Adding all Herero changes from Möhlig 2008

data/changes/bantu.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+Bantu
+
+# cban here
+@mohlig_reference_2008
+
+- *p / *p̱
+- [*c *ⁿc] / *ʃ
+- [*b *d *g] / [*ḇ *ḏ *g̱]
+
+# here oher
+@mohlig_reference_2008
+
+- [*ᵐp *ⁿt *ᵑk] / [*ᵐb *ⁿd *ᵑg]
++ merger with '*ᵐb *ⁿd *ᵑg'
+- [*p̱ *t *k] / [{p s̪} t̪ t̪] / _ [*i̧ *u̧]
+- *ʃ / s̪ / _ *i̧
++ Inferred from modern reflexes
+- [*ḇ *ḏ *g̱] / [{*ḇ *z̪} {*ḏ *z̪} {*g̱ *z̪}] / _ [*i̧ *u̧]
++ ‘no reflex discovered’ for '*ji̧' and '*ju̧'
+- [*m *n] / n̪ / _ *i̧
++ ‘no reflex discovered’ for '*mu̧' and '*nu̧'
+- [*ᵐb *ⁿd *ᵑg] / ⁿd̪ / _ *i̧
+- p s̪ / s̪
+- t̪ / s̪ / _ *i̧
+- [{*ḇ *z̪} {*ḏ *z̪} {*g̱ *z̪}] / z̪
+- [*i̧ *u̧] / [*ɪ u]
+- *ɪ / e
++ Merger with '*e'
+- *g̱ / y
+- [*ḇ *g̱] / w / _ [*o *u]
++ Ordering unclear
+- *dʒ / *ʒ
+- [V +high +long] (C) (C) [V +low] / [V +high -long] (C) (C) [V +low]
+/& in disyllabic stems
+- [V +low +long] (C) (C) [V +low] / [V +high -long] (C) (C) [V +high]
+/& in disyllabic stems
+- [V +high -long] (C) (C) [V +low] / [V +high] (C) (C) [V +high]
+/& in disyllabic stems
++ Merger of short and long vowels creates new tonal patterns
++ The explanation, involving tone doubling and the introduction of a respiratory accent, is not very clear
+- *k / tʃ / _ [i e]
++ Morphophonological processes subsequently create a new prenasalised palatal 'ⁿdʒ'
+- [*ʃ *ʒ] / [h j]
+- h / ɦ
++ ‘shows a tendency to become a voiced approximant 'ɦ'’
+- y / 
++ ‘with a tendency towards zero’

