apics.bib

@misc{Abel1980,
    author = {Abel, Antoine},
    booktitle = {Restan kamira (unpublished)},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176433}
}
@book{Abrial1996,
    author = {Abrial, Nicolas},
    title = {Dictionnaire cap-verdien -francais},
    publisher = {Praia: Author's edition},
    address = {Praia},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175526}
}
@article{Aceto1996,
    author = {Aceto, Michael},
    title = {Early Saramaccan syllable structure: An analysis of complex onsets from Schumann's 1778 manuscript},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {23-44},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175836}
}
@article{Aceto2008,
    author = {Aceto, Michael},
    title = {The structure of creole words. Segmental, syllabic and morphological aspects},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {23},
    number = {1},
    pages = {161-164},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176075}
}
@misc{ACLAdatabase2003-2006,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175104},
    note = {This database was created between 2003 and 2006 by Felicity Meakins as a part of the Aboriginal Child Language project (Unversity of Melbourne, Chief Investigators: Jane Simpson, Patrick McConvell, Gillian Wigglesworth). It contains conversational data of people talking to children.},
    yearstring = {2003-2006}
}
@incollection{AdamsonSmith1995,
    author = {Adamson, Liliane and Smith, Norval},
    editor = {Arends, Jacques and Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Sranan},
    booktitle = {Pidgins and Creoles: An introduction},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {219-232},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175408}
}
@incollection{AdamsonSmith2003,
    author = {Adamson, Lilian and Smith, Norval},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Productive derivational predicate reduplication in Sranan},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages.},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster, Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {83-92},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175975}
}
@article{Adendorff1993,
    author = {Adendorff, Ralph D.},
    title = {Ethnographic evidence of the social meaning of Fanakalo in South Africa},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {8},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-27},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175722}
}
@incollection{Adendorff1995,
    author = {Adendorff, Ralph D.},
    editor = {Mesthrie, R.},
    title = {Fanakalo in South Africa},
    booktitle = {Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics},
    publisher = {Cape Town \& Johannesburg: David Philip},
    address = {Cape Town \& Johannesburg},
    pages = {176-192},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {140089}
}
@article{Adone1993,
    author = {Adone, Dany},
    title = {'pu' dans le cr\'eole mauricien. Une \'etude d'acquisition de langue premi\`ere},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {100-107},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175947}
}
@incollection{Adone1994,
    author = {Adone, Dany},
    editor = {Clahsen, Harald and White, Lydia},
    title = {The acquisition of Mauritian Creole},
    booktitle = {Language Acquisition and Language Disorders},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    volume = {9},
    pages = {167 pp.},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {44072},
    numberofpages = {167}
}
@incollection{Adone2004,
    author = {Adone, Dany},
    editor = {Escure, Genevi\`eve and Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {Double-object constructions in two French-based creoles (Morisyen and Seselwa)},
    booktitle = {Creoles, contact and language change: Linguistic and social implications},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 27},
    pages = {189-208},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175394}
}
@incollection{Agard1985,
    author = {Agard, Frederick B.},
    editor = {Acson, Veneeta Z. and Leed, Richard L.},
    title = {Papiamentu grammars and the structure of the language},
    booktitle = {Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication No. 20},
    publisher = {Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    pages = {235-242},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175866}
}
@article{Agheyisi1984,
    author = {Agheyisi, Rebecca Nogieru},
    title = {Linguistic implications of the changing role of Nigerian Pidgin English},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    volume = {5},
    number = {2},
    pages = {211-233},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175854}
}
@article{Agheyisi1988,
    author = {Agheyisi, Rebecca Nogieru},
    title = {The standardization of Nigerian Pidgin English},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    volume = {9},
    pages = {227-241},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {69789}
}
@article{AlberPlag2001,
    author = {Alber, Birgit and Plag, Ingo},
    title = {Epenthesis, deletion and the emergence of the optimal syllable in creole},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {2001},
    number = {111},
    pages = {811-840},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175405},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Plag, Ingo AND Alber, Birgit}
}
@article{Aleksandrov1884,
    author = {Aleksandrov, Aleksandr},
    title = {Majma\v{c}inskoje nare\v{c}ie [Majmachin dialect]},
    journal = {Russkij filologi\v{c}eskij vestnik (Warszawa)},
    volume = {12},
    pages = {160-163},
    year = {1884},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176328}
}
@book{AlexandreHagemeijer2002,
    author = {Alexandre, N\'elia and Hagemeijer, Tjerk},
    title = {Pronomes resumptivos e abandono de preposi\c{c}\~ao nos crioulos atl\^anticos de base lexical portuguesa},
    booktitle = {Actas do XVII Congresso da Associa\c{c}\~ao Portuguesa de Lingu\'istica},
    publisher = {Lisboa: Colibri},
    address = {Lisboa},
    pages = {17-30},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175083}
}
@incollection{AlexandreHagemeijer2004,
    author = {Alexandre, N\'elia and Hagemeijer, Tjerk},
    editor = {Fern\'andez, Mauro and Fern\'andez-Ferreiro, Manuel and V\'azquez Veiga, Nancy},
    title = {The nominal domain in Santome},
    booktitle = {Los criollos de base ib\'erica},
    publisher = {Madrid/Frankfurt: Vervuert/Iberoamericana},
    address = {Madrid/Frankfurt},
    pages = {85-100},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175084},
    normalizededitorstring = {V\'azquez Veiga, Nancy}
}
@incollection{AlexandreHagemeijer2007,
    author = {Alexandre, N\'elia and Hagemeijer, Tjerk},
    editor = {Baptista Marlyse and Gu\'eron, Jaqueline},
    title = {Bare nouns and the nominal domain in Santome},
    booktitle = {Noun Phrases in Creole Languages: a multi-faceted approach},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    pages = {37-60},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175085},
    normalizededitorstring = {Marlyse, Baptista AND Gu\'eron, Jaqueline}
}
@book{Allen1983,
    author = {Allen, Irving Lewis},
    title = {The language of ethnic conflict: Social organization and lexical culture.},
    publisher = {New York: Columbia University Press},
    address = {New York},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176420}
}
@article{Alleyne1969,
    author = {Alleyne, Mervyn C.},
    title = {L'influence des dialectes r\'egionaux sur le cr\'eole fran\c{c}ais d'Ha\"iti},
    journal = {Revue de Linguistique Romane},
    volume = {33},
    pages = {254-269},
    year = {1969},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175928}
}
@incollection{Alleyne1987,
    author = {Alleyne, Mervyn},
    editor = {Alleyne, Mervyn},
    title = {Predicate structures in Saramaccan},
    booktitle = {Studies in Saramaccan language structure},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Kingston: University of Amsterdam / University of the West Indies Press},
    address = {Amsterdam/Kingston},
    series = {Caribbean Culture Studies 2},
    pages = {71-87},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175768}
}
@misc{Allsopp1962,
    author = {Allsopp, Richard},
    title = {Expressions of state and action in the dialect of English used in the Georgetown area of British Guiana},
    address = {London},
    year = {1962},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176108},
    note = {Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, London University.}
}
@incollection{Allsopp1983,
    author = {Allsopp, Richard},
    editor = {Carrington, Lawrence},
    title = {The creole treatment of passivity},
    booktitle = {Studies in Caribbean language},
    publisher = {St. Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics},
    address = {St. Augustine, Trinidad},
    pages = {142-154},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175881}
}
@book{Allsopp1996,
    author = {Allsopp, Richard},
    title = {Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage},
    publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
    address = {Oxford},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175189}
}
@book{Almada1961,
    author = {Almada, Maria Dulce de},
    title = {Cabo Verde - contribui\c{c}\~ao para o estudo do dialeto falado no seu arquip\'elago},
    publisher = {Lisbon: Junta de Investiga\c{c}\~oes do Ultramar},
    address = {Lisbon},
    year = {1961},
    glottolog_ref_id = {95584}
}
@incollection{Alsagoff1995,
    author = {Alsagoff, Lubna},
    editor = {Teng, Su Ching and Lian, Ho Mian},
    title = {Colloquial Singapore English: The relative clause construction},
    booktitle = {The English language in Singapore: Implications for teaching},
    publisher = {Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics},
    address = {Singapore},
    pages = {77-87},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176261}
}
@incollection{Alsagoff2010,
    author = {Alsagoff, Lubna},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa and Pakir, Anne and Wee, Lionel},
    title = {Hybridity in ways of speaking: The glocalization of English in Singapore},
    booktitle = {English in Singapore: Modernity and management},
    publisher = {Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press},
    address = {Hong Kong},
    series = {Asian Englishes Today},
    pages = {109-130},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176315}
}
@article{AlvesdaSilva2003,
    author = {Alves da Silva, Jorge Augusto},
    title = {Concord\^ancia verbal em Cinzento: Uma p\'agina da gram\'atica do portugu\^es afro-brasileiro},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {13},
    pages = {115-124},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176095}
}
@article{AlvesdaSilva2003b,
    author = {Alves da Silva, Jorge Augusto},
    title = {Concordancia verbal na "l\'ingua de preto" de Gil Vicente},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {13},
    pages = {136-138},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176097}
}
@unpublished{Andersen1974,
    author = {Andersen, Roger W.},
    booktitle = {Nativization and hispanization in the Papiamentu of Curacao: A sociolinguistic study of variation},
    address = {Austin},
    year = {1974},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176393},
    note = {Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.}
}
@incollection{Andersen1990,
    author = {Andersen, Roger W.},
    editor = {Singler, John Victor},
    title = {Papiamentu Tense-Aspect, with Special Attention to Discourse},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 6},
    pages = {59-96},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176270}
}
@incollection{Anderson1982,
    author = {Anderson, Lloyd B.},
    editor = {Hopper, Paul J.},
    title = {The 'perfect' as a universal and language-specific category},
    booktitle = {Tense-aspect: Between semantics and pragmatics},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {227-264},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176114}
}
@book{Angelo1998,
    author = {Angelo, Denise},
    title = {Kriol},
    booktitle = {Australian phrasebook},
    publisher = {Footscray: Lonely Planet Publications},
    address = {Footscray},
    pages = {192-199},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175552}
}
@misc{Angeloetal1998a,
    author = {Angelo, Denise and Raymond, Barbara and Raymond, Oliver},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175556},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Raymond, Oliver AND Raymond, Barbara AND Angelo, Denise},
    note = {Fladwada ('The Flood'). Conversation recorded in Binjari, 23/02/1998. Manuscript.}
}
@misc{Angeloetal1998b,
    author = {Angelo, Denise and Raymond, Barbara and Raymond, Oliver},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175556},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Raymond, Oliver AND Raymond, Barbara AND Angelo, Denise},
    note = {Angelo, Denise, Barbara Raymond \& Oliver Raymond, 1998b. Reintaim ('Raintime'). Conversation recorded in Katherine, 04/03/1998. Manuscript.}
}
@misc{Anonymous1836,
    author = {Anonymous},
    title = {Jargon spoken at Canton; how it originated and has grown into use; mode in which the Chinese learn English; examples of the language in common use between foreigners and Chinese},
    series = {Chinese Repository 4},
    pages = {428-35},
    year = {1836},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175364}
}
@book{Anonymous1840,
    author = {Anonymous},
    title = {Review of the management of our affairs in China, since the opening of the trade in 1834; with an analysis of the government despatches from the assumption of office by Capt. Elliot, on the 14th December, 1839 to the 22nd of March, 1839.},
    publisher = {London: Smith Elder \& Co.},
    address = {London},
    year = {1840},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175345}
}
@book{Anonymous1860,
    author = {Anonymous},
    title = {The Englishman in China},
    publisher = {London: Saunders, Otley \& Co.},
    address = {London},
    year = {1860},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175342}
}
@book{Ans1968,
    author = {Ans, Andr\'e-Marcel d'},
    title = {Le cr\'eole fran\c{c}ais d'Ha\"iti. Etudes des unit\'es d'articulation, d'expansion et de communication},
    publisher = {The Hague: Mouton},
    address = {The Hague},
    year = {1968},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175644}
}
@incollection{Ansaldo2004,
    author = {Ansaldo, Umberto},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa},
    title = {The evolution of Singapore English: Finding the matrix},
    booktitle = {Singapore English: A grammatical description},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Varieties of English Around the World G33},
    pages = {127-149},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176257}
}
@article{Ansaldo2009,
    author = {Ansaldo, Umberto},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa and Gisborne, Nikolas},
    title = {The Asian typology of English: Theoretical and methodological considerations},
    journal = {English World-Wide, Special issue on The Typology of Asian Englishes},
    volume = {30},
    number = {2},
    pages = {133-148},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176263}
}
@incollection{AnsaldoMatthews2004,
    author = {Ansaldo, Umberto and Matthews, Stephen},
    editor = {Escure, Genevi\`eve and Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {The origins of Macanese reduplication},
    booktitle = {Creoles, contact, and language change : Linguistic and social implications},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {1-19},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175894},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Matthews, Stephen AND Ansaldo, Umberto}
}
@article{Aoto2002,
    author = {Aoto, Seiichi},
    title = {La c\'opula AMO del Chabacano de Zamboanga},
    journal = {PAPIA},
    volume = {12},
    pages = {84-106},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175294}
}
@article{AotoSeiichi2002,
    author = {Aoto, Seiichi},
    title = {La C\'opula AMO del Chabacano de Zamboanga},
    journal = {Papia (Revista de Crioulos de Base Ib\'erica)},
    school = {Associa\c{c}\~ao Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos e Similiares.},
    publisher = {Brasil: Departamento de Lingu\'istica, Universidade de Brasilia.},
    address = {Brasil},
    volume = {2002},
    number = {12},
    pages = {84-106},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175294}
}
@incollection{Arends1986,
    author = {Arends, Jacques},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Genesis and development of the equative copula in Sranan},
    booktitle = {Substrata versus universals in creole genesis},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 1},
    pages = {103-127},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176219},
    note = {QQ toevoegen 1989 / 1986}
}
@phdthesis{Arends1989,
    author = {Arends, Jacques},
    title = {Syntactic developments in Sranan: Creolization as a gradual process},
    school = {Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen},
    publisher = {Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {50628},
    note = {PhD dissertation, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen}
}
@incollection{Arends1995a,
    author = {Arends, Jacques},
    editor = {Arends, Jacques and Perl, Matthias},
    title = {'Introduction' to 'Part I: The Sranan texts'},
    booktitle = {Early Suriname creole texts. A collection of 18th-century Sranan and Saramaccan documents},
    publisher = {Frankfurt/Madrid: Iberoamericana},
    address = {Frankfurt/Madrid},
    pages = {11-71},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176225}
}
@incollection{Arends1995b,
    author = {Arends, Jacques},
    editor = {Arends, Jacques},
    title = {Demographic factors in the formation of Sranan},
    booktitle = {The early stages of creolization},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 13},
    pages = {233-285},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176411}
}
@incollection{ArendsCarlin2002,
    author = {Arends, Jacques and Eithne B. Carlin},
    editor = {Carlin, Eithne B. and Arends, Jacques},
    title = {Epilogue.},
    booktitle = {Atlas of the Languages of Suriname},
    publisher = {Leiden: KITLV},
    address = {Leiden},
    pages = {283-286},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176494},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Carlin, Eithne B. AND Arends, Jacques}
}
@misc{ArgiAverafieldworkcorpus2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175521},
    note = {Argi Avera was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@book{Armand1987,
    author = {Armand, Alain},
    title = {Dictionnaire Kr\'eol r\'enion\'e-fran\c{c}ais},
    publisher = {Saint-Andr\'e, R\'eunion: Oc\'ean Editions},
    address = {Saint-Andr\'e, R\'eunion},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176291}
}
@misc{Armando2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175570},
    note = {Armando was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@misc{Arsenev1949,
    author = {Arsen'ev, Vladimir K.},
    booktitle = {Po ussurijskomu kraju (pute\v{s}estvije v gornuju oblast' Sixote-Alin' v 1902-1906 godax) [In the Ussuri region (travel to the mountain part of the Sikhote-Alin in 1902-1906]},
    publisher = {Khabarovsk: Dal'giz},
    address = {Khabarovsk},
    year = {1949},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176326}
}
@misc{Arturpc2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175529},
    note = {Artur was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@book{Asmah1977,
    author = {Asmah, Haji Omar},
    title = {The phonological diversity of the Malay dialects.},
    publisher = {Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka},
    address = {Kuala Lumpur},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176451}
}
@phdthesis{Atchia-Emmerich2005,
    author = {Atchia-Emmerich, Bilkiss},
    booktitle = {La situation linguistique de l'\^ile Maurice: Les developpements r\'ecents \`a la lumi\`ere d'une enqu\^ete empirique},
    school = {Universit\"at Erlangen},
    publisher = {Erlangen: Universit\"at Erlangen},
    address = {Erlangen},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176367},
    note = {Dissertation}
}
@incollection{Ayafor2008,
    author = {Ayafor, Miriam},
    editor = {Mesthrie, Rajend},
    title = {Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): morphology and syntax},
    booktitle = {Varieties of English. Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {428-450},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175325}
}
@misc{Aye2005,
    author = {Aye},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176418}
}
@misc{BaberJeffrey1986,
    author = {Baber, Colin and Jeffrey, Henry B.},
    booktitle = {Guyana: Politics, Economics and Society},
    publisher = {London: Francis Pinter},
    address = {London},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176436}
}
@book{Baggioni1990,
    author = {Baggioni, Daniel},
    title = {Dictionnaire cr\'eole r\'eunionnais/fran\c{c}ais},
    publisher = {Saint-Denis (R\'eunion): Azal\'ees \'Editions},
    address = {Saint-Denis (R\'eunion)},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176198}
}
@book{Bailey1966,
    author = {Bailey, Beryl Loftman},
    title = {Jamaican Creole Syntax: A Transformational Approach},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {1966},
    glottolog_ref_id = {86585}
}
@incollection{Bailey1971,
    author = {Bailey, Beryl},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell},
    title = {Jamaican Creole: Can dialect boundaries be defined?},
    booktitle = {Pidginization and creolization of languages},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {341-348},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175655}
}
@book{Baileyetal1991,
    author = {Bailey, Guy and Maynor, Natali and Cukor-Avila, Patricia},
    title = {The emergence of Black English: Texts and commentary},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {352 pp.},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {23142},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Bailey, Guy AND Cukor-Avila, Patricia AND Maynor, Natali},
    numberofpages = {352}
}
@incollection{BaileyThomas1998,
    author = {Bailey, Guy and Erik Thomas},
    editor = {Salikoko S. Mufwene and John R. Rickford and Guy Bailey and John Baugh},
    title = {Some Aspects of African-American Vernacular English Phonology.},
    booktitle = {African-American English: Structure, History and Use},
    publisher = {New York: Routledge},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {85-109},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176439},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Bailey, Guy AND Thomas, Erik},
    normalizededitorstring = {Baugh., John}
}
@book{Baissac1880,
    author = {Baissac, Charles},
    title = {Etude sur le patois cr\'eole mauricien},
    publisher = {Nancy: Berger-Levrault},
    address = {Nancy},
    year = {1880},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175631}
}
@book{Baissac1888,
    author = {Baissac, Charles},
    title = {Le folklore de l'\^ile Maurice},
    publisher = {Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1888},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175632},
    note = {reprinted 1967}
}
@article{Baker1969,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {The language situation in Mauritius, with special reference to Mauritian Creole},
    journal = {African Language Review},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {73-79},
    year = {1969},
    glottolog_ref_id = {145425}
}
@book{Baker1972,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {Kreol: A description of Mauritian Creole},
    publisher = {London: C. Hurst \& Company},
    address = {London},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {50358}
}
