-ytnnTzbKg

The payload part of the credential JWT holds the "_sd" array like below.

{
  "_sd": [
    "W5D_wRjojmFoaCixUK5RWHTlTMSbsjdxGSwZa9m_6uE"
  ]
}

Nested Claims

Claims in the payload part of a JWT may have nested claims like the address claim in the following example.

{
  "address": {
    "street_address": "Schulstr. 12",
    "locality": "Schulpforta",
    "region": "Sachsen-Anhalt",
    "country": "DE"
  }
}

An SD-JWT issuer may make one Disclosure for such an enveloping claim or may make a Disclosure for each nested claim.

The following example generates one Disclosure for the address claim.

// Code Snippet 14: Disclosure per enveloping claim

// Prepare a Map instance that represents the value of the "address" claim.
Map<String, Object> address = new HashMap<>();
address.put("street_address", "Schulster. 12");
address.put("locality", "Schulpforta");
address.put("region", "Sachsen-Anhalt");
address.put("country", "DE");

// Put the digest of the Disclosure for the "address" claim.
SDObjectBuilder builder = new SDObjectBuilder();
builder.putSDClaim("address", address);

// Create a Map instance that represents the whole JSON object.
Map<String, Object> claims = builder.build();

The claims map created on the last line represents JSON like below.

{
  "_sd": [
    "l594fCG-zM754g70Y7kLtRWnNGVDvwB49g-T8Y2SzsE"
  ]
}

On the other hand, the following example generates a Disclosure for each nested claim under the address claim.

// Code Snippet 15: Disclosure per nested claim

// Prepare a Map instance that represents the value of the "address" claim.
// A digest is created for each claim. As a result, the "_sd" array will
// contain 4 digest values.
SDObjectBuilder builder = new SDObjectBuilder();
builder.putSDClaim("street_address", "Schulster. 12");
builder.putSDClaim("locality", "Schulpforta");
builder.putSDClaim("region", "Sachsen-Anhalt");
builder.putSDClaim("country", "DE");
Map<String, Object> address = builder.build();

// Create a Map instance that represents the whole JSON object.
Map<String, Object> claims = new HashMap<>();

// Put the "address" claim whose value contains the "_sd" array.
claims.put("address", address);

The claims map represents JSON like below.

{
  "address": {
    "_sd": [
      "cklfcWaq25X9AsPb1w0YL8VCmTV-zoRCDJfNBiZ922c",
      "lCVUh6cfGUPG7R4sWbyZYvGmzkN_ccXfutlQPO6Yz9s",
      "oW1S6124anRtUQ8WI17E1ZxPBSMXzAntOOfrighlzbo",
      "sq0JRi1z7abL156-hYZ6WsTkKxHyxCWGEpt5AQvbqSY"
    ]
  }
}

SD-JWT

An SD-JWT consists of a credential JWT, disclosures and an optional binding JWT. The string representation of an SD-JWT is built by concatenating these elements with the delimiter tilde ~. If a binding JWT is omitted, the string representation of an SD-JWT ends with ~.

<Credential-JWT>~<Disclosure 1>~...~<Disclosure N>~[<Binding-JWT>]

The SDJWT class in this library represents an SD-JWT. The class has the following two constructors.

SDJWT(String credentialJwt, Collection<Disclosure> disclosures)
SDJWT(String credentialJwt, Collection<Disclosure> disclosures, String bindingJwt)

The values of the arguments given to the constructors can be obtained by the following instance methods, respectively.

String getCredentialJwt()
List<Disclosure> getDisclosures()
String getBindingJwt()

The SDJWT class overrides the toString() method so that it can return the string representation of the SD-JWT.

// Code Snippet 16: String representation of an SD-JWT

// Create an instance of the SDJWT class. In this example, a binding JWT
// is omitted.
SDJWT sdJwt = new SDJWT(credentialJwt, List.of(disclosure));

// Print the string representation of the SD-JWT.
System.out.println(sdJwt.toString());

The following is an example output that the above code snippet may generate. The output string contains two tildes. One is in between the credential JWT and the disclosure, and the other is placed at the end.

eyJ0eXAiOiJ2YytzZC1qd3QiLCJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJfc2QiOlsiRDFnTU5Kd0JKV0FKR0dxWUV1TUZ4OU5WX2xGelhCT2ItTDk0ZENfX2NadyJdfQ.k4eSYQpu-9-bQsOsfer_gRqFvgkBQ-Sd-ZG2dBND4LDtOKpcXLCESnqnxBLobTEAxbIrypnIfNxEiS6TnR-6jQ~WyJJM0NsMFYtcmtMNmdVVFlxS3VEMV93Iiwibmlja25hbWUiLCJUYWthIl0~

The SDJWT class provides the parse(String) method. An SDJWT instance can be built from the string representation of an SD-JWT.

