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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style">Bibliography of Politicide in <br /></p>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style">the U.S.S.R.</p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_1">These descriptive bibliographies are added to on a rotating basis, and are not necessarily in alphabetical order. </p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Applebaum, Anne. Gulag: a history of the Soviet camps. London: Penguin, 2004.<br /></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br /></p>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Nearly 30 million prisoners passed through the Soviet Union's labor camps in their more than 60 years of operation. This remarkable volume, the first fully documented history of the gulag, describes how, largely under Stalin's watch, a regulated, centralized system of prison labor-unprecedented in scope-gradually arose out of the chaos of the Russian Revolution. Fueled by waves of capricious arrests, this prison labor came to underpin the Soviet economy. Applebaum, a former Warsaw correspondent for the Economist and a regular contributor to the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post, draws on newly accessible Soviet archives as well as scores of camp memoirs and interviews with survivors to trace the gulag's origins and expansion. By the gulag's peak years in the early 1950s, there were camps in every part of the country, and slave labor was used not only for mining and heavy industries but for producing every kind of consumer product (chairs, lamps, toys, those ubiquitous fur hats) and some of the country's most important science and engineering (Sergei Korolev, the architect of the Soviet space program, began his work in a special prison laboratory). Applebaum details camp life, including strategies for survival; the experiences of women and children in the camps; sexual relationships and marriages between prisoners; and rebellions, strikes and escapes. There is almost too much dark irony to bear in this tragic, gripping account. Applebaum's lucid prose and painstaking consideration of the competing theories about aspects of camp life and policy are always compelling. She includes an appendix in which she discusses the various ways of calculating how many died in the camps, and throughout the book she thoughtfully reflects on why the gulag does not loom as large in the Western imagination as, for instance, the Holocaust. Publishers Weekly (Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information, Inc.). 640 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Bardach, Janusz, and Kathleen Gleeson. Man is wolf to man: surviving the gulag. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1998.<br /></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br /></p>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">When the Red Army first arrived in the Polish town of Wlodzimierz-Wolynski in 1939, Bardach, a Polish Jew, was overjoyed believing that this army from the brave, new Soviet society was there to fight the Germans. He little dreamed that Poland would be partitioned in accord with the Hitler-Stalin nonaggression pact. After witnessing deportations and gratuitous brutality, Bardach was rather more skeptical by the time he was drafted into the Red Army in 1940. Soon after, he was sentenced to 10 years in a Soviet prison, and it's here in the labyrinthine world of the Soviet gulag that Bardach's gripping but matter-of-fact memoir really begins. Shipped from camp to camp, Bardach ends up as a zek, a prison laborer, at the gold mines of Kolyma in Far Eastern Russia. Along the way, he encounters the random cruelty of Soviet prison life and the almost incomprehensible combination of harsh conditions and constant death that can break the human spirit. But even in these desensitizing conditions, certain individuals retained their humanity, such as Efim Polzun, a fellow Jew and Soviet officer, who got Bardach's sentence commuted, or Dr. Piasetsky, who let Bardach lie his way into a job as a clinic assistant. More than many such memoirs, this volume clearly manifests the constant struggle between maintaining one's life and maintaining one's humanity in inhumane situations. A fascinating history, this compelling memoir is also a story of inner resolve and the will to keep going. It's a worthy companion to such accounts as Alexander Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago and Natalya Ginzburg's Journey into the Whirlwind. 26 b&w photos. Publishers Weekly (Copyright 1998 Reed Business Information, Inc). 408 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Conquest, Robert. The harvest of sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.<br /></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br /></p>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Conquest has a terrible story to tell. He examines Stalin's assault on the Soviet peasantry at the end of the 1920s and, in particular, his genocideno other word will doof the Ukrainian people in the human-made famine of 1932-33. His horrific details, drawn from Soviet as well as Western sources, lead Conquest to conclude that as many as 14.5 million died in the years 1930-37 as a result of Stalin's terror against the peasantry: five million came from the Ukraine alone. These facts, and the ghastly details behind them, are not widely known in the West. In addition, they are officially denied by the Soviets to this day. This account by a leading scholar should help to make the story better known. R.H. Johnston, History Dept., McMaster Univ . , Hamilton, Ontario, Library Journal (Copyright 1986 Reed Business Information, Inc.). 