@book{Baker1982,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {The contribution of non-Francophone immigrants to the lexicon of Mauritian Creole},
    publisher = {London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London},
    address = {London},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175651},
    note = {dissertation}
}
@incollection{Baker1982a,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Corne, Chris},
    title = {On the origins of the first Mauritians and of the creole language of their descendants: A refutation of Chaudenson's "bourbonnais" theory},
    booktitle = {Isle de France Creole: Affinities and origins},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma},
    address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
    pages = {131-259},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175817}
}
@article{Baker1984,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {Agglutinated French articles in Creole French: Their evolutionary significance},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {27},
    pages = {89-129},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175633}
}
@article{Baker1987,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {Historical developments in Chinese Pidgin English and the nature of the relationships between the various Pidgin Englishes of the Pacific region},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {2},
    number = {2},
    pages = {163-207},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175621}
}
@article{Baker1987a,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {Combien y a-t-il eu de gen\`eses cr\'eoles \`a base lexicale fran\c{c}aise?},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {10},
    number = {2},
    pages = {60-76},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175922}
}
@article{Baker1989,
    author = {Baker, Mark C.},
    title = {Object sharing and projection in serial verb constructions},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    volume = {20},
    pages = {513-553},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175753}
}
@article{Baker1993,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {Contribution \`a l'histoire du futur en cr\'eole mauricien. Observations sur les communications de Haza\"el-Massieux et de Touchard \& V\'eronique distribu\'ees au Colloque International des \'Etudes Cr\'eoles, \^Ile Maurice, 30 sept-5 oct 1992},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {87-99},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175946}
}
@incollection{Baker1994,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    editor = {Adone, Dany and Plag, Ingo},
    title = {Creativity in creole genesis},
    booktitle = {Creolization and language change},
    publisher = {Tuebingen: Niemeyer},
    address = {Tuebingen},
    pages = {65-84},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176412}
}
@incollection{Baker1996,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    editor = {V\'eronique, Daniel},
    title = {On the development of certain prepositional forms in Mauritian and other French Creoles},
    booktitle = {Mat\'eriaux pour l'\'etude des classes grammaticales dans les langues cr\'eoles},
    publisher = {Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l'Universit \'e de Provence},
    address = {Aix-en-Provence},
    pages = {41-59},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {179711}
}
@misc{Baker1997,
    author = {Baker, Brett},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176432},
    note = {field notes}
}
@incollection{Baker2003a,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    editor = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    title = {Quelques cas de r\'eanalyse et de grammaticalisation dans l' \'evolution du cr\'eole mauricien},
    booktitle = {Grammaticalisation et r\'eanalyse. Approches de la variation cr\'eole et fran\c{c}aise.},
    publisher = {Paris: CRNS Editions},
    address = {Paris},
    series = {Langage},
    pages = {111-141},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175391}
}
@incollection{Baker2003b,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Mauritian Creole with notes on reduplication in Reunion Creole},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {211-218},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {183967}
}
@book{BakerCorne1982,
    author = {Baker, Philip and Corne, Chris},
    title = {Isle de France Creole: Affinities and origins},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma},
    address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {102340}
}
@incollection{BakerCorne1986,
    author = {Baker, Philip and Corne, Chris},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Universals, Substrata and the Indian Ocean Creoles},
    booktitle = {Substrata versus universals in creole genesis},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language LIbrary 1},
    pages = {163-183},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176048}
}
@book{BakerHookoomsing1987,
    author = {Baker, Philip and Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y.},
    title = {Dictionnaire de cr\'eole mauricien. Morisyen - English - Fran\c{c}ais},
    publisher = {Paris: L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175378}
}
@misc{Bakerpc,
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175383}
}
@incollection{BakerSyea1991,
    author = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Huebner, Thom},
    title = {On the copula in Mauritian creole, past and present},
    booktitle = {Development and structures of creole languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 9},
    pages = {159-175},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {84858}
}
@incollection{Bakker1987,
    author = {Bakker, Peter},
    editor = {Alleyne, Mervyn},
    title = {Reduplications in Saramaccan},
    booktitle = {Studies in Saramaccan language structure},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Caribbean Culture Studies 2},
    pages = {17-40},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175972}
}
@book{Bakker1997,
    author = {Bakker, Peter},
    title = {A language of our own: The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian M\'etis},
    publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
    address = {New York},
    series = {Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {28953}
}
@incollection{Bakker2003a,
    author = {Bakker, Peter},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {The absence of reduplication in Pidgins},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {37-46},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175971}
}
@incollection{Bakker2003b,
    author = {Bakker, Peter},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Saramaccan},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {73-82},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {183956}
}
@incollection{Bakkeretal1995b,
    author = {Bakker, Peter and Post, Marike and van der Voort, Hein},
    editor = {Arends, Jaques and Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {TMA particles and auxiliaries},
    booktitle = {Pidgins and creoles. An introduction},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {247-258},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175167},
    normalizedauthorstring = {van der Voort, Hein AND Post, Marike AND Bakker, Peter},
    yearstring = {1995b}
}
@book{Balaz1998,
    author = {Balaz, Joe},
    title = {Lenny da loosah},
    booktitle = {Electric Laulau},
    publisher = {Hawai'i Dub Music},
    pages = {track 8},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175185},
    note = {(a music CD)},
    numberofpages = {8}
}
@misc{BalbinaEbongpc,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175335},
    note = {A native speaker of Cameroon Pidgin.}
}
@book{Ball1855,
    author = {Ball, Benjamin Lincoln},
    title = {Rambles in Eastern Asia, including China and Manilla, during several years' residence: with notes of Ningpoo, Amoy, Fouchow, and Macao. (2nd edition)},
    publisher = {Boston: James French and Co.},
    address = {Boston},
    year = {1855},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175353}
}
@article{Bao1995,
    author = {Bao, Zhiming},
    title = {Already in Singapore English},
    journal = {World Englishes},
    volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    pages = {181-188},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176259}
}
@article{BaoWee1999,
    author = {Bao, Zhiming and Wee, Lionel},
    title = {The passive in Singapore English},
    journal = {World Englishes},
    volume = {18},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-11},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176262}
}
@book{Baptista2002,
    author = {Baptista, Marlyse},
    title = {The syntax of Cape Verdean Creole. The Sotavento varieties},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Linguistik Aktuell},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {24014}
}
@incollection{Baptista2003,
    author = {Baptista, Marlyse},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Cape Verdean Creole},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {177-184},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175982}
}
@incollection{Baptista2003b,
    author = {Baptista, Marlyse},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Cape Verdean Creole.},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages.},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175982}
}
@incollection{Baptista2006,
    author = {Baptista, Marlyse},
    editor = {Lang, J\"urgen and Holm, John and Roug\'e, Jean-Louis and Soares, Maria Joao},
    title = {When substrates meet superstate: The case of Cape Verdean Creole},
    booktitle = {Cabo Verde - origens da sua sociedade e do seu crioulo},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    pages = {91-116},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175151},
    normalizededitorstring = {Soares, Maria Joao}
}
@book{BaptistaGueron2007,
    editor = {Baptista, Marlyse and Gu\'eron Jacqueline},
    title = {Noun Phrases in Creole Languages: a multi-faceted approach},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 31},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176396},
    normalizededitorstring = {Baptista, Marlyse AND Jacqueline, Gu\'eron}
}
@book{Baratetal1977,
    author = {Barat, Christian and Michel Carayol and Claude Vogel},
    title = {Krik\'e krak\'e: recueil de contes cr\'eoles r\'eunionnais},
    publisher = {Paris: CNRS},
    address = {Paris},
    series = {Travaux de l'Institut d'Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle de l'Oc\'ean Indien},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176186},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Barat, Christian AND Carayol, Michel AND Vogel, Claude}
}
@article{Bartens1995,
    author = {Bartens, Angela},
    title = {A express\~ao do aspecto inceptivo nos crioulos: Qu\~ao diferentes s\~ao os crioulos de base ibero-romanica?},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {4},
    number = {1},
    pages = {11-20},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176085}
}
@article{Bartens2002,
    author = {Bartens, Angela},
    title = {Tendencias actuales en la lengua y comunidad de habla chabacanas},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {12},
    pages = {107-124},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175893}
}
@misc{Bartens2003,
    author = {Bartens, Angela},
    title = {A Contrastive Grammar Islander - Caribbean Standard English - Spanish},
    publisher = {Helsinki: The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters},
    address = {Helsinki},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175263}
}
@article{Bartens2004,
    author = {Bartens, Angela},
    editor = {Mauro Fern\'andez and Fern\'andez-Ferreira, Manuel and V\'azquez Veiga, Nancy},
    title = {A comparative study of reduplication in Portuguese- and Spanish-based creoles},
    journal = {Lingu\'istica Iberoamericana},
    publisher = {Madrid/Frankfurt: Iberoamericana/Vervuert},
    address = {Madrid/Frankfurt},
    series = {Actas del III Encuentro de ACBLPE},
    volume = {24},
    pages = {239-253},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176282},
    normalizededitorstring = {V\'azquez Veiga, Nancy}
}
@inproceedings{Bartens2008,
    author = {Bartens, Angela},
    title = {\textquestiondownExplicar la variaci\'on morfol\'ogica y morfosint\'actica en los criollos es siempre posible?},
    booktitle = {Actas del XXV Congreso Nacional de Ling\"u\'istica, Literatura y Semi\'otica.},
    publisher = {Medell\'in: Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad EAFIT \& Universidad de Medell\'in},
    address = {Medell\'in},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176372},
    note = {CD-rom}
}
@article{Bartens2009,
    author = {Bartens, Angela},
    title = {A comparison of the English-based Creoles of Nicaragua and San Andr\'es and Old Providence.},
    journal = {Neuphilologische Mitteilungen},
    volume = {3},
    number = {110},
    pages = {299-318},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176371}
}
@book{Barthelemi1995,
    author = {Barthelmi, George},
    title = {Diksyoner Pratik Kr\'eol Gwiyane - Frans\'e. K\'e gramatikal. Suivi d'un index fran\c{c}ais-cr\'eole},
    publisher = {Cayenne: Ibis Rouge},
    address = {Cayenne},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175307}
}
@book{Bauer1993,
    author = {Bauer, Winifred},
    title = {Maori},
    publisher = {London: Routledge Press},
    address = {London},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {119347}
}
@article{Baum1976,
    author = {Baum, Paul},
    title = {The question of decreolization in Papiamentu phonology},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {14},
    number = {173},
    pages = {83-93},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175867}
}
@article{Bavoux2000,
    author = {Bavoux, Claudine},
    title = {Existe-t-il un parler jeune \`a La R\'eunion ? Compte rendu d'une enqu\^ete aupr\`es de six groupes d'\'el\`eves et d'\'etudiants},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {23},
    number = {1},
    pages = {9-27},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175959}
}
@book{Baxter1983,
    author = {Baxter, Alan N.},
    title = {Creole universals and Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese)},
    booktitle = {Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics No. 3},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics A-65},
    pages = {143-160},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {108572}
}
@book{Baxter1988,
    author = {Baxter, Alan N.},
    title = {A grammar of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese)},
    publisher = {Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics B-95},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {108575}
}
@article{Baxter2005,
    author = {Baxter, Alan N.},
    title = {Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) - a long-time survivor seriously endangered.},
    journal = {Estudios de Socioling\"u\'istica},
    volume = {6},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-37},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176455}
}
@book{BaxterAlanN1988,
    author = {Baxter, Alan N.},
    title = {A grammar of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese)},
    publisher = {Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics Series B-95},
    pages = {88},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {108575},
    numberofpages = {88}
}
@book{BaxterdeSilva2004,
    author = {Baxter, Alan N. and de Silva, Patrick},
    title = {A dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) - English},
    publisher = {Canberra: Pacific Linguistics},
    address = {Canberra},
    pages = {78},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {65487},
    normalizedauthorstring = {de Silva, Patrick AND Baxter, Alan N.},
    numberofpages = {78}
}
@article{Baxteretal1997,
    author = {Baxter, Alan N. and Lucchesi, Dante and Guimaraes, Maximiliano},
    title = {Gender agreement as a "decreolizing" feature of an Afro-Brazilian dialect},
    journal = {Journal of pidgin and Creole Languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    volume = {12},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-57},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176065},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Guimaraes, MaximilianoBaxter, Alan N., Lucchesi, Dante}
}
@book{Beechey1831,
    author = {Beechey, Capt. Frederick William},
    title = {Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait, to co-operate with the polar expeditions: performed in His Majesty's ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F.W. Beechey {\dots} in the years 1825, 26, 27, 28 {\dots}},
    publisher = {London: H. Colburn \& R. Bentley},
    address = {London},
    year = {1831},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176422}
}
@book{Bellamaetal1983,
    author = {Bellama, David Nkwele and Solomon Yudom, Joseph},
    title = {An introduction to Cameroon Pidgin},
    publisher = {Yaounde: Peace Corps Cameroon},
    address = {Yaounde},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175322}
}
@misc{Bendix1972,
    author = {Bendix, Edward H.},
    title = {Serial verbs in the Caribbean and West Africa: Their semantic analysis in Papiamento},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176272},
    note = {Manuscript, Hunter College of the City University of New York.}
}
@book{Bennett1986,
    author = {Bennett, Lily},
    title = {Kleba Kokiroj (Clever Cockroach)},
    publisher = {Barunga: Barunga Press},
    address = {Barunga},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175278}
}
@article{Bentolila1978,
    author = {Bentolila, Alain},
    title = {Cr\'eole d'Ha\"iti: Nature et fonction - fonction naturelle},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {65-75},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175800}
}
@misc{Bentolila1987,
    author = {Bentolila, Alain},
    journal = {La Linguistique},
    volume = {23},
    pages = {103-122},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175849}
}
@book{BerlinKay1969,
    author = {Berlin, Brent and Kay, Paul},
    title = {Basic Color Terms: Their universality and evolution},
    publisher = {Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press},
    address = {Berkeley/Los Angeles},
    year = {1969},
    glottolog_ref_id = {60450},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Kay, Paul AND Berlin, Brent}
}
@book{Bernabe1983vol2,
    author = {Bernab\'e, Jean},
    title = {Fondal-Natal. Grammaire basilectale approch\'ee des cr\'eoles guadeloup\'een et martiniquais},
    publisher = {Paris: l'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175475}
}
@book{Bernabe1983vol3,
    author = {Bernab\'e, Jean},
    title = {Fondal-Natal. Grammaire basilectale approch\'ee des cr\'eoles guadeloup\'een et martiniquais},
    publisher = {Paris: L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175206}
}
@article{Bernabe1992,
    author = {Bernab\'e, Jean},
    title = {\'El\'ements pour une comparaison de la relativation en cr\'eole et en fran\c{c}ais},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {15},
    number = {2},
    pages = {95-108},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175942}
}
@book{Bernabe2003,
    author = {Bernab\'e, Jean},
    title = {Pr\'ecis de syntaxe cr\'eole},
    publisher = {Matoury Cedex: Ibis Rouge},
    address = {Matoury Cedex},
    pages = {140},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175244},
    numberofpages = {140}
}
@book{Berry-Hasethetal1998,
    author = {Berry-Haseth, Lucille and Broek, Aart G. and Joubert, Sidney M.},
    title = {Pa saka kara. Antologia di literatura Papiamentu (3 Vols)},
    publisher = {Willemstad: Fundashon Pierre Lauffer},
    address = {Willemstad},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176389},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Berry-Haseth, Lucille, Broek, Aart G. AND Joubert, Sidney M.}
}
@unpublished{Bersabend,
    author = {Bersabe, Norma C.},
    booktitle = {El primer Libro del Chavacano},
    publisher = {Cavite City: Not published},
    address = {Cavite City},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176249},
    note = {Non-formal Education material. Paaralang Elementarya ng Manuel S. Rojas. Cavite.},
    yearstring = {n.d.}
}
@article{Bertinetto1994,
    author = {Bertinetto, Pierre Marco},
    title = {Statives, progressives and habituals: Analogies and differences.},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {32},
    pages = {391-423},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176115}
}
@book{BhattPlag2006,
    editor = {Bhatt, Parth and Plag, Ingo},
    title = {The structure of Creole words: Segmental, syllabic and morphological aspects},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Niemeyer},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176138}
}
@phdthesis{Biberauer2003,
    author = {Biberauer, Theresa},
    booktitle = {Verb Second (V2) in Afrikaans: a Minimalist investigation of word order variation},
    school = {University of Cambridge},
    publisher = {Cambridge: University of Cambridge},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176430},
    note = {Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge}
}
@incollection{Biberauer2008,
    author = {Biberauer, Theresa},
    editor = {Barbiers, Sjef and Koeneman, Olaf and Lekakou, Marika and van der Ham, Margreet},
    title = {Doubling and omission: Insights from Afrikaans negation},
    booktitle = {Microvariations in syntactic doubling},
    publisher = {Bingley: Emerald},
    address = {Bingley},
    pages = {103-140},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175447},
    normalizededitorstring = {van der Ham, Margreet},
    note = {Biberauer, T.( 2008). Doubling and omission: Insights from Afrikaans negation. To appear in: Barbiers, S., M. van der Ham, O. Koeneman \& M. Lekakou (eds.). Microvariations in Syntactic Doubling, pp.103-140. Bingley: Emerald.}
}
@article{Bichurin1831,
    author = {Bichurin, Iakinf},
    title = {Pis'mo iz Kjaxty [A letter from Kyakhta]},
    journal = {Moskovskij Telegraf},
    volume = {21},
    year = {1831},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175595}
}
@book{Bickerton1975,
    author = {Bickerton, Derek},
    title = {Dynamics of a creole system},
    publisher = {London: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {London},
    pages = {224},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175312},
    numberofpages = {224}
}
@incollection{Bickerton1979,
    author = {Bickerton, Derek},
    editor = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    title = {The status of bin in the Atlantic Creoles},
    booktitle = {Readings in creole studies},
    publisher = {Ghent: E. Story-Scientia},
    address = {Ghent},
    pages = {309-314},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175780}
}
@incollection{Bickerton19801974,
    author = {Bickerton, Derek},
    editor = {Day, Richard R.},
    title = {Creolization, linguistic universals, natural semantax and the brain},
    booktitle = {Issues in English creoles. Papers from the 1975 Hawaii conference},
    publisher = {Heidelberg: Groos},
    address = {Heidelberg},
    pages = {1-18},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176488},
    yearstring = {1980 (1974)}
}
@book{Bickerton1981,
    author = {Bickerton, Derek},
    title = {Roots of language},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor: Karoma},
    address = {Ann Arbor},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {70329}
}
@article{Bickerton1989,
    author = {Bickerton, Derek},
    title = {Seselwa serialization and its significance},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {4},
    number = {2},
    pages = {155-184},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {152703}
}
@article{Bickerton1991,
    author = {Bickerton, Derek},
    title = {On the supposed "gradualness" of creole development},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {6},
