Making a positive difference: Criticality in groups

Abstract

How critical are individual members perceived to be for their group's performance? In this paper, we show that judgments of criticality are intimately linked to considering responsibility. Prospective responsibility attributions in groups are relevant across many domains and situations, and have the potential to influence motivation, performance, and allocations of resources. We develop various models that differ in how the relationship between criticality and responsibility is conceptualized. To test our models, we experimentally vary the task structure (disjunctive, conjunctive, and mixed) and the abilities of the group members (which affects their probability of success). We show that both factors influence criticality judgments, and that a model which construes criticality as anticipated credit best explains participants' judgments. Unlike prior work that has defined criticality as anticipated responsibility for both success and failures, our results suggest that people only consider the possible outcomes in which an individual contributed to a group success, but disregard group failure.

Repo structure

.
├── code
│   ├── R
│   │   └── cache
│   └── experiments
│       ├── experiment_0
│       ├── experiment_1
│       └── experiment_2
├── data
└── figures
    ├── diagrams
    ├── plots
    └── screenshots
        ├── experiment_0
        ├── experiment_1
        └── experiment_2

code

experiments

• to play .swf files on a mac, you can use Elmedia Player
• to play the .fla files you'll need Adobe Animate (they have a 7-day free trial)

experiment_0

• Flash code for the experiment reported in: Lagnado, D. A., Gerstenberg, T., & Zultan, R. (2013). Causal responsibility and counterfactuals. Cognitive Science, 47, 1036-1073.

experiment_1

• Flash code for Experiment 1 in this paper.

experiment_2

• Flash code for Experiment 2 in this paper; separate files for the effort condition experiment_2_effort.fla (reported only in the appendix) and the criticality condition experiment_2.fla.

R

• analysis code
• you can view a rendered html file of the analysis here.

data

• data files

figures

diagrams

• diagrams of the different group structures

plots

• results plots from the paper

screenshots

• screenshots of the different experiment screens