430 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Conquest, Robert. The great terror: a reassessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.<br /></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br /></p>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Upon its publication in 1968, Conquest's The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties ( LJ 12/1/68) received wide acclaim for its broad, well-documented portrayal of the death of millions in Stalin's peacetime consolidation of power. A generation later, the collection of samizdat literature and the openness of glasnost have permitted access to better information, thereby allowing a reassessment of the study. Conquest's review largely confirms the original work. In the new edition more recent documentation is incorporated and some portions are revised based upon new data. However, the substance of the text is much the same. Outdated appendixes have been removed. This remains an essential source, and any library without it should buy it. Larger collections will want the revision. - Rena Fowler, Northern Michigan Univ. Lib., Marquette. Library Journal (Copyright 1990 Reed Business Information, Inc). 608 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Courtois, Stéphane, and Mark Kramer. The black book of communism: crimes, terror, repression. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.<br /></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br /></p>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">When it was first published in France in 1997, Le livre noir du Communisme touched off a storm of controversy that continues to rage today. Even some of his contributors shied away from chief editor Stéphane Courtois's conclusion that Communism, in all its many forms, was morally no better than Nazism; the two totalitarian systems, Courtois argued, were far better at killing than at governing, as the world learned to its sorrow. Communism did kill, Courtois and his fellow historians demonstrate, with ruthless efficiency: 25 million in Russia during the Bolshevik and Stalinist eras, perhaps 65 million in China under the eyes of Mao Zedong, 2 million in Cambodia, millions more Africa, Eastern Europe, and Latin America--an astonishingly high toll of victims. This freely expressed penchant for homicide, Courtois maintains, was no accident, but an integral trait of a philosophy, and a practical politics, that promised to erase class distinctions by erasing classes and the living humans that populated them. Courtois and his contributors document Communism's crimes in numbing detail, moving from country to country, revolution to revolution. The figures they offer will likely provoke argument, if not among cliometricians then among the ideologically inclined. So, too, will Courtois's suggestion that those who hold Lenin, Trotsky, and Ho Chi Minh in anything other than contempt are dupes, witting or not, of a murderous school of thought--one that, while in retreat around the world, still has many adherents. A thought-provoking work of history and social criticism, The Black Book of Communism fully merits the broadest possible readership and discussion.--Gregory McNamee, Amazon.com review. 912 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Davies, R. W., and S. G. Wheatcroft. The years of hunger: Soviet agriculture, 1931-1933. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">This book examines the Soviet agricultural crisis of 1931-1933 which culminated in the major famine of 1933. It is the first volume in English to make extensive use of Russian and Ukrainian central and local archives to assess the extent and causes of the famine. It reaches new conclusions on how far the famine was "organized" or "artificial," and compares it with other Russian and Soviet famines and with major twentieth century famines elsewhere. Against this background, it discusses the emergence of collective farming as an economic and social system. 624 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Dolot, Miron. Execution by hunger: the hidden holocaust. New York: W.W. Norton, 1987.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">An eyewitness account of the forced collectivization of Russian agriculture in 1929-1931 and the ensuing famine in the Ukraine, brought about by Stalin's command. 248 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Figes, Orlando. A people's tragedy: the Russian Revolution, 1891-1924. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 1998.