    number = {1},
    pages = {25-58},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175698}
}
@article{Bickerton1994,
    author = {Bickerton, Derek},
    title = {The Origins of Saramaccan syntax: A reply to John McWhorter's "Substratal influence in Saramaccan serial verb constructions"},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {9},
    number = {1},
    pages = {65-78},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176101}
}
@article{BickertonEscalante1970,
    author = {Bickerton, Derek and Escalante, Aquiles},
    title = {Palenquero: A Spanish-based Creole of northern Colombia},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {24},
    pages = {254-267},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {27874}
}
@article{Bilby1999,
    author = {Bilby, Kenneth},
    title = {Roots explosion: Indiginized and cosmopolitanism in contemporary Suriname popular music.},
    journal = {Ethnomusicology},
    volume = {43},
    number = {2},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175535}
}
@book{Binnick1991,
    author = {Binnick, Robert I.},
    title = {Time and the verb: A guide to tense and aspect},
    publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
    address = {New York},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176116}
}
@phdthesis{Birmingham1970,
    author = {Birmingham, John C.},
    booktitle = {The Papiamentu language of Cura\c{c}ao},
    school = {University of Virginia},
    publisher = {Charlottesville: University of Virginia},
    address = {Charlottesville},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175499},
    note = {Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia}
}
@book{BlairRobertson1909,
    author = {Blair, Emma H. and Robertson, James A.},
    title = {The Philippine Islands: 1493-1898},
    publisher = {Cleveland, Ohio: A.H. Clart},
    address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
    year = {1909},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176302},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Robertson, James A. AND Blair, Emma H.}
}
@article{Boas1892,
    author = {Boas, Franz},
    title = {The Chinook Jargon},
    journal = {Science},
    volume = {19},
    pages = {129},
    year = {1892},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176051},
    numberofpages = {129}
}
@article{Boas1933,
    author = {Boas, Franz},
    title = {Notes on the Chinook Jargon},
    journal = {Language},
    volume = {9},
    pages = {208-213},
    year = {1933},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176052}
}
@book{Bodman1955,
    author = {Bodman, Nicholas C.},
    title = {Spoken Amoy Hokkien},
    publisher = {Kuala Lumpur: Charles Grenier and Company},
    address = {Kuala Lumpur},
    volume = {I, II},
    year = {1955},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176297}
}
@book{Bold1977,
    author = {Bold, J. D.},
    title = {Fanagalo - phrase book, grammar and dictionary},
    publisher = {Johannesburg: Stanton},
    address = {Johannesburg},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {71984},
    note = {1st edn. 1951}
}
@book{Bollee1977,
    author = {Boll\'ee, Annegret},
    title = {Le cr\'eole Fran\c{c}ais des Seychelles. Esquisse d'une grammaire - textes - vocabulaire},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Niemeyer},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {158142}
}
@incollection{Bollee1993,
    author = {Boll\'ee, Annegret},
    editor = {Winkelmann, Otto},
    title = {Atlas Linguistique et ethnographique de la R\'eunion},
    booktitle = {Stand und Perspektiven der romanischen Sprachgeographie},
    publisher = {Willhemsfeld: Gottfried Egert Verlag},
    address = {Willhemsfeld},
    series = {pro lingua 15},
    pages = {193-206},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176303}
}
@article{Bollee2000,
    author = {Boll\'ee, Annegret},
    title = {La restructuration du pluriel nominal dans les cr\'eoles de l'Oc\'ean Indien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {23},
    number = {2},
    pages = {25-39},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175242}
}
@book{Bollee2000b,
    editor = {Boll\'ee, Annegret},
    title = {Dictionnaire \'etymologique des cr\'eoles fran\c{c}ais de l'Oc\'ean Indien (DECOI), 2 volumes},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176279},
    yearstring = {[1993]2000}
}
@incollection{Bollee2003,
    author = {Boll\'ee, Annegret},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Seychelles Creole},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {219-225},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175236}
}
@article{Bollee2004,
    author = {Boll\'ee, Annegret},
    title = {Le d\'eveloppement du d\'emonstratif dans les cr\'eoles de l'Oc \'ean Indien},
    journal = {Creolica},
    year = {2004},
    url = {http://www.creolica.net/article.php3?id_article=34},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175235}
}
@book{Bollee2007,
    author = {Boll\'ee, Annegret},
    title = {Deux textes religieux de Bourbon du 18e si\`ecle et l'histoire du cr\'eole r\'eunionnais},
    publisher = {London/Sri Lanka: Battlebridge},
    address = {London/Sri Lanka},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175086}
}
@book{BolleeRosalie1994,
    author = {Boll\'ee, Annegret and Rosalie, Marcel},
    title = {Parol ek memwar. R\'ecits de vie des Seychelles},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {156062},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Rosalie, Marcel AND Boll\'ee, Annegret}
}
@book{Bolton2003,
    author = {Bolton, Kingsley},
    title = {Chinese Englishes: A sociolinguistic history},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176357}
}
@book{Booth2004,
    author = {Booth, Martin},
    title = {Gweilo: Memories of a Hong Kong childhood.},
    publisher = {London: Doubleday},
    address = {London},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176363}
}
@misc{BordlaMer,
    author = {Bord la Mer},
    address = {Ile Maurice},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175389},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Mer, Bord la}
}
@book{Botha1988,
    author = {Botha, Rudolf P.},
    title = {Form and meaning in word formation. A study of Afrikaans reduplication},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {80209}
}
@article{Bouman1939,
    author = {Bouman, Arie C.},
    title = {Over reduplicatie en de woordsoorten},
    journal = {De Nieuwe Taalgids},
    volume = {33},
    pages = {337-353},
    year = {1939},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175988}
}
@book{Bouquiauxetal1978,
    author = {Bouquiaux, Luc and Kobozo, Jean-Marie and Diki-Kidiri, Marcel and Vallet, Jacqueline and Behaghel, Anne},
    title = {Dictionnaire sango-fran\c{c}ais et lexique fran\c{c}ais-sango},
    publisher = {Paris: SELAF},
    address = {Paris},
    series = {Langues et civilisations a tradition orale},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {130619},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Vallet, Jacqueline AND Diki-Kidiri, Marcel AND Behaghel, Anne AND Bouquiaux, Luc AND Kobozo, Jean-Marie}
}
@article{Brasseur1988,
    author = {Brasseur, Patrice},
    title = {Hypoth\`eses pour une g\'eographie linguistique du cr\'eole de La R\'eunion},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {11},
    number = {2},
    pages = {7-16},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175930}
}
@book{Braun2009,
    author = {Braun, Maria},
    title = {Word-formation and creolisation. The Case of Early Sranan},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Niemeyer},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175410}
}
@book{Brennan1993,
    author = {Brennan, Queenie},
    title = {Drim blanga lilboi},
    publisher = {Barunga: Barunga Press},
    address = {Barunga},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175554}
}
@article{BrisardMeeuwis2009,
    author = {Brisard, Frank and Meeuwis, Michael},
    title = {Present and perfect in Bantu: The case of Ling\'ala},
    journal = {Journal of African Languages and Linguistics},
    volume = {30},
    number = {1},
    pages = {21-43},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175202},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Meeuwis, Michael AND Brisard, Frank}
}
@book{Broussard1942,
    author = {Broussard, James F.},
    title = {Louisiana Creole dialect},
    publisher = {Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press},
    address = {Baton Rouge},
    year = {1942},
    glottolog_ref_id = {88578}
}
@book{Brousseau1986,
    author = {Brousseau, Anne-Marie},
    title = {Triptyque sur les compos\'es. Les noms compos\'es en fran\c{c}ais, fongbe et ha\"itien en regard de notions de t\^ete et de percolation},
    publisher = {Montr\'eal: Groupe de recherche sur le cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    address = {Montr\'eal},
    series = {Travaux de recherche sur le cr\'eole ha\"itien 2},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175645}
}
@article{Brousseauetal1989,
    author = {Brousseau, Anne-Marie and Filipovich, Sandra and Lefebvre, Claire},
    title = {Morphological processes in Haitian Creole: The question of substratum and simplification},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {4},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-36},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175643},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Filipovich, Sandra AND Lefebvre, Claire AND Brousseau, Anne-Marie}
}
@misc{Bruyn1989,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    title = {De nominale constituent in 18de-eeuws Sranan. Een beschrijving van grammaticale elementen en morfosyntactische processen},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176216},
    note = {MA thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam}
}
@phdthesis{Bruyn1995a,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    booktitle = {Grammaticalization in creoles: The development of determiners and relative clauses in Sranan},
    school = {IFOTT},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: IFOTT},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Studies in Language and Language Use 21},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176211},
    note = {PhD dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam},
    yearstring = {1995a}
}
@incollection{Bruyn1995b,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Arends, Jacques},
    title = {Relative clauses in early Sranan},
    booktitle = {The early stages of creolization},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 13},
    pages = {149-202},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176217},
    yearstring = {1995b}
}
@incollection{Bruyn1996,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    title = {On identifying instances of grammaticalization in creole languages},
    booktitle = {Changing meanings, changing functions: Papers related to grammaticalization in contact languages},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 2},
    pages = {29-46},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176233}
}
@incollection{Bruyn1998,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Schmid, Monika S. and Austin, Jennifer R. and Stein, Dieter},
    title = {What can this be? A West African contribution to Sranan},
    booktitle = {Historical Linguistics 1997. Selected papers from the 13th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, D\"usseldorf, 10-17 August 1997},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {25-40},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176228},
    normalizededitorstring = {Stein, Dieter}
}
@incollection{Bruyn1999,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Bruyn, Adrienne},
    title = {Early forms of question words and relativizers in Atlantic English Creoles},
    booktitle = {St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles. The texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in perspective},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 4},
    pages = {289-314},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176008}
}
@incollection{Bruyn2002,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Carlin, Eithne B. and Arends, Jacques},
    title = {The structure of the Surinamese Creoles},
    booktitle = {Atlas of the Languages of Suriname},
    publisher = {Leiden: KITLV Press},
    address = {Leiden},
    pages = {153-182},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175409}
}
@incollection{Bruyn2003,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    title = {Grammaticalisation, r\'eanalyse et influence substratique : Quelques cas du Sranan},
    booktitle = {Grammaticalisation et r\'eanalyse: Approches de la variation cr\'eole et fran\c{c}aise},
    publisher = {Paris: CNRS \'Editions},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {25-47},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176227}
}
@incollection{Bruyn2007,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Baptista, Marlyse and Gu\'eron, Jacqueline},
    title = {Bare nouns and articles in Sranan},
    booktitle = {Noun phrases in creole languages. A multi-faceted approach},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 31},
    pages = {339-381},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176215}
}
@incollection{Bruyn2008,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and Singler, John Victor},
    title = {Grammaticalization in pidgins and creoles},
    booktitle = {The handbook of pidgin and creole studies},
    publisher = {Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell},
    address = {Malden, MA},
    pages = {385-410},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176232}
}
@article{Bruyn2009,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Clements, J. Clancy and Gooden, Shelome},
    title = {Grammaticalization in creoles: Ordinary and not-so-ordinary cases},
    journal = {Studies in Language},
    volume = {33},
    number = {2},
    pages = {312-337},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176224}
}
@incollection{Bruynetal1999,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne and Pieter Muysken and Maaike Verrips},
    editor = {DeGraff, Michel},
    title = {Double-object constructions in the creole languages: development and acquisition},
    booktitle = {Language creation and language change: Creolization, diachrony and development},
    publisher = {Cambridge, MA: MIT Press},
    address = {Cambridge, MA},
    series = {Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, vol. 88},
    pages = {329-373},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176218},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Muysken, Pieter AND Bruyn, Adrienne AND Verrips, Maaike}
}
@article{BruynVeenstra1993,
    author = {Bruyn, Adrienne and Veenstra, Tonjes},
    title = {The creolization of Dutch},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {8},
    number = {1},
    pages = {29-80},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {104947},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Veenstra, Tonjes AND Bruyn, Adrienne}
}
@book{Bybeeetal1994,
    author = {Bybee, Joan L. and Perkins, Revere and Pagliuca, William},
    title = {The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world},
    publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
    address = {Chicago},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {105119},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Perkins, Revere AND Pagliuca, William AND Bybee, Joan L.}
}
@book{Byrne1982,
    author = {Byrne, Francis},
    title = {Algunos aspectos del Saramac\'an},
    publisher = {Cuman\'a, Venezuela: Universidad de Oriente},
    address = {Cuman\'a, Venezuela},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175754}
}
@article{Byrne1984,
    author = {Byrne, Francis},
    title = {Instrumental in Saramaccan},
    journal = {York Papers in Linguistics},
    volume = {11},
    pages = {39-50},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175755}
}
@article{Byrne1984a,
    author = {Byrne, Francis},
    title = {Fi and fu: Origins and functions in some Caribbean English-based creoles},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {62},
    pages = {97-120},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176017}
}
@book{Byrne1987,
    author = {Byrne, Francis},
    title = {Grammatical relations in a radical creole: Verb complementation in Saramaccan},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {52041}
}
@article{Byrne1990,
    author = {Byrne, Francis},
    title = {Pre-clausal forces in Saramaccan},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {28},
    pages = {661-688},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175827}
}
@incollection{Byrne1991,
    author = {Byrne, Francis},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Hueber, Thom},
    title = {Approaches to "missing" internal (and external) arguments in serial structure: Some presumed difficulties},
    booktitle = {Development and structures of creole languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 9},
    pages = {207-222},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176063}
}
@article{Byrne1992,
    author = {Byrne, Francis},
    title = {Tense, scope and spreading in Saramaccan},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {7},
    number = {2},
    pages = {19},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175717},
    numberofpages = {19}
}
@book{Cable1884,
    author = {Cable, George Washington},
    title = {The creoles of Louisiana},
    publisher = {New York: Charles Scribner's Sons},
    address = {New York},
    year = {1884},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175702}
}
@article{Cadely1988,
    author = {Cadely, Jean-Robert Joseph},
    title = {Repr\'esentation syllabiques et distribution des diphtongues en Cr\'eole Ha\"itien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {9-40},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175045}
}
@phdthesis{Cadely1994,
    author = {Cadely, Jean-Robert Joseph},
    title = {Aspects de la phonologie du cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    school = {Universit\'e du Qu\'ebec \`a Montr\'eal},
    publisher = {Montr\'eal: Universit\'e du Qu\'ebec \`a Montr\'eal},
    address = {Montr\'eal},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175863},
    note = {PhD dissertation}
}
@article{Cadely1995,
    author = {Cadely, Jean-Robert},
    title = {Elision et agglutination en cr\'eole ha\"itien: Le cas des pronoms personnels},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {18},
    number = {1},
    pages = {9-38},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175055}
}
@article{Cadely1997,
    author = {Cadely, Jean-Robert},
    title = {Prosodie et cliticisation en cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {20},
    number = {1},
    pages = {77-88},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175955}
}
@article{Cadely2003,
    author = {Cadely, Jean-Robert Joseph},
    title = {Les sons du Cr\'eole Ha\"itien},
    journal = {Journal of Haitian Studies},
    volume = {9},
    number = {2},
    pages = {4-41},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175044}
}
@misc{CalypsonianPoorsah1991,
    author = {Calypsonian Poorsah},
    title = {Song title "Eye water"},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176165},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Poorsah, Calypsonian},
    note = {Released for the 1991 local calypso competition.}
}
@misc{Camden1979,
    author = {Camden, William G.},
    title = {Parallels in structures and lexicon and syntax between New Hebrides Bislama and the South Santo language spoken at Tangoa},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University Press},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics A-57},
    pages = {81-117},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176045}
}
@misc{Cane2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175571},
    note = {Cane was interviewed on the island of Santiago in 2000.}
}
@book{Carayol1976,
    author = {Carayol, Michel},
    title = {Le fran\c{c}ais parl\'e \`a la R\'eunion: Phon\'etique et phonologie},
    publisher = {Toulouse: Universit\'e de Toulouse-Le Mirail},
    address = {Toulouse},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175796},
    note = {Th\`ese pour le doctorat d'\'Etat}
}
@incollection{CarayolChaudenson1978,
    author = {Carayol, Michel and Chaudenson, Robert},
    editor = {Gueunier, N. and Genouvrier, E. and Khomsi, A.},
    title = {Diglossie et continuum linguistique \`a la R\'eunion},
    booktitle = {Les fran\c{c}ais devant la norme},
    publisher = {Paris: Champion},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {175-190},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175882},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Chaudenson, Robert AND Carayol, Michel}
}
@book{Carayoletal1984-1995,
    author = {Carayol, Michel and Chaudenson, Robert and Barat, Christian},
    title = {Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de la R\'eunion},
    publisher = {Paris: CNRS},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {3 volumes},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175087},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Barat, Christian AND Chaudenson, Robert AND Carayol, Michel},
    yearstring = {1984-1995}
}
@incollection{Carden1993,
    author = {Carden, Guy},
    editor = {Byrne, Franicis and Holm, John A.},
    title = {The Mauritian creole "lekor" reflexive: Substrate influence on the target-location parameter},
    booktitle = {Atlantic meets Pacific: A global view of pidginization and creolization. Selected papers from the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {105-117},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {62245}
}
@article{CardenStewart1989,
    author = {Carden, Guy and Stewart, William A.},
    title = {Mauritian Creole reflexives: A reply to Corne},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {4},
    number = {1},
    pages = {65-102},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175386},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Stewart, William A. AND Carden, Guy}
}
@article{CardenStuart1988,
    author = {Carden, Guy and Stewart, William A.},
    title = {Binding theory, bioprogram, and creolization: Evidence from Haitian Creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {3},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-67},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175622},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Stewart, William A. AND Carden, Guy}
}
@misc{Cardoso2004-2008,
    author = {Cardoso, Hugo C.},
    title = {field notes (Diu, 2004-2008)},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175371}
}
@book{Cardoso2009,
    author = {Cardoso, Hugo C.},
    title = {The Indo-Portuguese language of Diu},
    publisher = {Utrecht: LOT},
    address = {Utrecht},
    series = {LOT dissertation series},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175370}
}
@incollection{Cardoso2012,
    author = {Cardoso, Hugo},
    editor = {Jarnagin, Laura},
    title = {Oral traditions of the Luso-Asian communities: local, regional and continental'},
    booktitle = {Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies, 1511-2011: Complexities of Engagement, Culture, and Identity in Southeast Asia, vol. 2},
    publisher = {Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies},
    address = {Singapore},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176464},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@article{CarenoMaria1994,
    author = {Careno, Mary Francisca do and Maria Taddoni Petter, Margarida},
    title = {Observacoes sobre o uso de estrutura negativa},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176082}
}
@incollection{Carter1987,
    author = {Carter, Hazel},
    editor = {Gilbert, Glenn G.},
    title = {Suprasegmentals in Guyanese: Some African comparisons},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and creole languages},