// Code Snippet 17: Parsing a string as an SD-JWT

// The string representation of an SD-JWT.
String input = "eyJ...6jQ~WyJ...Il0~";

// Parse the string.
SDJWT sdJwt = SDJWT.parse(input);

SDObjectEncoder

The SDObjectEncoder class is a utility to make elements in a map or a list selectively-disclosable recursively.

The class uses the SDObjectBuilder class internally and adds decoy digests automatically unless decoy magnification ratio is set to 0.0 through constructors or the setDecoyMagnification(double min, double max) method.

The following is a simple example of SDObjectEncoder.

// Code Snippet 18: Usage of SDObjectEncoder

// Prepare a dataset.
Map<String, Object> originalMap = Map.of(
        "key-1", "abc",
        "key-2", 123
);

// Create an encoder with the default parameters.
SDObjectEncoder encoder = new SDObjectEncoder();

// Encode the dataset.
Map<String, Object> encodedMap = encoder.encode(originalMap);

// Disclosures yielded as a result of the encoding process.
List<Disclosure> disclosures = encoder.getDisclosures();

The encoded map (encodedMap) by the code snippet above will have a content like below. In this example, the "_sd" array contains two digests of Disclosures that correspond to the two properties in the input map (originalMap) and a decoy digest which was automatically generated.

{
  "_sd": [
    "3xbuhktzQVLGmk0KknsLUDDARQ43ROf7bSTXW89wFUs",
    "YA4Io-RgBljWN_c0VZz1DxK18sfAPn4rxgfuQKhSVPQ",
    "tUCKvqg8OLmfTc-grCpCY5mqW_7Zy5Fx6shouLxpyKM"
  ],
  "_sd_alg": "sha-256"
}

The encoding process yields Disclosures as a result. The getDisclosures() method returns the list of Disclosures. The following are contents of Disclosures corresponding to the above code.

Digest	Salt	Claim Name	Claim Value
`YA4Io-RgBljWN_c0VZz1DxK18sfAPn4rxgfuQKhSVPQ`	`exARSKhJVFUAlpKouwY5RQ`	`key-2`	`123`
`tUCKvqg8OLmfTc-grCpCY5mqW_7Zy5Fx6shouLxpyKM`	`1TWRUu8-21GkX8wltgXYZA`	`key-1`	`"abc"`

SDObjectDecoder

The SDObjectDecoder class is a utility to decode selectively-disclosable elements in a map or a list recursively.

The decode methods of the class take an encoded dataset and a list of Disclosures. If all the Disclosures are passed, the original dataset is restored.

// Code Snippet 19: Usage of SDObjectDecoder

// Create a decoder.
SDObjectDecoder decoder = new SDObjectDecoder();

// Decode the encoded map with all the Disclosures.
// The original dataset should be restored.
Map<String, Object> decodedMap = decoder.decode(encodedMap, disclosures);

On the other hand, if a subset of Disclosures is passed, only claims that correspond to the passed Disclosures are restored.

// Code Snippet 20: Disclosing claims selectively

// Prepare a subset of Disclosures which contains only the Disclosure
// that corresponds to the "key-1":"abc".
List<Disclosure> subset = disclosures.stream()
        .filter(d -> "key-1".equals(d.getClaimName()))
        .collect(Collectors.toList());

// Decode the encoded map with the subset of Disclosures.
decodedMap = decoder.decode(encodedMap, subset);

The resultant decoded map (decodedMap) will have a content below. It contains only the key-value pair "key-1":"abc" and does not contain the key-value pair "key-2":123.

{
  "key-1": "abc"
}

References

SD-JWT Datatracker: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-oauth-selective-disclosure-jwt/
SD-JWT GitHub: https://github.com/oauth-wg/oauth-selective-disclosure-jwt

Contact

Authlete Contact Form: https://www.authlete.com/contact/

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
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src		src
.gitignore		.gitignore
CHANGES.md		CHANGES.md
LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md
pom.xml		pom.xml

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Selective Disclosure Object

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SD-JWT

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SDObjectDecoder

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