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Written in a narrative style that captures both the scope and detail of the Russian revolution, Orlando Figes's history is certain to become one of the most important contemporary studies of Russia as it was at the beginning of the 20th century. With an almost cinematic eye, Figes captures the broad movements of war and revolution, never losing sight of the individuals whose lives make up his subject. He makes use of personal papers and personal histories to illustrate the effects the revolution wrought on a human scale, while providing a convincing and detailed understanding of the role of workers, peasants, and soldiers in the revolution. He moves deftly from topics such as the grand social forces and mass movements that made up the revolution to profiles of key personalities and representative characters. Figes's themes of the Russian revolution as a tragedy for the Russian people as a whole and for the millions of individuals who lost their lives to the brutal forces it unleashed make sense of events for a new generation of students of Russian history. Sympathy for the charismatic leaders and ideological theorizing regarding Hegelian dialectics and Marxist economics--two hallmarks of much earlier writing on the Russian revolution--are banished from these clear-eyed, fair-minded pages of A People's Tragedy. The author's sympathy is squarely with the Russian people. That commitment, together with the benefit of historical hindsight, provides a standpoint Figes take full advantage of in this masterful history. Amazon.com review. 1024 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Fitzpatrick, Sheila. Everyday Stalinism: ordinary life in extraordinary times : Soviet Russia in the 1930s. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Most popular books about the Stalin era feature the big names and a firm narrative shape: Robert Conquest's The Great Terror; Alan Bullock's Hitler and Stalin. Some books yield their revelations at a glance, like the stunning The Commissar Vanishes: The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin's Russia. But scholar Sheila Fitzpatrick is famous for letting the common people and the facts speak for themselves, in all their complexity. Her new book on Soviet life in the 1930s--based on research in newly opened archives--does for urbanites what her Heldt Prizewinning Stalin's Peasants did for rural victims. The many witnesses in this fascinating horror story cast doubt on Stalin's notorious 1935 slogan "Life has become better, comrades; life has become more cheerful." A comment made by a victim of Ivan the Terrible would be more apt: "We Russians don't need to eat; we eat one another and this satisfies us." Famine, caused by bad weather and worse policies, plagued the decade, and life became a chronic struggle to wrest crumbs from an incompetent bureaucracy. Stalin's sly methods of deflecting blame from the state onto allegedly disloyal citizens provoked orgies of denunciation (which could backfire on denouncers). A mad starch factory director forbade comrades to get shaves or haircuts at home--it would have been disloyal to the factory's hairdresser. One kid, Pavlik Morozov, reported his father for grain hoarding in 1937, was murdered by relatives, and became a national hero to kids. Andrei Sakharov's future spouse Elena Bonner was shocked at her 9-year-old brother's response to his father's arrest: "Look what these enemies of the people are like--some of them even pretend to be fathers." The celebrated Moscow Children's Theater put on The Squealer, a drama strikingly like Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront. Fitzpatrick gives a sense of what it really was like to live under the satanic circus master Stalin: it was beyond Kafka, and it was bloody hard work. --Tim Appelo, Amazon.com review. 312 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Ginzburg, Eugenia Semyonovna. Journey into the whirlwind. Harvest/HBJ Books.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">In 1989, the Sovremmenik Theatre in Moscow brought Eugenia Ginzburg's autobiography to the stage for the first time. When the curtain came down an emotional audience rose up and applauded for twenty-four minutes. The tragedy of an entire nation had finally been dramatized in one woman's poignant account. 1937, the year that Eugenia Ginzburg was arrested and falsely charged as a Trotskyist terrorist counterrevolutionary, was only the beginning of Stalin's purges. Nearly six million people were arrested on trumped up charges, and millions were executed or perished in prisons and camps. Eugenia Ginzburg, an historian and loyal Communist Party member, chronicles her own terrifying arrest, interrogation, and eighteen-year imprisonment. She speaks with brutal honesty; her ability to recount the minutes and hours of her internment is surpassed only by her extraordinary will to survive. These memoirs are important for those who wish to understand Russian history and for anyone who has ever wondered how they might survive in a maelstrom, facing constant betrayals, overwhelming physical hardship, agonizing loneliness, and a longing for the past. Eugenia Ginzburg shows us "how thin the line is between high principles and blinkered intolerance" and yet she emerges from these pages as a compassionate woman with the "conviction that dignity and honor are not just empty words." -- For great reviews of books for girls, check out Let's Hear It for the Girls: 375 Great Books for Readers 2-14. -- From 500 Great Books by Women; review by Rebecca Sullivan. 