    publisher = {Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    pages = {213-263},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175828}
}
@book{Cassidy1961,
    author = {Cassidy, Frederic G.},
    title = {Jamaica talk: Three hundred years of the English language in Jamaica},
    publisher = {Kingston \& London: Institute of Jamaica \& Macmillan \& Co.},
    address = {Kingston \& London},
    year = {1961},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175191}
}
@article{Cassidy1980,
    author = {Cassidy, Frederic G.},
    title = {The place of Gullah},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {55},
    pages = {3-16},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175829}
}
@incollection{Cassidy1983,
    author = {Cassidy, Frederic G.},
    editor = {Carrington, Lawrence and others},
    title = {Sources of the African element in Gullah},
    booktitle = {Studies in Caribbean language},
    publisher = {St. Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics},
    address = {St. Augustine, Trinidad},
    pages = {75-81},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175598},
    normalizededitorstring = {Carrington, Lawrence AND al., et}
}
@article{Cassidy1986,
    author = {Cassidy, Frederic G.},
    title = {Barbadian creole - possibility and probability},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {61},
    number = {3},
    pages = {195-205},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175830}
}
@book{CassidyLePage1967,
    author = {Cassidy, Frederic G. and Le Page, R.B.},
    title = {Dictionary of Jamaican English},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {1967},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175188},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Le Page, R.B. AND Cassidy, Frederic G.}
}
@article{Cellier1982,
    author = {Cellier, Pierre},
    title = {Variation et standardisation syntaxique du cr\'eole r\'eunionnais},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {IV},
    number = {1},
    pages = {78-96},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176187}
}
@book{Cellier1985,
    author = {Cellier, Pierre},
    title = {Comparaison Syntaxique du Cr\'eole r\'eunionnais et du Fran\c{c}ais},
    publisher = {Saint-Denis: Universit\'e de la R\'eunion},
    address = {Saint-Denis},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {94627}
}
@book{Cellier1985b,
    author = {Cellier, Pierre},
    title = {Description syntaxique du cr\'eole r\'eunionnais: Essai de standardisation},
    publisher = {Aix-en-Provence: Universit\'e de Provence},
    address = {Aix-en-Provence},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175652}
}
@article{Cellier1985c,
    author = {Cellier, Pierre},
    title = {R\'esum\'e des r\`egles syntaxiques du cr\'eole r\'eunionnais},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {28},
    pages = {37-60},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175818}
}
@article{Cellier1987,
    author = {Cellier, Pierre},
    title = {\'Evolution et mutation linguistique : De la copule en fran\c{c}ais aux cr\'eoles de l'oc\'ean Indien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {10},
    number = {2},
    pages = {39-59},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175921}
}
@book{Charpentier1979,
    author = {Charpentier, Jean-Michel},
    title = {Le pidgin bislama(n) et le multilinguisme aux Nouvelles-H\'ebrides},
    publisher = {Paris: Soci\'et\'e d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France},
    address = {Paris},
    series = {Langues et Civilisations \`a Tradition Orale 35},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {98428}
}
@book{Chartrand2009,
    author = {Chartrand, Paul},
    title = {Pierriche Falcon: The Michif Rhymester},
    publisher = {Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Gabriel Dumont Institute},
    address = {Saskatoon, Saskatchewan},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176240}
}
@book{Chaudenson1974,
    author = {Chaudenson, Robert},
    title = {Le lexique du parler cr\'eole de la R\'eunion},
    publisher = {Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honor\'e Champion},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1974},
    glottolog_ref_id = {142032}
}
@article{Chaudenson1979,
    author = {Chaudenson, Robert},
    title = {A propos de la gen\`ese du cr\'eole mauricien: Le peuplement de l'Ile de France de 1721 \`a 1735},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {2},
    number = {1},
    pages = {43-57},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175656}
}
@book{Chaudenson1981,
    author = {Chaudenson, Robert},
    title = {Textes cr\'eoles anciens (la R\'eunion et Ile Maurice): Comparaison et essai d'analyse},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175634}
}
@article{Chaudenson1988,
    author = {Chaudenson, Robert},
    title = {Le dictionnaire du cr\'eole mauricien : O\`u l'on reparle (\`a noveau mais pour la derni\`ere fois!) de la gen\`ese des cr\'eoles r\'eunionnais et mauricien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {11},
    number = {2},
    pages = {73-127},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175931}
}
@article{Chaudenson1993,
    author = {Chaudenson, Robert},
    title = {De l'hypoth\`ese aux exemples. Un cas de cr\'eolisation: Selon la formation des syst\`emes de d\'emonstratifs cr\'eoles},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {17-38},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175861}
}
@book{Chaudenson2003,
    author = {Chaudenson, Robert},
    title = {La cr\'eolisation: Th\'erorie, applications, implications},
    publisher = {Paris: L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    series = {Langues et d\'eveloppement},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175090}
}
@misc{Chavacanoreadercorpus2005,
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175246},
    note = {Acknowledgement to McNeil Technologies, USA (Copyright).}
}
@article{Chaves1990,
    author = {de Chaves, Carol O'Flynn},
    title = {Tiempo, aspecto y modalidad en el criollo Sanandresano.},
    journal = {Lenguas aborigenes de Colombia, Descripciones},
    publisher = {Bogot\'a: Universidad de los Andes \& Colciencias},
    address = {Bogot\'a},
    number = {5},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176331}
}
@article{Cherepanov1853,
    author = {Cherepanov, Sergej I.},
    title = {Kjaxtinskoe kitajskoe narechie russkogo jazyka. [The Kyahta Chinese dialect of the Russian language]},
    journal = {Izvestija II otdelenja Imper-atorskoj Akademii nauk},
    volume = {II},
    number = {10},
    pages = {370-377},
    year = {1853},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176366}
}
@article{Childs1994,
    author = {Childs, G. Tucker},
    title = {Expressiveness in contact situations: The fate of African ideophones},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {9},
    number = {2},
    pages = {257-282},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {135650}
}
@incollection{Childsetal2003,
    author = {Childs, Becky and Reaser, Jeffreay and Wolfram, Walt},
    editor = {Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P.},
    title = {Defining ethnic varieties in the Bahamas: Phonological accommodation in black and white enclave communities},
    booktitle = {Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    pages = {1-28},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176292},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Childs, Becky, Jeffrey Reaser, Jeffreay AND Wolfram, Walt}
}
@incollection{ChildsWolfram2004,
    author = {Childs, Becky and Wolfram, Walt},
    editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. and Burridge, Kate and Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive},
    title = {Bahamian English: Phonology},
    booktitle = {A handbook of varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Vol. 1: Phonology.},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {435-449},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176293}
}
@misc{ChinaPunch1867-68,
    address = {Hong Kong},
    series = {The China Punch 1867-68},
    year = {1867},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175358},
    yearstring = {1867-68}
}
@incollection{Christie1986,
    author = {Christie, Pauline},
    editor = {Manfred Goerlach and Holm, John},
    title = {Evidence for an unsuspected habitual marker in Jamaican},
    booktitle = {Focus on the Caribbean},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {183-190},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176018},
    normalizededitorstring = {Goerlach, Manfred AND Holm, John}
}
@incollection{Christie1991,
    author = {Christie, Pauline},
    editor = {Edwards, Walter and Winford, Donald},
    title = {Modality in Jamaican Creole},
    booktitle = {Verb phrase patterns in Black English and creoles},
    publisher = {Detroit: Wayne State University Press},
    address = {Detroit},
    pages = {217-233},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176103}
}
@incollection{ChungTimberlake1985,
    author = {Chung, Sandra and Timberlake, Alan},
    editor = {Shopen, Timothy},
    title = {Tense, mood and aspect},
    booktitle = {Language typology and syntactic description},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    volume = {3},
    pages = {202-258},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176104},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Timberlake, Alan AND Chung, Sandra}
}
@misc{CiteKey159132,
    title = {Census in brief/ Statistics South Africa.},
    publisher = {Pretoria: Statistics South Africa},
    address = {Pretoria},
    year = {2003},
    url = {http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176476}
}
@misc{CiteKey159133,
    title = {Namibia 2001 Population and Housing Census},
    year = {2001},
    url = {http://www.npc.gov.na/census/index.htm},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176477}
}
@misc{CiteKey159134,
    publisher = {Pretoria: Statistics South Africa},
    address = {Pretoria},
    year = {2004},
    url = {http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/RSAPrimary.pdf},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176478}
}
@misc{CiteKey159138,
    url = {http://www.rsg.co.za/nuus.asp},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176482}
}
@book{ClaassenRensburg,
    author = {Claassen, G. N. and Rensburg, M. C. J. van},
    title = {Taalverskeidenheid: 'N blik op die spektrum van taalvariasie in Afrikaans},
    publisher = {Pretoria: Academia},
    address = {Pretoria},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {9703}
}
@article{Clark1970,
    author = {Clark, Ross},
    title = {In search of Beach-la-Mar: Towards a history of Pacific Pidgin English},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {22},
    pages = {3-64},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175648}
}
@article{Clements1990,
    author = {Clements, J. Clancy},
    title = {Deletion as an indicator of SVO > SOV shift},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {103-133},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175752}
}
@book{Clements1996,
    author = {Clements, J. Clancy},
    title = {The genesis of a language: The formation and development of Korlai Portuguese},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 16},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {104897}
}
@incollection{Clements2007,
    author = {Clements, J. Clancy},
    editor = {Holm, John and Patrick, Peter},
    title = {Korlai (Creole Portuguese) or N? Ling},
    booktitle = {Comparative creole syntax: Parallel outlines of 18 creole grammars},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 7},
    volume = {7},
    pages = {153-173},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175293}
}
@article{ClementsKoontz-Garboden2002,
    author = {Clements, J. Clancy and Koontz-Garboden, Andrew},
    title = {Two Indo-Portuguese creoles in contrast},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {17},
    pages = {191-236},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {174562}
}
@book{Cloarec-Heiss1969,
    author = {Cloarec-Heiss, France},
    title = {Banda-Linda de Ippy},
    publisher = {Paris: SELAF},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1969},
    glottolog_ref_id = {26867}
}
@article{Coetzee2009,
    author = {Coetzee, Anna},
    editor = {Hans den Besten and Frans Hinskens and Jerzy Koch},
    title = {Pidgin-kreoolse retensies en taalvermenging},
    booktitle = {Afrikaans. Een drieluik},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Stichting Neerlandistiek VU},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {48-71},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176483},
    normalizededitorstring = {Besten, Hans den AND Hinskens, Frans AND Koch, Jerzy}
}
@book{Coffin1869,
    author = {Coffin, Charles Carleton},
    title = {Our new way round the world},
    publisher = {Boston: Fields, Osgood \& Co.},
    address = {Boston},
    year = {1869},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175357}
}
@misc{ColadeiraSingerpc2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175562},
    note = {Coladeira Singer was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@article{Cole1953,
    author = {Cole, Desmond T.},
    title = {Fanagalo and the Bantu languages in South Africa},
    journal = {African Studies},
    volume = {12},
    pages = {1-9},
    year = {1953},
    glottolog_ref_id = {163336}
}
@article{Collins1986,
    author = {Collins, James T.},
    title = {Dialek Melayu Selangor: Tinjauan di Jugra.},
    journal = {Jurnal Persatuan Linguistik},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {74-94},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176450}
}
@book{Collins1998,
    author = {Collins, James T.},
    title = {Malay, world language: a short history. 2nd Edition.},
    publisher = {Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka},
    address = {Kuala Lumpur},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176346}
}
@book{Colot2002,
    author = {Colot, Serge},
    title = {Guide de lexicologie cr\'eole},
    publisher = {Matoury: Ibis Rouge},
    address = {Matoury},
    pages = {112},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175584},
    numberofpages = {112}
}
@unpublished{Colot2004,
    author = {Colot, Serge},
    title = {D\'ecoupage morphologique en cr\'eole},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175476},
    note = {Unpublished PhD thesis}
}
@book{Comhaire-Sylvain1979,
    author = {Comhaire-Sylvain, Suzanne},
    title = {Le Cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    publisher = {Geneva: Slatkine Reprints},
    address = {Geneva},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {469150}
}
@book{Comrie1976,
    author = {Comrie, Bernard},
    title = {Aspect},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {127981}
}
@book{Comrie1985,
    author = {Comrie, Bernard},
    title = {Tense},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {86392}
}
@incollection{Constant2007,
    author = {Constant, Magally},
    editor = {Chaudenson, Robert},
    title = {La convergence cr\'eole-fran\c{c}ais est-elle possible en Ha\"iti ?},
    booktitle = {Fran\c{c}ais et Cr\'eoles : Du partenariat \`a des didactiques adapt\'ees},
    publisher = {Paris: Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie/L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {127-149},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176200}
}
@article{Constantino1965,
    author = {Constantino, Ernesto},
    title = {The sentence patterns of twenty-six Philippine languages},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {15},
    pages = {71-124},
    year = {1965},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175589}
}
@misc{Conversationaldata,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176196},
    note = {Pamaka recordings}
}
@misc{ConversationaldataPM-NSF4,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176196},
    note = {Pamaka recordings}
}
@misc{ConversationaldataPM-NSF4b,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176196},
    note = {Pamaka recordings}
}
@misc{ConversationaldataPM17,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176196},
    note = {Pamaka recordings}
}
@misc{ConversationaldataPM17b,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176196},
    note = {Pamaka recordings}
}
@misc{ConversationaldataPM25,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176196},
    note = {Pamaka recordings}
}
@misc{ConversationaldataPM29,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176196},
    note = {Pamaka recordings}
}
@misc{ConversationaldataPM4-NSF,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176196},
    note = {Pamaka recordings}
}
@incollection{Coriolan2004,
    author = {Coriolan, Anne-Marie},
    editor = {Chaudenson, Robert and Rakotomalala, Doroth\'ee},
    title = {Ha\"iti},
    booktitle = {Situations linguistiques de la francophonie. Etat des lieux},
    publisher = {Qu\'ebec: Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF)},
    address = {Qu\'ebec},
    pages = {145-149},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176199}
}
@article{Corne1969,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Les dialectes cr\'eoles fran\c{c}ais de Maurice et des Seychelles: Esquisse de phonologie, suivie de textes},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {12},
    pages = {48-63},
    year = {1969},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175797}
}
@book{Corne1970,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Essai de grammaire du cr\'eole mauricien},
    publisher = {Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand},
    address = {Auckland},
    series = {Te Reo monographs},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {123108}
}
@article{Corne1974,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Tense, aspect and the "mysterious i" in Seychelles and Reunion Creole},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {17-18},
    pages = {53-93},
    year = {1974},
    glottolog_ref_id = {13157},
    yearstring = {1974-1975}
}
@book{Corne1977,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Seychelles Creole grammar. Elements for Indian Ocean Proto-Creole reconstruction},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {29414}
}
@article{Corne1977a,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {A note on "passives" in Indian Ocean Creole dialects},
    journal = {Journal of Creole Studies},
    volume = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {33-57},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175770}
}
@incollection{Corne1982,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Corne, Chris},
    title = {A contrastive analysis of Reunion and Isle de France Creole French: Two typologically diverse languages},
    booktitle = {Isle de France Creole: Affinities and origins},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor: Karoma},
    address = {Ann Arbor},
    pages = {7-129},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175636}
}
@article{Corne1983,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Substratal reflections: The completive aspect and the distributive numerals in Isle de France Creole},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {26},
    pages = {65-80},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175810}
}
@incollection{Corne1986,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    editor = {Corne, Chris and Pawley, Andrew},
    title = {Possessive indexing, inalienable possession, and the Mauritian Creole genitive},
    booktitle = {Le coq et le cagou: Essays on French and Pacific languages in honour of Jim Hollyman},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    publisher = {Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand},
    address = {Auckland},
    volume = {29},
    pages = {159-173},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175637}
}
@article{Corne1988,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Mauritian Creole Reflexives},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {3},
    number = {1},
    pages = {69-94},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {150725}
}
@article{Corne1988b,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Patterns of subject-object coreference in Seychelles Creole},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {31},
    pages = {73-84},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175653}
}
@article{Corne1989,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {On French influence in the development of creole reflexive patterns},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {4},
    number = {1},
    pages = {103-116},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175650}
}
@article{Corne1989a,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Un cr\'eole \`a base lexicale fran\c{c}aise en Nouvelle-Caledonie: Le tayo ou le patois de Saint-Louis},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {12},
    number = {2},
    pages = {29-42},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175808}
}
@article{Corne1990,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Tayo pronouns: A sketch of the pronominal system of a French-lexicon Creole language of the South Pacific},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {33},
    pages = {3-24},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175809}
}
@incollection{Corne1990a,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    editor = {Tolron, Francine},
    title = {L'agencement temporel des \'ev\'enements d\'emographiques dans la cr\'eation d'une langue cr\'eole et le tayo de Saint-Louis en Nouvelle-Cal\'edonie},
    booktitle = {L'Homme et le Temps},
    publisher = {Noum\'ea: C.O.R.A.I.L.},
    address = {Noum\'ea},
    pages = {11-27},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175811}
}
@article{Corne1994,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Relativization and thematization in Tayo and the implications for creole genesis},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {9},
    number = {2},
    pages = {283-304},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175729}
}
@article{Corne1995,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {Nana k nana, nana k napa: The paratactic and hypotactic relative clauses of Reunion Creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {10},
    number = {1},
    pages = {57-76},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {109858}
}
@incollection{Corne1995a,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    editor = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {A contact-induced and vernacularized language: How Melanesian is Tayo?},
    booktitle = {From contact to creole and beyond},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    pages = {121-148},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {180219}
}
@book{Corne1999,
    author = {Corne, Chris},
    title = {From French to Creole},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175374}
}
@incollection{Corneetal1996,
    author = {Corne, Chris and Coleman, Deirdre and Curnow, Simon},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    title = {Clause reduction in asyndetic coordination in Isle de France Creole: The "serial verbs" problem},
    booktitle = {Changing meanings, changing functions. Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 2},
    pages = {129-154},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175998},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Coleman, Deirdre AND Corne, Chris AND Curnow, Simon}
}
@article{CorneNeumann1984,
    author = {Corne, Chris and Neumann, Ingrid},
    title = {Le passif en cr\'eole louisianais},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {27},
    pages = {69-87},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175909},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Neumann, Ingrid AND Corne, Chris}
}
@article{CorneStein1979,
    author = {Corne, Chris and Stein, Peter},
