feat: Add imageID status field

[gfcroft]

feat: Add karpenter.k8s.aws/instance-ami-id label
Fixes #4372

Description
Add the karpenter.k8s.aws/instance-ami-id label to nodes via retrieval of ami-id value from feet override reponse

• Because a node template may have an existing launch template name set, we have to look up the data for the launch template via an AWS Api call to ec2:DescribeLaunchTemplateVersions
  • Note that there will be extra expense therefore in order to perform this op, so I have added use of the cache for this data
  • Launch template versions seems to be the only viable api to get at the full template data
• To use this API, we need to add permission to describe launch template versions on the Karpenter controller role; I have update the docs to use ec2:DescribeLaunchTemplate* in the permissions set, instead of ec2:DescribeLaunchTemplates, in order to cover this additional permission (and any similar permissions required in future)
• the only constant I could see we currently have to cover karpenter.k8s.aws/instance-ami-id label is Have to add in the image id - seems it’s just defined in v1alpha1 ? Hopefully that’s not totally deprecated…
• By always using imageID as an override parameter, we are dependant now on create fleet request being for a fleet of type ‘instant’ - see: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/service/ec2/#FleetLaunchTemplateOverridesRequest
  - We seem to only create ‘instant’ fleets, so this will work for now - https://github.com/aws/karpenter/blob/2dfebc9602a9bf6848616fb3740c0f25a455d650/pkg/providers/instance/instance.go#L209-L209

How was this change tested?
requirement for label added to unit tests, also verified by running my against my own eks cluster and seeing that the node labels are indeed added to provisioned nodes appropriately (either via nodes provisioned by karpenter auto-generated launch templates, or via a pre-defined launch template set in aws node template)

Does this change impact docs?

• Yes, PR includes docs updates

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.

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[gfcroft]

as this change depends on the status field of node claim supporting ImageID which requires an update to karpenter-core (to be accomplished by: kubernetes-sigs/karpenter#559) I expect tests to fail until that is merged and go.mod is updated accordingly

[jonathan-innis]

LGTM 🚀

[jonathan-innis]

/karpenter snapshot

[github-actions]

Snapshot successfully published to oci://071440425669.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/karpenter/snapshot/karpenter:v0-9bdb097847d77671014b3722961cfe5b5e495be2.

[jonathan-innis]

LGTM 🚀

[jonathan-innis]

/karpenter snapshot

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Snapshot successfully published to oci://071440425669.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/karpenter/snapshot/karpenter:v0-535d34b23a9535616bb5f134df9f759f636390ac.