432 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Hochschild, Adam. The unquiet ghost: Russians remember Stalin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Hochschild's search for survivors of Stalin's Terror results in a moving historical horror story. He spent half of 1991 in the disintegrating USSR, listening to former prisoners, guards, executioners, and families describe mass murder, imprisonments, interrupted lives, and hopes destroyed. Russian-speaking journalist Hochschild, a founder of Mother Jones , was among the first Americans to enter KGB archives, where he received records of executed Americans. He visited gulag sites and chapters of Memorial, an organization documenting the Terror. He traveled to Kolyma, the frozen final destination for many and a name that resonates among Russians with the power of Auschwitz. Hochschild's questions are disturbing and timeless: Why did the Revolution devour itself? What makes someone an executioner? Hochschild's people, as well as his honesty and passion, make this unforgettable book essential for everyone concerned about history and human rights. Strongly recommended. Previewed in Prepub Alert, LJ 11/1/93. - Donna L. Cole, Leeds P.L., Ala. Library Journal (Copyright 1994 Reed Business Information, Inc.). 352 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Mandelstam, Nadezhda. Hope Against Hope. Harvill Press, 1999.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Nadezhda means "hope" in Russian. And Nadezhda Mandelstam, wife of Osip Mandelstam, one of the greatest Russian poets of the 20th century, is aptly named, for it is hope alone that seems to have buoyed her strength during very trying times. In this, the first of two volumes of her memoirs, she offers a harrowing account of the last four years she spent with her late husband. She re-creates in terse, stripped-to-the-bone sentences the atmosphere of intense paranoia that enveloped Russia's literary intelligentsia. In 1933, Osip had written a lighthearted satire ridiculing Stalin. It proved to be a 16-line death sentence. Nadezhda recalls the night the secret police came for him: "There was a sharp, unbearably explicit knock on the door. 'They've come for Osip,' I said." He was arrested, interrogated, exiled, and eventually rearrested. Nadezhda chronicles each turn of event, describing her feelings of heartbreak and joy with self-effacing discipline. Not only does Mandelstam write with the vitality and insight of the classic Russian novelists, she is far too selfless to write an account of her own travails. Instead, she acts as witness to a society's. Similarly, although Osip's mind became unbalanced by his ordeal in prison, his spirit remained unbroken; it is this liberating, imaginative force that Nadezhda celebrates in Hope Against Hope. --Lilian Pizzichini, Amazon.co.uk. 432 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Sebag, Montefiore Simon. Stalin: the court of the red tsar. New York: Vintage Books, 2005.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Any biography of a tyrant runs the risk of humanizing its subject to the point of appearing to mitigate his crimes. But Montefiore's intimate portrait actually throws the coldhearted murderousness with which Stalin pursued and defended power into sharper relief. The book—much of it based on fresh archival material—moves smoothly between detailed sketches of everyday life at the Kremlin and accounts of the paranoid and sanguinary scheming that determined Soviet politics. This juxtaposition captures the vertiginous quality of life in Stalin's court, where no allegiance was permanent. Just as strikingly, Montefiore shows how Stalin, a "master of friendships," used charm to win the support of members of the Party's inner circle (many of whom ended up regretting it). This haunting book gets us as close as we are likely to come to the man who believed that "the solution to every human problem was death."Copyright © 2005 The New Yorker. 848 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Service, Robert W. Stalin: a biography. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Stalin has ascended to an equal plane with Hitler in the pantheon of world-class monsters and mass murderers. Yet, perhaps due to the relative unavailability of primary-source material, much of Stalin's life and his motivations remained a mystery. But recently released Soviet archival material, of which this fascinating and unsettling biography takes full advantage, has shed new light. Service, an esteemed scholar of Russian and Soviet history, does not minimize Stalin's crimes or absolve him of responsibility for the horrors of the Soviet era. He makes clear that Stalin, from his youth, was a "damaged" personality with a propensity for brutality against both friend and foe. But, as Service convincingly illustrates, this monster was a human who could write sensitive poetry, dote on family members, and inspire loyalty. Furthermore, the paranoia that permeated the reign of Stalin and led to the Great Terror descended not from Stalin but from an adherence to a pseudoreligion that encouraged followers to shape, even twist, their perceptions of reality to conform to absolute truth. A necessary reappraisal. Jay Freeman, Booklist (Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved). 736 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Solzhenit︠s︡yn, Aleksandr Isaevich, Thomas P. Whitney, and H. T. Willetts. The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: an experiment in literary investigation, 1918-1956. New York: WestviewPress, 1991.