    title = {Pour une \'etude du cr\'eole rodriguais},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {2},
    number = {1},
    pages = {58-84},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175903}
}
@incollection{CR1707,
    author = {CR},
    editor = {van den Berg, Margot},
    title = {Court records of 1707},
    booktitle = {Mi no sal tron tongo. Early Sranan in Court records, 1667-1767},
    address = {Nijmegen},
    year = {1707},
    url = {http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176221},
    note = {MA thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. downloadable from http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm (still accessible March 2010)}
}
@misc{CR1745,
    editor = {van den Berg, Margot},
    title = {Court records of 1745},
    booktitle = {Mi no sal tron tongo. Early Sranan in Court records, 1667-1767},
    address = {Nigmegen},
    year = {1745},
    url = {http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176207},
    note = {MA thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. downloadable from http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm (still accessible March 2010)}
}
@misc{CR1757,
    editor = {van den Berg, Margot},
    title = {Court records of 1757},
    booktitle = {Mi no sal tron tongo. Early Sranan in Court records, 1667-1767},
    address = {Nijmegen},
    year = {1757},
    url = {http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176208},
    note = {MA thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. downloadable from http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm (still accessible March 2010)}
}
@incollection{CR1760,
    author = {CR},
    editor = {van den Berg, Margot},
    title = {Court records of 1760},
    booktitle = {Mi no sal tron tongo. Early Sranan in Court records, 1667-1767},
    address = {Nijmegen},
    year = {1760},
    url = {http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176231},
    note = {MA thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. downloadable from http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm (still accessible March 2010)}
}
@incollection{CR1761,
    author = {CR},
    editor = {van den Berg, Margot},
    title = {Court records of 1761},
    booktitle = {Mi no sal tron tongo. Early Sranan in Court records, 1667-1767},
    address = {Nijmegen},
    year = {1761},
    url = {http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176222},
    note = {MA thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. downloadable from http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm (still accessible March 2010)}
}
@book{CreusBrunat1992,
    author = {Creus, Jacint and Brunat, Ma. Antonia},
    title = {Bibi patu xi na lega pa telif},
    booktitle = {Cuentos Annoboneses de Guinea Ecuatorial},
    publisher = {Malabo: Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano},
    address = {Malabo},
    pages = {163},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175172},
    note = {(Note: The examples are not published. They are part of rewritten stories by one of my informants. These stories were originally gathered and published by these autors. But as the texts were far from being a 'normal' Fa d'Amb\^o and the stories very funny I asked my informants to rewrite them in a daily Fa d'Amb\^o using the writing we agreed on.)},
    numberofpages = {163}
}
@book{Crowley1966,
    author = {Daniel J. Crowley},
    title = {I could talk old-story good: creativity in Bahamian folklore.},
    publisher = {Berkeley: University of California Press},
    address = {Berkeley},
    year = {1966},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176159},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Crowley, Daniel J.}
}
@book{Crowley1987,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    title = {Grama blong Bislama},
    publisher = {Suva: University of the South Pacific},
    address = {Suva},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175661}
}
@article{Crowley1987a,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    title = {Serial verbs in Paamese},
    journal = {Studies in Language},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {35-84},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {184346}
}
@article{Crowley1989,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    title = {Say, C'est and subordinate constructions in Melanesian Pidgin},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {4},
    number = {2},
    pages = {185-210},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {153892}
}
@book{Crowley1990,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    title = {Beach-la-mar to Bislama: The emergence of a national language in Vanuatu},
    publisher = {Oxford: Clarendon Press},
    address = {Oxford},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175320}
}
@article{Crowley1991,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    title = {Varieties of Melanesian Pidgin: Separate identities versus European stereotypes},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics in Melanesia},
    volume = {22},
    pages = {51-65},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175791}
}
@article{Crowley1993,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    title = {Pere Pionnier and late nineteenth-century Bislama},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {8},
    number = {2},
    pages = {207-226},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175725}
}
@book{Crowley1995,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    title = {A new Bislama dictionary},
    publisher = {Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies \& Pacific Languages Unit (University of the South Pacific)},
    address = {Suva, Fiji},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {24607}
}
@incollection{Crowley2000,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    editor = {Siegel, Jeff},
    title = {"Predicate marking" in Bislama},
    booktitle = {Processes of language contact : Studies from Australia and the South Pacific},
    publisher = {Saint-Laurent: Fides},
    address = {Saint-Laurent},
    pages = {47-74},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {181221}
}
@book{Crowley2002,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    title = {Serial verbs in Oceanic : A descriptive typology},
    publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
    address = {Oxford},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {50431}
}
@book{Crowley2004,
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    title = {Bislama reference grammar},
    publisher = {Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    series = {Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication, no. 31},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {80803}
}
@incollection{Cruickshank1916,
    author = {Cruikshank, J.},
    editor = {Rickford, John},
    title = {How the later negro learned his English},
    booktitle = {A festival of Guyanese words},
    publisher = {Georgetown, Guyana: University of Guyana},
    address = {Georgetown, Guyana},
    pages = {275},
    year = {1916},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175311},
    numberofpages = {275}
}
@book{Crum1940,
    author = {Crum, Mason},
    title = {Gullah: Negro life in the Carolina Sea Islands},
    publisher = {Durham, NC: Duke University Press},
    address = {Durham, NC},
    year = {1940},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175180}
}
@phdthesis{Cunningham1970,
    author = {Cunningham, Irma Aloyce Ewing},
    booktitle = {A syntactic analysis of Sea Island Creole ("Gullah")},
    school = {University of Michigan},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor: University of Michigan},
    address = {Ann Arbor},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175599},
    note = {PhD dissertation}
}
@book{Cunningham1992,
    author = {Cunningham, Irma Aloyce Ewing},
    title = {A syntactic analyis of Sea Island Creole},
    publisher = {Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press},
    address = {Tuscaloosa},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175178}
}
@article{Cyrille2000,
    author = {Cyrille, Odile Elzire},
    title = {Minimalisme et interrogation totale en cr\'eole guadeloup\'een},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {23},
    number = {1},
    pages = {73-87},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175960}
}
@article{Daeleman1972,
    author = {Daeleman, Jan},
    title = {Kongo elements in Saramacca Tongo},
    journal = {Journal of African Languages},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-44},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175736}
}
@book{Dahl1985,
    author = {Dahl, \"Osten},
    title = {Tense and aspect systems},
    publisher = {Oxford: Blackwell},
    address = {Oxford},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176311}
}
@book{Dalgado1900,
    author = {Dalgado, Sebasti{\~o} Rodolfo},
    title = {Dialecto indo-portug\^es de Ceyl\~ao},
    publisher = {Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional},
    address = {Lisbon},
    year = {1900},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175434},
    note = {Reissued 1998 with an introduction by Ian Smith, Lisbon:Comiss\~ao Nacional para as Comemora\c{c}\~oes dos Descobrimentos Portugu\^eses. Page references are to this version.}
}
@book{Damoiseau1985,
    author = {Damoiseau, Robert},
    title = {Etudes de syntaxe compar\'ee: cr\'eole ha\"itien - cr\'eole martiniquais},
    publisher = {Port-au-Prince: Universit\'e d'Etat d'Ha \"iti, Centre de linguistique appliqu\'ee},
    address = {Port-au-Prince},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175065}
}
@article{Damoiseau1985b,
    author = {Damoiseau, Robert},
    title = {Quelques remarques \`a propos de l'aspect et de la valeur signifi\'ee du pr\'edicat en cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {144-160},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175915}
}
@article{Damoiseau1987,
    author = {Damoiseau, Robert},
    title = {Situation de communication et fonctionnement de la langue en cr\'eole ha\"itien. Approches sur une analyse},
    journal = {\'Etudes Creoles},
    volume = {10},
    number = {2},
    pages = {90-106},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175925}
}
@article{Damoiseau1988,
    author = {Damoiseau, Robert},
    title = {El\'ements pour une classification des verbaux en cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {41-64},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175824}
}
@article{Damoiseau1990,
    author = {Damoiseau, Robert},
    title = {Aspect et temps en cr\'eole ha\"itien et en fran\c{c}ais: Probl\`emes pedagogiques},
    journal = {Espace Cr\'eole},
    volume = {7},
    pages = {65-97},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175929}
}
@book{Damoiseau1999,
    author = {Damoiseau, Robert},
    title = {El\'ements de grammaire compar\'ee fran\c{c}ais-cr\'eole},
    publisher = {Petit-Bourg: Ibis Rouge},
    address = {Petit-Bourg},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175583}
}
@article{DamoiseauSaint-Louis1986,
    author = {Damoiseau, Robert and Saint-Louis, G\'erald},
    title = {Les verbo-adjectivaux en cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    journal = {Mod\`eles Linguistiques},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {103-175},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175926}
}
@book{Danielsetal2001,
    author = {Daniels, Cherry and Farrell, Hazel and Roberts, Marianne and Huddlestone, Anne and Peter, Andy and Gibbs, Michelle},
    title = {Bush medisin langa Ropa},
    publisher = {Ngukurr (Roper River): Ngukurr Language centre, Diwurruwurru-Jaru Aboriginal Corporation},
    address = {Ngukurr (Roper River)},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175487},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Farrell, Hazel AND Daniels, Cherry AND Peter, Andy AND Huddlestone, Anne AND Gibbs, Michelle AND Roberts, Marianne}
}
@misc{DaPidginCoup1999,
    author = {Da Pidgin Coup},
    title = {Pidgin and Education. A position paper},
    year = {1999},
    url = {http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/pidgin.html},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175547},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Coup, Da Pidgin},
    note = {Available at <http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/pidgin.html>}
}
@book{Darwentnd1905,
    author = {Darwent, Charles Ewart},
    title = {Shanghai. A handbook for travellers and residents to the chief objects of interest in and around foreign settlements and native city},
    publisher = {Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore \& Yokohama: Kelly \& Walsh},
    address = {Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore \& Yokohama},
    year = {1905},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175365},
    yearstring = {n.d [1905]}
}
@book{daSilva1987,
    author = {da Silva, Tom\'e Varela},
    title = {Na b\'oka noti. Un libru di st\'orias tradisional organizadu y prizentadu pa T. V. da Silva},
    publisher = {s.l.: Instituto Caboverdiano do Livro.},
    address = {s.l.},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175518}
}
@book{Davidson1846,
    author = {Davidson, G. F.},
    title = {Trade and travel in the Far East. Or, recollections of twenty-one years passed in Java, Singapore, Australia, and China},
    publisher = {London: Madden \& Malcolm},
    address = {London},
    pages = {272},
    year = {1846},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175363},
    numberofpages = {272}
}
@incollection{Day1987,
    author = {Day, Richard R.},
    editor = {Gilbert, Glenn G.},
    title = {Early pidginization in Hawaii},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and creole languages: Essays in memory of John E. Reinecke},
    publisher = {Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    pages = {163-176},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175816}
}
@incollection{DeBoseFaraclas1993,
    author = {Debose, Charles and Faraclas, Nicholas},
    editor = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    title = {An Africanist approach to the linguistic study of Black English: Getting to the African roots of the tense/aspect/modality and copula systems in Afro-American},
    booktitle = {Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties},
    publisher = {Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press},
    address = {Athens, GA},
    pages = {364-387},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175591},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Faraclas, Nicholas AND Debose, Charles}
}
@incollection{DechaineLefebvre1986,
    author = {Decha\^ine, Rose-Marie and Lefebvre, Claire},
    editor = {Lefebvre, Claire and Kaye, Jonathan},
    title = {The grammar of serial constructions},
    booktitle = {Projet Fon-Cr\'eole Ha\"itien},
    publisher = {Montr\'eal: Universit\'e du Qu\'ebec},
    address = {Montr\'eal},
    pages = {471-499},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175658},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Lefebvre, Claire AND Decha\^ine, Rose-Marie}
}
@book{deFeral1989,
    author = {F\'eral, Carole de},
    title = {Pidgin-English du Cameroun. Description linguistique et sociolinguistique},
    publisher = {Paris: Peeters/Selaf},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {106331}
}
@book{deFriedemannPatinoRosselli1983,
    author = {de Friedemann, Nina S. and Pati{\~n}o Rosselli, Carlos},
    title = {Lengua y sociedad en el Palenque de San Basilio},
    publisher = {Bogot\'a: Instituto Caro y Cuervo},
    address = {Bogot\'a},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175708},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Pati\~no Rosselli, Carlos AND de Friedemann, Nina S.}
}
@book{DeGraff1992,
    author = {DeGraff, Michel},
    title = {Haitian null subject revisited},
    publisher = {Montr\'eal: University of Qu\'ebec},
    address = {Montr\'eal},
    series = {Travaux de recherche sur le cr\'eole ha\"itien 11},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175802}
}
@article{DeGraff1993,
    author = {DeGraff, Michel},
    title = {A riddle on negation in Haitian},
    journal = {Probus},
    volume = {5},
    number = {1-2},
    pages = {63-93},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175056}
}
@incollection{DeGraff1993b,
    author = {DeGraff, Michel},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Holm, John},
    title = {Is Haitian Creole a pro-drop language?},
    booktitle = {The Atlantic meets the Pacific: A global view of pidginization and creolization},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {71-90},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175803}
}
@incollection{DeGraff1995,
    author = {DeGraff, Michel},
    editor = {Manfredi, Victor and Reynolds, Karl},
    title = {Predicate-movement, quantification, events and properties},
    booktitle = {Niger-Congo syntax and semantics},
    publisher = {Boston University: African Studies Center},
    address = {Boston},
    volume = {6},
    pages = {69-82},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175052}
}
@article{DeGraff1999,
    author = {DeGraff, Michel},
    title = {Empirical quicksand: Probing two recent articles on Haitian Creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    pages = {1-12},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175053}
}
@incollection{DeGraff2007,
    author = {DeGraff, Michel},
    editor = {Holm, John and Patrick, Peter},
    title = {Krey\`ol Ayisyen or Haitian Creole},
    booktitle = {Comparative creole syntax. Parallel outlines of 18 creole grammars},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 7},
    pages = {101-126},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175049}
}
@book{deGroot1977,
    author = {de Groot, Adrianus},
    title = {Woordregister Nederlands-Saramakkaans},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: VACO},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175577}
}
@book{Dejean1980,
    author = {Dejean, Yves},
    title = {Comment \'ecrire le cr\'eole d'Ha \"iti},
    publisher = {Outrement, Qu\'ebec: Collectif Paroles},
    address = {Outrement, Qu\'ebec},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175048}
}
@misc{Dejean1982,
    author = {Dejean, Yves},
    title = {Lecture critique de Lefebvre, Claire, et al (1982), Syntaxe de l'Ha \"itien},
    publisher = {New York, NY: Bank Street College of Education},
    address = {New York, NY},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175054},
    note = {Manuscript, 66 pages}
}
@article{Dejean1999,
    author = {Dejean, Yves},
    title = {L'Archipel nous revient: Cr\'eolistes et donn\'ees},
    journal = {Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {22},
    number = {2},
    pages = {85-114},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175050}
}
@book{DeJosselindeJong1926,
    author = {Josselin de Jong, J.P.B. de},
    title = {Het huidige Negerhollandsch (teksten en woordenlijst)},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Koninklijke Academie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Academie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam},
    volume = {26},
    number = {1},
    year = {1926},
    glottolog_ref_id = {125792}
}
@book{delaConcepcion1788-1792,
    author = {de la Concepci\'on, Juan},
    title = {Historia General de Philipinas; conquistas espirituales y temporales de estos espa\~noles dominios establecimientos, progresos y decadencias},
    publisher = {Manila: A. de la Rosa y Balagtas. Philippine National Library. [Microfilm].},
    address = {Manila},
    volume = {VII},
    year = {1788},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176301},
    yearstring = {1788-1792}
}
@misc{denBesten1978,
    author = {den Besten, Hans},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Cases of possible syntactic interference in the development of Afrikaans},
    series = {Amsterdam Creole Studies 2},
    pages = {5-56},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {162382}
}
@incollection{denBesten1986,
    author = {den Besten, Hans},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Double negation and the genesis of Afrikaans},
    booktitle = {Substrata versus universals in creole genesis},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 1},
    pages = {185-230},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {124243}
}
@article{DenBesten2008,
    author = {Den Besten, J.B.},
    title = {Negerhollandse taalkunde},
    journal = {Internationale Neerlandistiek: Tijdschrift van de Internationale Vereniging voor Neerlandistiek},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Rozenberg},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    volume = {46},
    number = {1},
    pages = {38-48},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175401}
}
@incollection{denBestenetal2003,
    author = {den Besten, Hans and Luijks, Carla and Roberge, Paul T.},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Afrikaans},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series},
    pages = {271-287},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175442},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Roberge, Paul T.den Besten, Hans, Luijks, Carla}
}
@misc{DeNyewTestament2005,
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176188}
}
@book{dEpinay1890,
    author = {d'Epinay, Adrien},
    title = {Renseignements pour servir \`a l'histoire de l'\^ile de France},
    publisher = {Port Louis: Dupuy},
    address = {Port Louis},
    year = {1890},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175901}
}
@article{Deprez1992,
    author = {D\'eprez, Viviane},
    title = {Raising constructions in Haitian Creole},
    journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory},
    volume = {10},
    pages = {191-231},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175804}
}
@article{Deprez1994,
    author = {D\'eprez, Viviane},
    title = {Haitian Creole: A pro-drop language?},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {9},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-24},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175726}
}
@article{DeprezVinet1992,
    author = {D\'eprez, Viviane and Vinet, Marie-Th\'er\`ese},
    title = {Une structure pr\'edicative sans copule},
    journal = {Revue Qu\'eb\'ecoise de Linguistique},
    volume = {22},
    pages = {10-44},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175805},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Vinet, Marie-Th\'er\`ese AND D\'eprez, Viviane}
}
@article{DeprezVinet1997,
    author = {D\'eprez, Viviane and Vinet, Marie-Th\'er\`ese},
    title = {Predicative constructions and functional categories in Haitian Creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {12},
    number = {2},
    pages = {203-136},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175862},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Vinet, Marie-Th\'er\`ese AND D\'eprez, Viviane}
}
@article{deRobillard1993,
    author = {de Robillard, Didier},
    title = {Quelques aspects du syntagme pronominal en cr\'eole mauricien ("pronoms personnels")},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {39-60},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175944}
}
@book{Desmarattes1983,
    author = {Desmarattes, Lyonel},
    title = {Mouch\'e D\'efas},
    publisher = {Port-au-Prince: Editions Cr\'eolade},
    address = {Port-au-Prince},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175068},
    note = {Copyright 1983 by Lyonel Desmarattes; Edision par\'e ak konkou Bryant C. Freeman (\'edtion pr\'epar\'ee avec le concours de Bryant C. Freeman)}
}
@book{Deuber2005,
    author = {Deuber, Dagmar},
    title = {Nigerian Pidgin in Lagos. Language contact, variation and change in an African urban setting},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {52592}
}
@book{Devonish1989,
    author = {Devonish, Hubert},
    title = {Talking in Tones: A Study of tone in Afro-European Creole Languages},
    publisher = {London: Karia Press},