data/langinfo.yaml

@@ -59,4 +59,91 @@
         - ["" , "a", "" ]
       vnotes:
         - ‘Vowel length is contrastive; however it appears that this contrast is phonetic and is caused by [underlying] geminate short vowels’
-      supras: []
+      supras: []
+- root: cban
+  inventory:
+    - source: mohlig_reference_2008
+      consonants:
+        - ["*p", "*t", "*c"  , "*k"]
+        - ["*b", "*d", "*j"  , "*g"]
+        - ["*m", "*n", "*ɲ", ""]
+        - ["*ᵐp", "*ⁿt", "*ⁿc", "*ᵑk"]
+        - ["*ᵐb", "*ⁿd", "*ⁿj", "*ᵑg"]
+      cnotes: []
+      vowels:
+        - ["*i̧", "", "*u̧"]
+        - ["*i", "", "*u"]
+        - ["*e", "", "*o"]
+        - [""  , "*a", ""]
+      vnotes:
+            - ‘Two contrasting quantities’ for the vowels
+      supras:
+        - type: multi
+          value:
+            - high
+            - low
+          notes: 
+            - ‘Four tone patterns in combination with dissyllabic stems’
+- root: here
+  inventory:
+    - source: mohlig_reference_2008
+      consonants:
+        - ["*p̱", "*t", ""  , "*k"]
+        - [""  , ""  , "*ʃ", ""]
+        - [""  , ""  , "*dʒ", ""]
+        - ["*ḇ", "*ḏ", ""  , "*g̱"]
+        - ["*m", "*n", "*ɲ", ""]
+        - ["*ᵐp", "*ⁿt", "", "*ᵑk"]
+        - ["*ᵐb", "*ⁿd", "*ⁿdʒ", "*ᵑg"]
+      cnotes: []
+      vowels:
+        - ["*i̧", "", "*u̧"]
+        - ["*i", "", "*u"]
+        - ["*e", "", "*o"]
+        - [""  , "*a", ""]
+      vnotes:
+        - ‘Two contrasting quantities’ for the vowels
+      supras:
+        - type: multi
+          value:
+            - high
+            - low
+          notes: 
+            - ‘Four tone patterns in combination with dissyllabic stems’
+        - type: binary
+          value: stressed
+          notes:
+            - ‘Respiratory accent on the first syllable of word stems’
+- root: oher
+  inventory:
+    - source: mohlig_reference_2008
+      consonants:
+        - ["p", "", "t̪", "*t", ""  , "k", ""]
+        - ["" , "(f)", "s̪", "(s)"  , "", "", "h"]
+        - ["v", "", "z̪", ""  , "y", "", ""]
+        - ["",  "", "", ""  , "tʃ", "", ""]
+        - ["w",  "", "", "", ""  , "", ""]
+        - ["",  "", "", "r", ""  , "", ""]
+        - ["",  "", "", "(l)", ""  , "", ""]
+        - ["m", "", "n̪", "*n", "*ɲ", "", ""]
+        - ["ᵐb", "", "ⁿd̪", "*ⁿd", "*ⁿdʒ", "*ᵑg", ""]
+      cnotes:
+        - ‘[f], [s] and [l] are only found in loanwords’
+      vowels:
+        - ["*i", "", "*u"]
+        - ["*e", "", "*o"]
+        - [""  , "*a", ""]
+      vnotes:
+            - ‘The forms of both groups’ (of long vowels) ‘have -- at least optionally -- two syllabic peaks. Therefore, the question arises wether long vowels have really the same status in the sound inventory as short vowels.’
+      supras:
+        - type: multi
+          value:
+            - high
+            - low
+            - falling
+          notes: 
+            - ‘three contrastive tone patterns’ on dissyllabic stems, namely H-H, H-L and L-L
+        - type: binary
+          value: stressed
+          notes:
+            - ‘Words usually bear a main accent on the penultimate syllable’

data/languoids.csv

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ auap,Aua dialect of Pileni
 bell,Bellona Rennellese
 bosk,Proto-Border
 bpma,Bay of Plenty New Zealand Māori
+cban,Common Bantu
 cepl,Proto-Central-Eastern Polynesian
 cima,Cook Islands Māori
 csam,Colloquial Samoan
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ essk,Proto-Eastern Skou
 ffut,Futunan dialect of West Futunan
 hani,Niʻihau Hawaiian
 hawa,Hawaiian
+here,Proto-Herero
 insk,Proto-Inner Skou
 kapi,Kapingamarangi
 leit,Leitre
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ nuke,Nukeria
 nuko,Nukuoro
 nuku,Nukumanu
 nzma,New Zealand Māori
+oher,Otjiherero
 pile,Pileni
 poly,Proto-Polynesian
 puka,Pukapukan
@@ -60,4 +63,4 @@ vani,Proto-Vanimo
 wcsk,Proto-West Coast
 wfut,West Futunan
 wutu,Wutung
-wuve,West Uvean
+wuve,West Uvean