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">The Gulag Archipelago is Solzhenitsyn’s attempt to compile a literary-historical record of the vast system of prisons and labor camps that came into being shortly after the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in 1917 and that underwent an enormous expansion during the rule of Stalin from 1924 to 1953. Various sections of the three volumes describe the arrest, interrogation, conviction, transportation, and imprisonment of the Gulag’s victims by Soviet authorities over four decades. The work mingles historical exposition and Solzhenitsyn’s own autobiographical accounts with the voluminous personal testimony of other inmates that he collected and committed to memory during his imprisonment.Upon publication of the first volume of The Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyn was immediately attacked in the Soviet press. Despite the intense interest in his fate that was shown in the West, he was arrested and charged with treason on February 12, 1974, and was exiled from the Soviet Union the following day. 672 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Thurston, Robert W. Life and terror in Stalin's Russia: 1934-1941. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Thurston (history, Miami Univ.) challenges conventional interpretations of the Soviet purges of the 1930s. Instead of treating Stalin as a master schemer committed to the extermination of multitudes of imagined opponents, he organizes evidence from scholarly and primary sources, some recently opened, to portray Stalin as both an initiator and a reactor to events who relied heavily upon his chief of the NKVD, the internal security force. Thurston examines the psychology of the Soviet citizenry, emerging from revolution and civil war, and identifies a genuine basis for a fear of opposition groups. The author finds his argument supported in the loyalty of the Soviet population to Stalin with the advent of World War II, which contravenes the examples of Soviets welcoming German troops cited in standard histories. For Thurston, Stalin's Terror reflected that of his people, and they supported him. This is a well-written and thought-provoking study for scholars in the field and subject collections. Rena Fowler, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, Cal. Library Journal (Copyright 1996 Reed Business Information, Inc.). 320 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Ward, Chris. The Stalinist dictatorship. London: Arnold, 1998.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">The nature of Stalin's Russia has provoked controversy since the earliest days of the regime's existence, and continues to fascinate historians today. This reader looks at the Stalinist dictatorship from three different perspectives. The first section focuses on interpretations of Stalin's character in order to explain the everlasting puzzle of the relationship between events and personality. The second part looks at Stalin's role within the Soviet Union, positioning him as only one part of a complex culture of politics and administration. The final section examines the ways in which the Soviet people dealt with socialism, and how Stalinism functioned on the ground. 357 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich. Kolyma tales. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">It is estimated that some three million people died in the Soviet forced-labour camps of Kolyma, in the northeastern area of Siberia. Shalamov himself spent seventeen years there, and in these stories he vividly captures the lives of ordinary people caught up in terrible circumstances, whose hopes and plans extended to further than a few hours. This new enlarged edition combines two collections previously published in the United States as Kolyma Tales and Graphite. 528 pages.</p>
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_2">Amis, Martin. Koba the dread: laughter and the twenty million. New York: Vintage International, 2003.<br /></p>
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_3">Everyone knows what the Holocaust was, but, Amis points out, there is no name for and comparatively little public awareness of the killing that took place in the Soviet Union between 1917 and 1933, when 20 million died under a Bolshevik regime that ruled as if waging war against its own people. Why? The U.S.S.R. was effectively a gigantic prison system that was very good at keeping its grisly secrets. Too, communism had widespread support in the rest of the world, as Amis reminds us. Not quite a memoir, this book sandwiches a lengthy treatise on the horror of life in Leninist and Stalinist Russia between Amis's brief personal takes on his gradually dawning awareness of Soviet atrocities. In his first and final pages, he deals with three generations of dupes who supported Soviet rule: that of H.G. Wells and George Bernard Shaw; that of novelist Kingsley Amis, the writer's father and member of the Communist Party in the 1940s; and that of leftist contemporaries of Martin Amis himself, notably the writer Christopher Hitchens. Throughout, Amis snipes at Hitchens in particular ( What about the famine?' I once asked him. There wasn't a famine,' he said, smiling slightly and lowering his gaze. There may have been occasional shortages....' ) Alexander Solzhenitsyn tried to tell the West about Stalinism in the '70s, but this grim patriarch had no appeal for the New Left, a generation interested only in revolution as play, Amis says. Most readers won't be interested in the author's private quarrels, but in the bulk of the book he relates passionately a story that needs to be told, the history of a regime that murdered its own people in order to build a better future for them. Publisher's Weekly (Copyright 2002 Cahners Business Information, Inc.). 336 pages.</p>
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