    address = {London},
    pages = {143},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175313},
    numberofpages = {143}
}
@book{Devonish2002,
    author = {Devonish, Hubert},
    title = {Talking rhythm stressing tone : The role of prominence in Anglo-West African creole languages},
    publisher = {Kingston: Arawak Publications},
    address = {Kingston},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {37198}
}
@incollection{Devonish2003,
    author = {Devonish, Hubert},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication as lexical and syntactic aspect marking: The case of Guyanese Creole},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {47-60},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175309}
}
@misc{DevonishCarpenter,
    author = {Devonish, H. and Carpenter, K.},
    booktitle = {Full bilingual education in Creole language situation: The Jamaican Bilingual Primary Education Project},
    series = {Society for Caribbean Linguistics 35},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176348}
}
@book{Dieck2000,
    author = {Dieck, Marianne},
    title = {La negaci\'on en palenquero. An\'alisis sincr\'onico, estudio comparativo y consecuencias te\'oricas.},
    publisher = {Frankfurt/Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana},
    address = {Frankfurt/Madrid},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {80901}
}
@incollection{Dieck2002,
    author = {Dieck, Marianne},
    editor = {Mo{\~n}ino, Yves and Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {Distribuci\'on y escopo de la negaci\'on en palenquero},
    booktitle = {Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: Historia y lengua},
    publisher = {Berlin/New York: de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin/New York},
    pages = {149-166},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175221}
}
@article{Dier1860,
    author = {Dier, John K.},
    title = {Pigeon-English},
    journal = {Knickerbocker},
    address = {New York},
    volume = {55},
    pages = {300-303},
    year = {1860},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175361}
}
@article{Dijkhoff1983a,
    author = {Dijkhoff, Marta B.},
    title = {Base generated pronouns and resumptive pronouns in Papiamentu},
    journal = {Amsterdam Creole Studies},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Publications of the University of Amsterdam},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    volume = {5},
    pages = {25-36},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175466}
}
@incollection{Dijkhoff1983b,
    author = {Dijkhoff, Marta B.},
    editor = {Carrington, Lawrence D. and Craig, Dennis and Dandar\'e, Ramon Todd},
    title = {The process of pluralization in Papiamentu},
    booktitle = {Studies in Caribbean Language},
    publisher = {St Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics},
    address = {St Augustine, Trinidad},
    pages = {217-229},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175464},
    normalizededitorstring = {Dandar\'e, Ramon Todd}
}
@unpublished{Dijkhoff1983c,
    author = {Dijkhoff, Marta B.},
    booktitle = {Movement rules and the resumptive pronoun strategy in Papiamentu},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175465},
    note = {MA Thesis, University of Groningen}
}
@incollection{Dijkhoff1987,
    author = {Dijkhoff, Marta B.},
    editor = {Maurer, Philippe and Stolz, Thomas},
    title = {Complex and composite noun phrases in Papiamentu},
    booktitle = {Varia Creolica},
    publisher = {Bochum: Studienverlag Brockmeyer},
    address = {Bochum},
    pages = {1-10},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175467}
}
@incollection{Dijkhoff1989,
    author = {Dijkhoff, Marta B.},
    editor = {n.e.},
    title = {Pron\`ombernan mar\'a na Papiamentu},
    booktitle = {Homenahe na Ra\'ul R\"omer},
    publisher = {Willemstad, Cura\c{c}ao: Instituto Lingw\'istiko Antiano},
    address = {Willemstad, Cura\c{c}ao},
    pages = {32-38},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175468}
}
@unpublished{Dijkhoff1993,
    author = {Dijkhoff, Martha},
    title = {Papiamentu word formation: A case study of complex nouns and their relation to phrases and clauses},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {82795},
    note = {Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Amsterdam}
}
@incollection{Dijkhoffetal2006,
    author = {Dijkhoff, Marta and Krouwenberg, Silvia and Tjon Sie Fat, Paul},
    editor = {Ammon, Ulrich and Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. and Trudgill, Peter},
    title = {The Dutch-speaking Caribbean / Die niederl\"andischsprachige Karibik},
    booktitle = {Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik. An International handbook of the science of language and society},
    publisher = {Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin/New York},
    pages = {2105-2114},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176388},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Dijkhoff, Marta, Krouwenberg, Silvia AND Tjon Sie Fat, Paul},
    normalizededitorstring = {Trudgill, Peter}
}
@incollection{Diki-Kidiri1998,
    author = {Diki-Kidiri, Marcel},
    editor = {Roulon-Doko, Paulette},
    title = {Predication non processive et enonciation en Sango},
    booktitle = {Les manieres d'"etre" et les mots pour le dire dans les langues d'Afrique Centrale},
    publisher = {Munich: LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics},
    address = {Munich},
    pages = {87-110},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175080}
}
@book{Dillard1972,
    author = {Dillard, J. L.},
    title = {Black English: Its history and usage in the United States},
    publisher = {New York: Random House},
    address = {New York},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175781}
}
@misc{DOBESdatabase2007-2008,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175091},
    note = {This database was created between 2007 and 2008 by Felicity Meakins as a part of Eva Schulze-Berndt's Jaminjungan DOBES project (University of Manchester). Gurindji, Gurindji Kriol and Bilinarra texts were recorded.},
    yearstring = {2007-2008}
}
@article{doCouto1990,
    author = {do Couto, Hildo H.},
    title = {Le cr\'eole de Guin\'ee-Bissau et ses relations avec le portugais et les langues nationales},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {13},
    number = {1},
    pages = {35-44},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175934}
}
@article{doCouto1994,
    author = {do Couto, Hildo Hon\'orio},
    title = {As part\'iculas exclusivas no crioulo guineense},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {34-42},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {159473}
}
@article{doCoutoGarciadaSilva2001,
    author = {do Couto, Hildo Hon\'orio and Garc\'ia da Silva, Denize Elena},
    title = {Repeti\c{c}\~ao e reduplica\c{c}\~ao em l\'ingua franca},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {11},
    pages = {18-26},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176090},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Garc\'ia da Silva, Denize Elena AND do Couto, Hildo Hon\'orio}
}
@book{Dolphin1996,
    author = {Dolphin, Lynette de W.},
    title = {One hundred folk songs of Guyana},
    publisher = {Georgetown: Ministry of Education and Cultural Development},
    address = {Georgetown},
    pages = {124},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175310},
    numberofpages = {124}
}
@book{Donaldson1993,
    author = {Donaldson, Burce C.},
    title = {A Grammar of Afrikaans},
    publisher = {Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin/New York},
    series = {Mouton Grammar Library 8},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {68428}
}
@book{DoneuxRouge1988,
    author = {Doneux, Jean-L\'eonce and Roug\'e, Jean-Louis},
    title = {En apprenant le cr\'eole \`a Bissau et \`a Ziguinchor},
    publisher = {Paris: L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {58146}
}
@book{Donicie1956,
    author = {Donicie, A.},
    title = {De creolentaal van Suriname},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: Radhakishun},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {1956},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175413},
    note = {2nd edn.}
}
@unpublished{Donnellynd,
    author = {Donnelly, Janet},
    title = {Adjectives as stative, process and causative verbs in Bahamian Creole English},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176162},
    note = {Ms. (relevant example was added manually)}
}
@book{Downing1838,
    author = {Downing, C.T.},
    title = {The Fan-Qui in China in 1836-7},
    publisher = {London: Henry Colburn},
    address = {London},
    year = {1838},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176424}
}
@book{Ducoeurjoly1802,
    author = {Ducoeurjoly, S. J},
    title = {Manuel des habitans de Saint-Domingue},
    publisher = {Paris: Lenoir},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1802},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176286},
    yearstring = {[1802]1980}
}
@incollection{Dumais1994,
    author = {Dumais, Danielle},
    editor = {Lefebvre, Claire and Lumsden, John S.},
    title = {Les classes aspectuelles des verbes en cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    booktitle = {Research report 1993-1994: L'organisation des lexiques et des entr\'ees lexicales},
    publisher = {Montr\'eal: University of Qu\'ebec},
    address = {Montr\'eal},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {1-308},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175850}
}
@article{Duncan,
    author = {Duncan, Patrick},
    title = {Origin of Fanagalo},
    journal = {African Studies},
    volume = {12},
    pages = {45},
    year = {1954},
    glottolog_ref_id = {103844},
    note = {correspondence to editor},
    numberofpages = {45}
}
@mastersthesis{Durand1930,
    author = {Durand, Sidney Joseph},
    booktitle = {A phonetic study of the creole dialect.},
    school = {Louisiana State University},
    publisher = {Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University},
    address = {Baton Rouge},
    year = {1930},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176163},
    note = {Master's thesis}
}
@book{Durrleman-Tame2008,
    author = {Durrleman-Tame, Stephanie},
    title = {The syntax of Jamaican Creole : A cartographic perspective},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {72727}
}
@book{DuttonThomas1985,
    author = {Dutton, Tom and Thomas, Dicks},
    title = {A new course in Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin)},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics D-67},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {76531}
}
@book{Dwyer1966,
    author = {Dwyer, David},
    title = {An introduction to West African Pidgin English},
    publisher = {Michigan State University, African Studies Center},
    year = {1966},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175331}
}
@incollection{Early2000,
    author = {Early, Robert},
    editor = {Palmer, Bill and Geraghty, Paul},
    title = {Sit, stand, lie: Posture verbs and imperfectives},
    booktitle = {SICOL: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics:},
    publisher = {Canberra: Pacific Linguistics},
    address = {Canberra},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {81-103},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176304}
}
@book{Eberstark1955,
    author = {Eberstark, Hans},
    title = {\"Uber das Sranan: Die Kreolensprache Holl\"andisch-Guyanas. Eine Sprachanalyse auf Grund gegebener Texte},
    publisher = {Vienna: University of Vienna},
    address = {Vienna},
    year = {1955},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175744},
    note = {dissertation}
}
@incollection{Ebert1991,
    author = {Ebert, Karen},
    editor = {Bisang, Walter and Rinderknecht, Peter},
    title = {Vom verbum dicendi zur Konjunktion - Ein Kapitel universaler Grammatikentwicklung},
    booktitle = {Von Europa bis Ozeanien - von der Antonymie zum Relativsatz: Gedenkschrift f\"ur Meinhard Scheller},
    publisher = {Z\"urich: Seminar f\"ur Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Z\"urich},
    pages = {77-94},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {57353}
}
@incollection{Edwards1974,
    author = {Edwards, Jay},
    editor = {Decamp, David and Hancock, Ian F.},
    title = {African influences on the English of San Andr\'es Island, Colombia},
    booktitle = {Pidgins and creoles: Current trends and prospects},
    publisher = {Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press},
    address = {Washington, DC},
    pages = {1-26},
    year = {1974},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175746}
}
@article{Edwards1980,
    author = {Edwards, Walter F.},
    title = {Varieties of English in Guyana},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {18},
    pages = {289-309},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176020}
}
@article{Edwards1983,
    author = {Edwards, Walter F.},
    title = {Code selection and shifting in Guyana},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    volume = {12},
    number = {3},
    pages = {295-311},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {57005}
}
@incollection{Edwards1991,
    author = {Edwards, Walter F.},
    editor = {Edwards, Walter and Winford, Donald},
    title = {A comparative description of Guyanese creole and Black English preverbal aspect marker don},
    booktitle = {Verb phrase patterns in Black English and Creole},
    publisher = {Detroit: Wayne State University Press},
    address = {Detroit},
    pages = {240-255},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176022}
}
@book{Edwards1997,
    author = {Edwards, Esther},
    title = {Caribbean Cultural Poems and Parlance in Vincentian Dialect.},
    publisher = {New York: Esther's Cultural Productions.},
    address = {New York},
    volume = {Vol. 1: Vincentian Life.},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176166}
}
@article{Eersel1971,
    author = {Eersel, Christian},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell},
    title = {Varieties of creole in Suriname: Prestige in choice of language and linguistic form.},
    booktitle = {Pidginization and Creolization of Languages},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {317-322},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176495}
}
@article{Ehrhart1992,
    author = {Ehrhart, Sabine},
    title = {The development of the preverbal markers in St-Louis Creole: The formation of a TMA system?},
    journal = {Language Sciences},
    volume = {14},
    number = {3},
    pages = {233-247},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175813}
}
@book{Ehrhart1993,
    author = {Ehrhart, Sabine},
    title = {Le cr\'eole fran\c{c}ais de St-Louis (le tayo) en Nouvelle-Cal\'edonie},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Helmut Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    series = {Kreolische Bibliothek},
    volume = {10},
    pages = {278},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {89430},
    numberofpages = {278}
}
@incollection{EhrhartCorne,
    author = {Ehrhart-Kneher, Sabine and Corne, Chris},
    editor = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter and Wurm, Stephen and Tryon, Darrell},
    title = {The creole language Tayo and language contact in the "Far South" region of New Caledonia},
    booktitle = {Atlas of languages for intercultural communication in the Pacific Region},
    publisher = {Berlin/ New York: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin/ New York},
    pages = {265-270},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175812}
}
@book{Elder1999,
    author = {Elder, Chris},
    title = {China's Treaty Ports.},
    publisher = {Hong Kong: Oxford University Press},
    address = {Hong Kong},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176360}
}
@misc{Elvira2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175565},
    note = {Elvira was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@book{EmersonTennent1859,
    author = {Emerson Tennent, James},
    title = {Ceylon: An Account of the Island Physical, Historical and Topographical. Vol. 2},
    publisher = {London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts.},
    address = {London},
    year = {1859},
    glottolog_ref_id = {59874}
}
@misc{English1986,
    author = {English, Leo James},
    booktitle = {Tagalog-English Dictionary},
    publisher = {Manila: National Book Store},
    address = {Manila},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176431}
}
@book{Escalante2005,
    author = {Escalante, Enrique},
    title = {Chabacano... for everyone. A guide to the Chabacano Language},
    publisher = {Manila: Baby Dragon Printing Press},
    address = {Manila},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175094}
}
@book{Escure1978,
    author = {Escure, Genevieve},
    title = {Vocalic change in the Belizean English-Creole continuum and markedness theory},
    booktitle = {Berkeley Linguistics Society IV},
    publisher = {Berkeley, CA: University of California Press},
    address = {Berkeley, CA},
    pages = {158-167},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176172}
}
@incollection{Escure1981,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    editor = {Highfield, Arnold and Valdman, Albert},
    title = {Decreolization in a creole continuum: Belize},
    booktitle = {Historicity and variation in creole studies},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor: Karoma Press},
    address = {Ann Arbor},
    pages = {27-49},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176173}
}
@incollection{Escure1983a,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    editor = {Holm, John},
    title = {Belizean Creole},
    booktitle = {Central American English},
    publisher = {Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag},
    address = {Heidelberg},
    pages = {29-70},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175036}
}
@incollection{Escure1983b,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    editor = {Carrington, Lawrence D. and Craig, Dennis and Dandar\'e, Raymond Todd},
    title = {The Belizean copula: A case of semantactic shift},
    booktitle = {Studies in Caribbean language},
    publisher = {St. Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics},
    address = {St. Augustine, Trinidad},
    pages = {190-202},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175686},
    normalizededitorstring = {Dandar\'e, Raymond Todd}
}
@incollection{Escure1991a,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Huebner, Thom},
    title = {Serialization in creole oral discourse},
    booktitle = {Development and structures of creole languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    volume = {9},
    pages = {179-192},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175042}
}
@article{Escure1991b,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    title = {De l'usage du cr\'eole par les Mayas et les Afro-Indiens au B\'elize (Am\'erique Centrale)},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    pages = {112-127},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175941}
}
@incollection{Escure1991c,
    author = {Genevi\`eve Escure},
    editor = {Cheshire, Jenny},
    title = {Gender roles and linguistic variation in the Belizean Creole community},
    booktitle = {English around the world : Sociolinguistic perspectives},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge Universty Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {595-608},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176171},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Escure, Genevi\`eve}
}
@incollection{Escure1993a,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Winford, Donald},
    title = {Focus, topic particles and discourse markers in the Belizean Creole continuum},
    booktitle = {Focus and grammatical relations},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    volume = {12},
    pages = {233-48},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175039}
}
@incollection{Escure1993b,
    author = {Genevi\`eve Escure},
    editor = {Hall, Kira and Bucholz, Mary and Moonwoman, Birch},
    title = {Gender and linguistic change in the Belizean Creole community},
    booktitle = {Locating Power: Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference},
    publisher = {Berkeley: University of California Press},
    address = {Berkeley},
    series = {Hall, Kira, Bucholz, Mary \& Moonwoman, Birch},
    volume = {I},
    pages = {118-131},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176170},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Escure, Genevi\`eve}
}
@book{Escure1997,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    title = {Creole and dialect continua},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {18},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175037}
}
@article{Escure1999,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    title = {The pragmatization of past in creoles},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {74},
    number = {2},
    pages = {165-200},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175038}
}
@article{Escure1999b,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    title = {Pass\'e et grammaire \'emergente dans un cr\'eole anglais (Belize)},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {22},
    number = {1},
    pages = {97-107},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175957}
}
@incollection{Escure2001,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    editor = {Hellinger, Marlis and Bussman, Hadumod},
    title = {Belizean Creole: Gender, creole, and the role of women in language change Gender Across Languages: The linguistic representation of women and men, Marlis Hellinger \& Hadumod Bussman},
    booktitle = {Gender across languages: The linguistic representation of women and men.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    volume = {I},
    pages = {53-84},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176174}
}
@incollection{Escure2004,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. and Burridge, Kate and Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive},
    title = {Belize and other central American varieties: Morphology and syntax},
    booktitle = {A handbook of varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Vol. 2: Morphology and syntax},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {517-544},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175040}
}
@article{Essegbey2004,
    author = {Essegbey, James},
    title = {Auxiliaries in serialising languages: On come and go verbs in Sranan and Ewe},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {114},
    number = {4},
    pages = {473-494},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176153}
}
@article{Essegbey2005,
    author = {Essegbey, James},
    title = {The "basic locative construction" in Gbe languages and Surinamese creoles},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {20},
    number = {2},
    pages = {229-249},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {81572}
}
@incollection{EssegbeyBruyn2012,
    author = {Essegbey, James and Bruyn, Adrienne},
    editor = {Cuyckens, Hubert and De Mulder, Walter and Mortelmans, Tanja and Goyens, Mich\`ele},
    title = {Moving into and out of Sranan: Multiple effects of contact},
    booktitle = {Variation and change in adpositions of movement},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Studies in Language Companion Series},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176226},
    normalizededitorstring = {Goyens, Mich\`ele},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@misc{EugeniaPereira2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175569},
    note = {Fieldwork with speaker Eugenia Pereira.}
}
@misc{Extra,
    series = {Extra: E korant di Pueblo Boneriano},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175504},
    note = {On-line newspaper, largely written in Papiamentu}
}
@misc{ExtraBonaire,