data/references-data.yaml

@@ -172,4 +172,129 @@
         - ɾ
         - ɹ
       explicit: false
-      notes: []
+      notes: []
+- source: mohlig_reference_2008
+  transcriber: Vilike
+  reviewer:
+  ordering: 2
+  exhaustivity: 3
+  detail: 2
+  consensus: 3
+  transcription: 2
+  conventions:
+    - sym: "*i̧"
+      ipa:
+        - i̝
+        - i̘
+      explicit: false
+      notes:
+        - Is described as a ‘high tense vowel’
+    - sym: "*i"
+      ipa: 
+        - i̞
+        - i̙
+      explicit: false
+      notes:
+        - Contrasts with a ‘high tense vowel’ *i̧
+    - sym: "*u̧"
+      ipa:
+        - u̝
+        - u̘
+      explicit: false
+      notes:
+        - Is described as a ‘high tense vowel’
+    - sym: "*u"
+      ipa:
+        - u̞
+        - u̙
+      explicit: false
+      notes:      
+        - Contrasts with a ‘high tense vowel’ *u̧
+    - sym: "e"
+      ipa:
+        - ɛ
+      explicit: true
+      notes: []
+    - sym: "o"
+      ipa:
+        - ɔ
+      explicit: true
+      notes: []
+    - sym: "*p̱"
+      ipa: 
+        - p͉
+      explicit: false
+      notes:
+        - Alternates with Common Bantu *p in the transcription of sound changes
+        - ‘The bilabial *p had a lenis closure … This assumption is in so far plausible as many sound systems of Eastern Savannah Bantu are structured in this way.’
+    - sym: "*ḇ"
+      ipa:
+        - β̞
+      explicit: false
+      notes:
+        - Alternates with Common Bantu *b in the transcription of sound changes
+        - ‘In Otjiherero, the earliest stage that can be reconstructed for this major sound class has in common the features [-stop] and [-fricative], thus *ḇ *ḏ *g̱.’
+    - sym: "*ḏ"
+      ipa:
+        - l
+        - ɹ
+      explicit: false
+      notes:
+        - Alternates with Common Bantu *d in the transcription of sound changes
+        - ‘In Otjiherero, the earliest stage that can be reconstructed for this major sound class has in common the features [-stop] and [-fricative], thus *ḇ *ḏ *g̱.’
+    - sym: "*g̱"
+      ipa:
+        - j
+        - ɰ
+      explicit: false
+      notes:
+        - Alternates with Common Bantu *g in the transcription of sound changes
+        - ‘In Otjiherero, the earliest stage that can be reconstructed for this major sound class has in common the features [-stop] and [-fricative], thus *ḇ *ḏ *g̱.’
+    - sym: "*c"
+      ipa:
+        - tʃ
+      explicit: true
+      notes:
+        - ‘the alveo-palatal *c had already changed from a former stop with delayed release …’
+    - sym: "*ⁿc"
+      ipa:
+        - ⁿtʃ
+      explicit: true
+      notes:
+        - ‘the alveo-palatal *c had already changed from a former stop with delayed release into a plain fricative … as a voiceless fricative it could no longer be pre-nasalized.’
+    - sym: "*j"
+      ipa:
+        - dʒ
+      explicit: true
+      notes:
+        - ‘Before the merger took place, *j was most probably an affricate **dʒ and not yet an approximant.’
+    - sym: "*ⁿj"
+      ipa:
+        - ⁿdʒ
+      explicit: true
+      notes:
+        - ‘Before the merger took place, *j was most probably an affricate **dʒ and not yet an approximant.’
+    - sym: "v"
+      ipa:
+        - β̞
+        - β
+      explicit: false
+      notes: 
+        - Listed alongside other voiced fricatives
+        - ‘The difference between v and w is lip rounding, whereas the bilabial articulation is the same. v is articulated with spread lips …’
+    - sym: "y"
+      ipa:
+        - j
+      explicit: false
+      notes:
+        - Although listed alongside other voiced fricatives on p.24, it's described on p.27 as a palatal glide and its symbol is used to write non-syllabic /i/
+    - sym: "s̪"
+      ipa:
+        - θ
+      explicit: true
+      notes: []
+    - sym: "z̪"
+      ipa:
+        - ð
+      explicit: true
+      notes: []

data/references.bib

@@ -72,3 +72,17 @@ @article{davletshinConditionedSoundChanges2016
   urldate = {2024-01-15},
   langid = {english}
 }
+
+@book{mohlig_reference_2008,
+	address = {Köln},
+	series = {Southern {African} languages and cultures},
+	title = {Reference grammar of {Herero} ({Otjiherero}): {Bantu} language of {Namibia} ; with a glossary {Otjiherero} - {English} - {Otjiherero}},
+	isbn = {978-3-89645-602-1},
+	shorttitle = {Reference grammar of {Herero} ({Otjiherero})},
+	number = {v. 3},
+	publisher = {Rüdiger Köppe},
+	author = {Möhlig, Wilhelm J. G.},
+	year = {2008},
+	note = {OCLC: ocn237882390},
+	keywords = {Grammar, Herero language},
+}