    volume = {2012-03-08},
    number = {2012-03-08},
    year = {2012},
    url = {http://www.extrabon.com/edishon/},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176489},
    note = {Online Newspaper}
}
@book{Faber1916,
    author = {Faber, Kurt},
    title = {Unter Eskimos und Walfischf\"angern: Eismeerfahrten eines jungen Deutschen},
    publisher = {Stuttgart: Robert Lutz},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    year = {1916},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175158}
}
@misc{Facebook2012,
    author = {Niun Berguensa Pa Dios!},
    title = {Pusha bai dilanti pa yega na e meta},
    year = {2012},
    url = {http://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=10150530614861184&id=343595676183},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176490},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Dios!, Niun Berguensa Pa}
}
@inbook{Fadeev1982,
    author = {Fadeev, Alexander A.},
    booktitle = {Poslednij iz Udege (The Last of the Udihe)},
    publisher = {Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura},
    address = {Moscow},
    series = {Sobranie sochineniy v trex tomax (Collected works in three volumes)},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1956},
    url = {http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/F/FADEEV_Aleksandr_Aleksandrovich/Posledniy_iz_udege.[txt].zip},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175594},
    note = {Roman},
    yearstring = {[1956] 1982}
}
@article{Faraclas1988,
    author = {Faraclas, Nicholas},
    title = {Nigerian Pidgin and the languages of Southern Nigeria},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {177-197},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {150884}
}
@book{Faraclas1989,
    author = {Faraclas, Nicholas},
    title = {A grammar of Nigerian Pidgin},
    publisher = {Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley},
    address = {Berkeley, CA},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {150883},
    note = {dissertation}
}
@incollection{Faraclas1990,
    author = {Faraclas, Nicholas},
    editor = {Verhaar, J. W. M.},
    title = {From Old Guinea to Papua New Guinea: A comparative study of Nigerian Pidgin and Tok Pisin},
    booktitle = {Melanesian Pidgin and Tok Pisin},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {91-169},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {134758}
}
@book{Faraclas1996,
    author = {Faraclas, Nicholas},
    title = {Nigerian Pidgin},
    publisher = {London/New York: Routledge},
    address = {London/New York},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {22575}
}
@article{Faraclas2005,
    author = {Faraclas, Nicholas},
    title = {Relationalit\'e: Un trait d'organisation grammaticale. Contacts entre le Tok Pisin et langues m\'elan\'esiennes},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {28},
    number = {1},
    pages = {147-174},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175898}
}
@incollection{Faraclasetal2007,
    author = {Faraclas, Nicholas and Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda and Walicek, Don E.},
    editor = {Huber, Magnus and Velupillai, Viveka},
    title = {No exception to the rule. The tense-modality-aspect system of Papiamentu reconsidered},
    booktitle = {Synchronic and diachronic perspectives on contact languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {32},
    pages = {257-278},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175502},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Faraclas, Nicholas, Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda AND Walicek, Don E.}
}
@book{Fasold1972,
    author = {Fasold, Ralph},
    title = {Tense marking in Black English: A linguistic and social analysis},
    publisher = {Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics},
    address = {Washington, DC},
    series = {Urban Language Series 8},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175592}
}
@article{Fattier-Thomas1984,
    author = {Fattier-Thomas, Dominique},
    title = {De la vari\'et\'e r\`ek \`a la vari\'et\'e swa. Pratiques vivantes de la langue en Ha\"iti},
    journal = {Conjonction (Revue franco-ha\"itienne)},
    volume = {161-162},
    pages = {39-51},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176202}
}
@article{Fattier1991,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    title = {Le corps humain: Focus sur un extrait de l'ALEH (cartes ? 190 \`a 320)},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {14},
    number = {1},
    pages = {44-70},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175939}
}
@incollection{Fattier1994,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    editor = {V\'eronique, Daniel},
    title = {Un fragment de cr\'eole colonial : Le manuel des habitants de Saint-Domingue de S. J. Ducoeurjoly, 1802. R\'eflexions sur l'apprentissage et sur la cr\'eolisation},
    booktitle = {Cr\'eolisation et acquisition des langues},
    publisher = {Marseille: Publications de l'Universit \'e de Provence},
    address = {Marseille},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176296}
}
@incollection{Fattier1995a,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    editor = {Fattier, Dominique and Gadet, Fran\c{c}oise},
    title = {Une si proche \'etrang\`ere (quelques remarques \`a propos de la gen\`ese du sous-syst\`eme des pronoms personnels du cr\'eole d'Ha\"iti)},
    booktitle = {Situations du fran\c{c}ais},
    journal = {LINX},
    volume = {33},
    pages = {135-153},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175066}
}
@incollection{Fattier1995b,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    editor = {d'Ans, Andr\'e-Marcel},
    title = {Une offre de discours politique en cr\'eole ha\"itien : La premi\`ere annexe de Konb\`elann de Georges Castera Fils},
    booktitle = {Langage et politique. Les mots de la d\'emocratie dans les pays du Sud de l'espace francophone},
    publisher = {Paris: CIRELFA-ACCT},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {181-214},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175071},
    note = {Langues et D\'eveloppement. Collection CIRELFA dirig\'ee par Robert Chaudenson.}
}
@incollection{Fattier1996a,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    editor = {V\'eronique, Daniel},
    title = {Regards sur les pronoms personnels de l'ha\"itien (dans une perspective comparative)},
    booktitle = {Mat\'eriaux pour l'\'etude des classes grammaticales dans les langues cr\'eoles},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    publisher = {Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l'Universit \'e de Provence},
    address = {Aix-en-Provence},
    pages = {213-242},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {179716}
}
@article{Fattier1996b,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    title = {"La passion de notre seigneur selon St. Jean en langage n\`egre": Une scripta cr\'eole?},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {19},
    number = {2},
    pages = {9-30},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175954}
}
@phdthesis{Fattier1998,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    booktitle = {Contribution \`a l'\'etude de la gen\`ese d'un cr\'eole: l'Atlas linguistique d'Ha\"iti, cartes et commentaires, 6 vol.},
    school = {Presses Universitaires du Septentrion},
    publisher = {Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion},
    address = {Villeneuve d'Ascq},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175046},
    note = {Ph.D. Dissertation, Universit\'e de Provence}
}
@incollection{Fattier1999,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Bruyn, Adrienne},
    title = {Cr\'eolisation et changement linguistique: A propos des "pronoms personnels" (de l'antillais ancien \`a l'ha\"itien)},
    booktitle = {St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles: The texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in perspective},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 4},
    pages = {255-270},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176006}
}
@article{Fattier2000,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    title = {La gen\`ese de la d\'etermination postnominale en cr\'eole ha\"itien : l'Empreinte africaine},
    journal = {L'Information Grammaticale},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {85},
    pages = {39-46},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175070}
}
@book{Fattier2001,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    title = {Le cr\'eole ha\"itien de poche},
    publisher = {Paris: Assimil},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175060}
}
@incollection{Fattier2002,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    editor = {Bavoux, Claudine and de Robillard, Didier},
    title = {Lexique : Approche synchronique \`a propos de l'ha \"itien},
    booktitle = {Linguistique et cr\'eolistique. Univers cr\'eoles},
    publisher = {Paris: Editions Economica-Anthropos},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {111-128},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175063}
}
@article{Fattier2003,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    title = {Grammaticalisations en cr\'eole ha\"itien: Morceaux choisis},
    journal = {Creolica},
    year = {2003},
    url = {http://www.creolica.net/article.php3?id_article=19},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176009}
}
@article{Fattier2005,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    title = {Remarques sur l'interrogation en cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    journal = {La Linguistique},
    volume = {41},
    number = {1},
    pages = {41-55},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175064}
}
@incollection{Fattier2006a,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    editor = {Chaulet-Achour, Christiane},
    title = {Facteurs crois\'es de la disparition de la cat\'egorie du genre dans les cr\'eoles fran\c{c}ais : Quelques hypoth\`eses},
    booktitle = {Fronti\`eres des genres},
    publisher = {Editions Le Manuscrit},
    pages = {125-137},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175051}
}
@article{Fattier2006b,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    title = {Lin\'eaments d'une synth\`ese contrastive \`a propos du couple cr\'eole ha\"itien-fran\c{c}ais \`a l'intention des enseignants},
    journal = {Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {28},
    number = {1 - 2},
    pages = {137-165},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175061}
}
@article{Fattier2008,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique},
    title = {Les marquers d'inaccompli KA et AP(E) dans les cr\'eoles fran\c{c}ais de la Cara\"ibe : hypoth\`eses \`a propos d'une partition},
    journal = {RomGG},
    volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    pages = {203-211},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176134}
}
@article{FattierSores1999,
    author = {Fattier, Dominique and S\"or\'es, Anna},
    title = {L'ordre des mots en cr\'eole ha\"itien: Une introduction},
    journal = {Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {22},
    number = {2},
    pages = {48-56},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175059}
}
@article{Fauchois1986,
    author = {Fauchois, Anne},
    title = {Contenus de la fonction pr\'edicative et cat\'egories lexicales en cr\'eole seychellois},
    journal = {Cahiers du LACITO},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {99-129},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175638}
}
@book{Fauquenoy1972,
    author = {Fauquenoy, Marguerite},
    title = {Analyse structurale du cr\'eole guyanais},
    publisher = {Paris: Klincksieck},
    address = {Paris},
    series = {Coll. \'Etudes Linguistiques 13},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175305}
}
@article{Fauquenoy1990,
    author = {Fauquenoy, Marguerite},
    title = {Dimensions de la guyanit\'e ou langue et identit\'e en Guyane},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {13},
    number = {2},
    pages = {53-68},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175936}
}
@incollection{Favereyetal1976,
    author = {Faverey, Margot and Johns, Brenda and Wouk, Fay},
    editor = {Steever, Stanford and Walker, Carol and Mufwene, Salikoko},
    title = {The historical development of locative and existential copula constructions in Afro-English creole languages},
    booktitle = {Papers from the parasession on diachronic syntax},
    publisher = {Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society},
    address = {Chicago},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176044}
}
@incollection{Fayer1990,
    author = {Fayer, Joan M.},
    editor = {Singler, John V.},
    title = {Nigerian Pidgin English in Old Calabar in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {185-202},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175782}
}
@book{Fehderau1966,
    author = {Fehderau, Harold},
    title = {The origin and development of Kituba},
    publisher = {Ithaca, NY: Cornell University},
    address = {Ithaca, NY},
    year = {1966},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176057},
    note = {Ph D Dissertation, Cornell University}
}
@article{FelicorideCarvalho2003,
    author = {Felicori de Carvalho, Palmira},
    title = {As marcas aspectuais como \'indice de identidade no crioulo caboverdiano},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {13},
    pages = {15-23},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176092}
}
@misc{Fengetal1860,
    author = {Feng Xue Qing and others},
    booktitle = {Ying hua zhu jie ????},
    address = {Shanghai},
    year = {1860},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175366},
    normalizedauthorstring = {[???], et al. AND Qing, Feng Xue}
}
@book{Ferere1974,
    author = {F\'er\`ere, G\'erard Alphonse},
    title = {Haitian Creole sound-system, form-classes, texts},
    publisher = {University of Pennsylvania},
    year = {1974},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176055},
    note = {Doctoral dissertation}
}
@incollection{Ferraz1975,
    author = {Ferraz, Luis Ivens},
    editor = {Valkoff, Marius F.},
    title = {African influences in Principense creole},
    booktitle = {Miscel\^anea Luso-Africana: Collect\^ane de estudos coligidos},
    publisher = {Lisbon: Junta de Investiga\c{c}\~oes Cient\'ificas de Ultramar},
    address = {Lisbon},
    pages = {153-164},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {10834}
}
@article{Ferraz1976,
    author = {Ferraz, Luis Ivens},
    title = {The origin and development of four creoles in the Gulf of Guinea},
    journal = {African Studies},
    volume = {35},
    number = {1},
    pages = {33-38},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {131720}
}
@book{Ferraz1979,
    author = {Ferraz, Luis Ivens},
    title = {The Creole of S\~ao Tom\'e},
    publisher = {Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press},
    address = {Johannesburg},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {93131}
}
@misc{Ferraz1984,
    author = {Ferraz, Luiz Ivens},
    editor = {Sebba, Mark and Todd, Loreto},
    booktitle = {Fanakalo: A pidgin caught in a crisis},
    journal = {York papers in linguistics},
    volume = {11},
    pages = {107-116},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175669}
}
@incollection{FerrazValkhoff1975,
    author = {Ferraz, Luis Ivens and Valkhoff, Marius F.},
    editor = {Valkhoff, Marius F.},
    title = {A comparative study of S\~ao Tomense and Cabo-Verdian Creole},
    booktitle = {Miscel\^anea Luso-Africana},
    publisher = {Lisbon: Junta de Investiga\c{c}\~oes do Ultramar},
    address = {Lisbon},
    pages = {15-39},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175774},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Valkhoff, Marius F. AND Ferraz, Luis Ivens}
}
@article{Ferreira2001,
    author = {Ferreira, Lucinda},
    title = {Repeticao e reduplicacao em L\'ingua Brasileira de Sinais},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {11},
    pages = {6-17},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176089}
}
@misc{Fieldnotes2008,
    author = {Bartens, Angela},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175266}
}
@misc{FieldworkAngelo,
    author = {Angelo, Denise},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175560}
}
@misc{Fieldworkdata,
    author = {Veenstra, Tonjes},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175582}
}
@misc{FieldworkMarkHarvey,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175488},
    note = {Conducted 1996, mainly working on Ngaliwurru and Nungali}
}
@incollection{Figueroa2005,
    author = {Figueroa, Esther},
    editor = {M\"uhleisen, Susanna and Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Rude sounds: Kiss teeth and negotation of the public sphere.},
    booktitle = {Politeness and face in Caribbean Creoles.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Varieties of English around the world.},
    volume = {G34},
    pages = {73-99},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175506}
}
@misc{Figueroa2006,
    author = {Figueroa, Esther},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175295}
}
@article{Finney2002,
    author = {Finney, Malcolm A.},
    title = {Compounding and reduplication in Krio},
    journal = {Journal of West African Languages},
    volume = {29},
    number = {2},
    pages = {23-34},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {71465}
}
@article{Finney2003,
    author = {Finney, Malcolm A.},
    title = {Substratal influence on the morphosyntactic properties of Krio},
    journal = {Linguistic Discovery},
    volume = {2},
    number = {2},
    pages = {58-83},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175098}
}
@incollection{Finney2007,
    author = {Finney, Malcolm A.},
    editor = {Huber, Magnus and Velupillai, Viveka},
    title = {Universal and substrate influence on the phonotactics and syllable structure of Krio},
    booktitle = {Synchronic and diachronic perspectives on contact languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Languages Library Series},
    volume = {32},
    pages = {23-42},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175099}
}
@article{Fioux1993,
    author = {Fioux, Paule},
    title = {Pratiques linguistiques d'un public lyc\'een \`a La R\'eunion: Observation d'apres enqu\^ete pour une critique de la terminologie courante},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {2},
    pages = {84-95},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175950}
}
@incollection{Fleury2004,
    author = {Fleury, Norman},
    editor = {Barkwell, Lawrence},
    title = {Topic specific vocabulary},
    booktitle = {La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin},
    publisher = {Winnipeg: Pemmican},
    address = {Winnipeg},
    volume = {1: Language Practice},
    pages = {19-28},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176245}
}
@misc{Fleury2007,
    author = {Fleury, Norman},
    editor = {Bakker, Peter},
    booktitle = {La Pchit Sandrieuz, kii-aachimot Norman Fleury, Richmond, B.C., March 2004. Cinderella. Told by Norman Fleury, Richmond, B.C., March 2004.},
    publisher = {Aarhus/Saskatoon/Winnipeg: private publication, CD.},
    address = {Aarhus/Saskatoon/Winnipeg},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176243}
}
@misc{Fleury2008,
    author = {Fleury, Norman},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176344}
}
@book{Focke1855,
    author = {Focke, H.C.},
    title = {Neger-Engelsch woordenboek},
    publisher = {Leiden: P.H. van den Heuvell},
    address = {Leiden},
    year = {1855},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176223}
}
@article{Fodale1984,
    author = {Fodale, Peter},
    title = {Non-finite sentential complementation in Papiamentu},
    journal = {Papers in Linguistics},
    publisher = {University of Michigan},
    volume = {5},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-15},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175673}
}
@incollection{FoleyOlson1985,
    author = {Foley, William A. and Olson, Mike},
    editor = {Nichols, Johanna},
    title = {Clausehood and verb serialization},
    booktitle = {Grammar inside and outside the clause},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {17-60},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175737}
}
@incollection{Fong2004,
    author = {Fong, Vivienne},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa},
    title = {The verbal cluster},
    booktitle = {Singapore English: A grammatical description},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Varieties of English Around the World G33},
    pages = {75-104},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176258}
}
@incollection{FonSingVeronique2007,
    author = {Fon Sing, Guillaume and V\'eronique, Georges Daniel},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Fon Sing, Guillaume},
    title = {Ena et gange : A propos de la gen\`ese de l'expression de l'existence et de la possession / propriet\'e en cr\'eole mauricien},
    booktitle = {The making of Mauritian Creole},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 9},
    pages = {133-155},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175992}
}
@book{Forman1972,
    author = {Forman, Michael Lawrence},
    title = {Zamboangue\~no texts with grammatical analysis. A Study of Philippine Creole Spanish},
    publisher = {Ithaca, NY: Cornell University},
    address = {Ithaca, NY},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {162358},
    note = {PH D Dissertation, Cornell University}
}
@article{Forman1993,
    author = {Forman, Michael L.},
    title = {Verb Serialization, Word Order Typology, and Zamboangue\~no: A Comparative Approach},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    volume = {32},
    number = {1},
    pages = {163-182},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {180968}
}
@book{Fortier1895,
    author = {Fortier, Alc\'ee},
    title = {Louisiana folk-tales, in French dialect and English translation},
    publisher = {Boston: Houghton, Mifflin \& co.},
    address = {Boston},
    year = {1895},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175210}
}
@misc{Fortier1900,
    author = {Fortier, Alc\'ee},
    booktitle = {Contes louisianais en patois cr\'eole},
    journal = {Comptes-rendus de l'Ath\'en\'ee Louisianais},
    volume = {7},
    number = {1},
    pages = {142-145},
    year = {1900},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175703}
}
@article{Frajzyngier1984,
    author = {Frajzyngier, Zygmunt},
    title = {On the origin of say and se as complementizers in Black English and English-based Creoles},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {59},
    pages = {207-210},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {146433}
}
@incollection{Frake1971,
    author = {Frake, Charles},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell},
    title = {Lexical origins and semantic structure in Philippine Creole Spanish},
    booktitle = {Pidginization and creolization of languages},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {223-242},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {99376}
}
@incollection{Frake1980,
    author = {Frake, Charles O.},
    editor = {Frake, Charles O. and Dil, Anwar S.},
    title = {Zamboangue\~no verb expressions},
    booktitle = {Language and cultural description: Essays by Charles O. Frake; selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil.},
    publisher = {Stanford: Stanford University Press},
    address = {Stanford},
    pages = {277-310},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176283}
}
@incollection{Frank2007,
    author = {Frank, David},
    editor = {Huber, Magnus and Velupillai, Viveka},
    title = {Three irregular verbs in Gullah},
    booktitle = {Synchronic and diachronic perspectives on contact languages.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    pages = {159-173},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176285}
}
@book{Franken1953,
    author = {Franken, J.L.M.},
    title = {Taalhistoriese bydraes},
    publisher = {Cape Town: Balkema},
    address = {Cape Town},
    year = {1953},
    glottolog_ref_id = {93253}
}
@article{Franklin1979,
    author = {Franklin, Karl J.},
    title = {Some comparisons between Chinese Pidgin English and Melanesian Pidgin English},
    journal = {Talanya},
    volume = {6},
    pages = {40-59},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175678}
}
@book{FreemanLaguerre2002,
    author = {Freeman, Bryant and Laguerre, Jow\`el},
    title = {Haitian-English dictionary},
    publisher = {University of Kansas, Institute of Haitian Studies: La Presse Evang\'elique},
    address = {University of Kansas, Institute of Haitian Studies},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175062}
}
@article{Friedrich1974,
    author = {Friedrich, Paul},
    title = {On aspect theory and homeric aspect},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics, Memoir},
    volume = {28},
    pages = {1-44},
    year = {1974},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176119}
}
@book{FyleJones1980,
    author = {Fyle, Clifford and Jones, Eldred},
    title = {A Krio-English dictionary},
    publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
    address = {Oxford},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {40015},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Jones, Eldred AND Fyle, Clifford}
}
@book{GalmurrWillika1996,
    author = {Galmurr, Judy and Willika, Carl},
    title = {Hanting longwei},
    publisher = {Barunga: Barunga Press},
    address = {Barunga},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175553}
}
@incollection{Gerald2002,
    author = {Gerald L. Stone},
    editor = {Rajend Mesthrie},
    title = {The lexicon and sociolinguistic codes of the working-class Afrikaans-speaking Cape Peninsula coloured community},
    booktitle = {Language in South Africa},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {381-397},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {67978},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Stone, Gerald L.},
    normalizededitorstring = {Mesthrie, Rajend}
}
@misc{Gibson1982,
    author = {Gibson, Kean},
    editor = {Dissertation, University of New York},
    title = {Tense and aspect in Guyanese creole: A syntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis},
    publisher = {York: University of York},
    address = {York},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175687}
}
@article{Gibson1986,
    author = {Gibson, Kean},
    title = {The ordering of auxiliary notions in Guyanese Creole},
    journal = {Language},
    volume = {62},
    pages = {571-586},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175688}
}
@article{Gibson1988,
    author = {Gibson, Kean},
    title = {The habitual category in Guyanese and Jamaican creoles},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {63},
    number = {3},
    pages = {195-202},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176109}
}
@article{GilbertMakhudu1987,
    author = {Gilbert, Glenn G. and Makudu, Dennis},
    title = {Le continuum cr\'eole en "Afrikaans" : Une perspective non-eurocentrique},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {10},
    number = {2},
    pages = {15-24},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175920}
}
@incollection{Gilman1993,
    author = {Gilman, Charles},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Holm, John},
    title = {A Bantu model for the seychellois 'pour-dire' complementizer},
    booktitle = {Atlantic meets Pacific},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {49-55},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176011}
}
@incollection{Givon1975,
    author = {Giv\'on, Talmy},
    editor = {Li, Charles N.},
    title = {Serial verbs and syntactic change: Niger-Congo},
    booktitle = {Word order and word order change},
    publisher = {Austin: University of Texas Press},
    address = {Austin},
    pages = {47-112},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {78363}
}
@book{Glinton-Meicholas1995,
    author = {Glinton-Meicholas, Patricia},
    title = {More talkin' Bahamian},
    publisher = {Nassau: Guanima Press},
    address = {Nassau},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176158}
}
@book{Goilo1953,
    author = {Goilo, Enrique R.},
    title = {Gramatica Papiamentu},
    publisher = {Cura\c{c}ao: Hollandsche Boekhandel},
    address = {Cura\c{c}ao},
    year = {1953},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175495}
}
@book{Goilo1972,
    author = {Goilo, Enrique R.},
    title = {Papiamentu textbook},
    publisher = {Aruba: De Wit Stores},
    address = {Aruba},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175456},
    note = {4th edn.}
}
@misc{Goldmann1899,
    author = {Goldmann, Paul},
    booktitle = {Ein Sommer in China: Reisebilder},
    publisher = {Frankfurt am Main: Literarische Anstalt R\"utten \& Loening},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    year = {1899},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176425}
}
@book{GomezRendon2008,
    author = {G\'omez Rend\'on, Jorge},
    title = {Mestizaje Ling\"u\'istico en los Andes},
    publisher = {Quito: Abya Yala},
    address = {Quito},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175513}
}
@book{GomezRendon2008b,
    author = {G\'omez Rend\'on, Jorge},
    title = {Una lengua mixta en los Andes: g\'enesis y estructura de la Media Lengua.},
    publisher = {Quito: Abya Yala},
    address = {Quito},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176335}
}
@article{GoncalvesChumbutane2004,
    author = {Goncalves, Perp\'etua and Chumbutane, Feliciano},
    title = {O papel das l\'inguas bantu na g\'enese do portugues de Mocambique: O conportamento sint\'actico de constituintes locativos direccionais},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {14},
    pages = {7-30},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176096}
}
@book{Gonzales1922,
    author = {Gonzales, Ambrose E.},
    title = {The black border: Gullah stories of the Carolina Coast (with a glossary)},
    publisher = {Columbia, SC: The State Company},
    address = {Columbia, SC},
    year = {1922},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175600}
}
@book{Good1880,
    author = {Good, John Booth},
    title = {A vocabulary and outlines of grammar of the Nitlakapamuk or Thompson Tongue . . . Together with a phonetic Chinook dictionary, adapted for use in the province of British Columbia},
    publisher = {Victoria: St. Paul's Mission Press},
    address = {Victoria},
    year = {1880},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176312}
}
@article{Good2008,
    author = {Good, Jeff},
    title = {Stress, tone, and intonation in creoles and contact languages},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {23},
    number = {1},
    pages = {156-160},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176074}
}
@phdthesis{Gooden2003,
    author = {Gooden, Shelome A.},
    booktitle = {The phonology and phonetics of Jamaican Creole reduplication},
    school = {Ohio State University},
    publisher = {Columbus: Ohio State University},
    address = {Columbus},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175190},
    note = {Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State University}
}
@incollection{Gooden2003b,
    author = {Gooden, Shelome},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Jamaican Creole: Semantic functions and prosodic constraints},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {93-104},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175976}
}
@article{Gooden2008,
    author = {Gooden, Shelome},
    title = {Discourse aspects of tense marking in Belizean Creole},
    journal = {EWW},
    volume = {29},
    number = {3},
    pages = {306-346},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176133}
}
@incollection{Goodman1987,
    author = {Goodman, Morris},
    editor = {Gilbert, Glenn G.},
    title = {The Portuguese element in the American creoles},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and creole languages. Essays in memory of John E. Reinecke},
    publisher = {Honolulu: University of Hawai?i Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176040}
}
@book{Goury2003,
    author = {Goury, Laurence},
    title = {Le Ndyuka: Une langue creole du Surinam et de Guyane francaise},
    publisher = {Paris: L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {112737}
}
@book{GouryMigge2003,
    author = {Goury, Laurence and Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Grammaire du nengee: Introduction aux langues aluku, ndyuka et pamaka},
    publisher = {Paris: Editions IRD},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {142953}
}
@article{Graber1987,
    author = {Graber, Philip L.},
    title = {Thematic participants in a Kriol story},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {2},
    number = {2},
    pages = {209-227},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {66550}
}
@incollection{Grant1995,
    author = {Grant, Anthony P.},
    editor = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {Article agglutination in creole French: A wider perspective},
    booktitle = {From contact to creole and beyond},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    pages = {149-176},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176000}
}
@incollection{Grant1996,
    author = {Grant, Anthony P.},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    title = {The evolution of functional categories in Grand Ronde Chinook Jargon: Ethnolinguistic and grammatical considerations},
    booktitle = {Changing meanings, changing functions. Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 2},
    pages = {225-242},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {180234}
}
@article{Green1934,
    author = {Green, O.M.},
    title = {Pidgin-English},
    journal = {The Fortnightly Review},
    volume = {136},
    pages = {331-340},
    year = {1934},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176421}
}
@article{Green1996,
    author = {Green, Katherine},
    title = {Sobre la evoluci\'on y status de la c\'opula en criollos de base espanola y portuguesa},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {4},
    number = {2},
    pages = {56-70},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176086}
}
@book{Green2002,
    author = {Green, Lisa},
    title = {African American English: A linguistic introduction},
    publisher = {Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge, UK},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {91550}
}
@article{Gueunier1985,
    author = {Gueunier, Nicole},
    title = {Variation individuelle chez des locuteurs du sud r\'eunionnais},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {161-174},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175916}
}
@incollection{Guillemin2007,
    author = {Guillemin, Diana},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Fon Sing, Guillaume},
    title = {Definiteness and specificity in Mauritian Creole: A syntactic and semantic overview},
    booktitle = {The making of Mauritian Creole},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 9},
    pages = {63-91},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175990}
}
@book{Guiraud1973,
    author = {Guiraud, Pierre},
    title = {Le fran\c{c}ais populaire},
    publisher = {Paris: PUF},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1973},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176290}
}
@book{Gunther1973,
    author = {G\"unther, Wilfried},
    title = {Das portugiesische Kreolisch der Jlha do Pr\'incipe},
    publisher = {Marburg: Selbstverlag},
    address = {Marburg},
    series = {Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde. Serie A: Afrika-Band 2},
    year = {1973},
    glottolog_ref_id = {73419}
}
@book{Gupta1994,
    author = {Gupta, Anthea Fraser},
    title = {The Step-Tongue: Children's English in Singapore},
    publisher = {Clevedon: Multilingual Matters},
    address = {Clevedon},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176316}
}
@incollection{Gupta2006,
    author = {Gupta, Anthea Fraser},
    editor = {Hashim, Azirah and Hassan, Norizah},
    title = {Singlish on the Web},
    booktitle = {Varieties of English in Southeast Asia and beyond},
    publisher = {Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press},
    address = {Kuala Lumpur},
    pages = {19-37},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176320}
}
@misc{GurindjiKrioldatabase2003-2006,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175104},
    note = {This database was created between 2003-06 by Felicity Meakins as a part of her PhD project (Unversity of Melbourne, Supervisors: Rachel Nordlinger, Jane Simpson, Patrick McConvell and Gillian Wigglesworth). It contains Frog stories and responses to picture-match games.},
    yearstring = {2003-2006}
}
@misc{GUTPCorpus,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175105},
    note = {Corpus assembled for Geoff P. Smith 2002, Growing up with Tok Pisin. Contact, creolization, and change in Papua New Guinea's national language. London: Battlebridge.}
}
@book{Guy1974,
    author = {Guy, J. B. M.},
    title = {Handbook of Beachlamar},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics C-54},
    year = {1974},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175649}
}
@misc{Haabo2002,
    author = {Haabo, Vinije},
    booktitle = {Grammatica en fonetiek van het Saramaccaans},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176339},
    note = {Manuscript,, Wageningen}
}
@book{Hackert2004,
    author = {Hackert, Stephanie},
    title = {Urban Bahamian Creole: System and variation},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Varieties of English Around the World},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {134329}
}
@mastersthesis{Hagemeijer2000,
    author = {Hagemeijer, Tjerk},
    booktitle = {Serial verb constructions in S\~ao-Tomense},
    school = {University of Lisbon},
    publisher = {Lisbon: University of Lisbon},
    address = {Lisbon},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175106},
    note = {MA thesis}
}
@incollection{Hagemeijer2001,
    author = {Hagemeijer, Tjerk},
    editor = {Corver, Norbert and van Riemsdijk, Henk},
    title = {Underspecification in serial verb constructions},
    booktitle = {Semi-lexical categories},
    publisher = {Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin/New York},
    pages = {415-451},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175107}
}
@article{Hagemeijer2003,
    author = {Hagemeijer, Tjerk},
    title = {A nega\c{c}\~ao nos crioulos do Golfo da Guin\'e: Aspectos sincr\'onicos e diacr\'onicos},
    journal = {Revista Internacional de Ling\"uistica Iberoamericana},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {151-178},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175108}
}
@article{Hagemeijer2005,
    author = {Hagemeijer, Tjerk},
    title = {Going in the clause: ba and be in Santome},
    journal = {Journal of Portuguese Linguistics},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {71-95},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175109}
}
@book{Hagemeijer2007,
    author = {Hagemeijer, Tjerk},
    title = {Clause structure in Santome},
    publisher = {Lisbon: University of Lisbon},
    address = {Lisbon},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175110},
    note = {Doctoral dissertation}
}
@article{Hagemeijer2009,
    author = {Hagemeijer, Tjerk},
    title = {As l\'inguas de S\~ao Tom\'e e Pr\'incipe},
    journal = {Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {1-27},
    year = {2009},
    url = {http://www.umac.mo/fah/ciela/rcblpe/doc/As%20Linguas%20de%20S%20Tome%20e%20Principe.pdf},
    glottolog_ref_id = {94890}
}
@book{Hale1890,
    author = {Hale, Horatio},
    title = {An International Idiom. A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language or Chinook Jargon.},
    publisher = {London: Whittaker \& Co},
    address = {London},
    year = {1890},
    glottolog_ref_id = {124603}
}
@book{Hall1943,
    author = {Hall, Jr., Robert A.},
    title = {Melanesian Pidgin English: Grammar, texts, vocabulary},
    publisher = {Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America},
    address = {Baltimore},
    year = {1943},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175692}
}
@article{Hall1944,
    author = {Hall, Jr., Robert A.},
    title = {Chinese Pidgin English grammar and texts},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    volume = {64},
    pages = {95-113},
    year = {1944},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175360}
}
@book{Hall1953,
    author = {Hall, Jr., Robert A.},
    title = {Haitian Creole: Grammar - texts - vocabulary},
    publisher = {Baltimore: Waverly Press},
    address = {Baltimore},
    year = {1953},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175623}
}
@article{Ham1999,
    author = {Ham, William},
    title = {Tone sandhi in Saramaccan: A case of substrate transfer?},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {14},
    number = {1},
    pages = {45-91},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175877}
}
@article{Hancock1969,
    author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    title = {The Malacca Creoles and their language},
    journal = {Afrasian},
    volume = {3},
    pages = {38-45},
    year = {1969},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175842}
}
@incollection{Hancock1971,
    author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    editor = {Spencer, John W.},
    title = {West Africa and the Atlantic creoles},
    booktitle = {The English Language in West Africa},
    publisher = {London: Longman},
    address = {London},
    pages = {113-122},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {62306}
}
@article{Hancock1973,
    author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    title = {Malacca Creole Portuguese: A brief transformational account},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {16},
    pages = {23-44},
    year = {1973},
    glottolog_ref_id = {104130}
}
@article{Hancock1975,
    author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    title = {Malacca Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European?},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    volume = {17},
    number = {5},
    pages = {211-236},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176454}
}
@article{Hancock1976,
    author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    title = {Nautical sources of Krio vocabulary},
    journal = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language},
    volume = {7},
    pages = {23-36},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {135510}
}
@article{Hancock1980,
    author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    title = {Gullah and Barbadian: Origins and relationships},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {55},
    pages = {17-35},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175831}
}
@incollection{Hancock1986,
    author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Domestic hypothesis, diffusion and componentiality},
    booktitle = {Substrata versus universals in creole genesis},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 1},
    pages = {71-102},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176042}
}
@incollection{Hancock1987,
    author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    editor = {Gilbert, Glenn G.},
    title = {A preliminary classification of the Anglophone Atlantic creoles with syntactic data from thirty-three representative dialects},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and creole languages: Essays in memory of John E. Reinecke},
    publisher = {Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    pages = {264-333},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175832}
}
@article{Hancock2008,
    author = {Hancock, Ian F.},
    title = {Scots English and the English-lexifier creole relativizer we},
    journal = {English World Wide},
    volume = {29},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-14},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176132}
}
@article{Harbour2008,
    author = {Harbour, Daniel},
    title = {Klivaj predika, or predicate clefts in Haitian},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {118},
    number = {7},
    pages = {853-871},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176129}
}
@article{Harris1986,
    author = {Harris, John},
    title = {Expanding the superstrate: Habitual aspect markers in Atlantic Englishes},
    journal = {English World Wide},
    volume = {7},
    number = {2},
    pages = {171-199},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175479}
}
@article{Harrison1985,
    author = {Harrison, Shirley},
    title = {The social setting of Norfolk speech},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    volume = {6},
    number = {1},
    pages = {131-153},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175869}
}
@article{Hattiger1991,
    author = {Hattiger, Jean-Louis},
    title = {Les mauriciens de Di\'ego-Suarez},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    pages = {86-},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175940},
    numberofpages = {86}
}
@article{Hayes1878,
    author = {Hayes, A.A.},
    title = {Pidgin English},
    journal = {Scribner's Monthly},
    volume = {15},
    pages = {372-376},
    year = {1878},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175351}
}
@article{Hazael-Massieux1978,
    author = {Haza\"el-Massieux, Guy},
    title = {Approche socio-linguistique de la situation de diglossie fran\c{c}ais-cr\'eole en Guadeloupe},
    journal = {Langue Fran\c{c}aise},
    volume = {37},
    pages = {106-118},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175883}
}
@article{Hazael-Massieux1985,
    author = {Haza\"el-Massieux, Marie-Christine},
    title = {L'intonation et ses fonctions dans le discours en cr\'eole et en fran\c{c}ais r\'egional \`a la Guadeloupe},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {183-212},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175917}
}
@article{Hazael-Massieux1986,
    author = {Haza\"el-Massieux, Guy},
    title = {La cr\'eolisation est-elle un ph\'enom\`ene limit\'e dans le temps? L'expression du futur en Guadeloupe},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {9},
    number = {1},
    pages = {114-126},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175919}
}
@article{Hazael-Massieux1990,
    author = {Hazael-Massieux, Guy},
    title = {Le guyanais et les cr\'eoles atlantiques \`a base francaise},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {8},
    number = {2},
    pages = {95-112},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175306}
}
@article{Hazael-Massieux1993,
    author = {Haza\"el-Massieux, Guy},
    title = {L'expression du futur en cr\'eole mauricien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {61-75},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175509}
}
@incollection{Hazael-Massieux1999,
    author = {Haza\"el-Massieux, Guy},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Bruyn, Adrienne},
    title = {Marking specificity in Antillean Creole French},
    booktitle = {St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles. The texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in perspective},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 4},
    pages = {271-288},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {180237},
    note = {Article originally published as L'expression de la d\'etermination en cr\'eole de la Cara\"ibe in 1991. Translation by Philip Baker.}
}
@article{Hazael-Massieux2005,
    author = {Haza\"el-Massieux, Marie-Christine},
    title = {A propos de Jeannot et Th\'er\`ese : Une traduction du Devin du village en cr\'eole du XVIIIe si\`ecle ?},
    journal = {Creolica},
    year = {2005},
    url = {http://www.creolica.net/article.php3?id_article=46},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176010}
}
@book{Heilmair1992,
    author = {Heilmair, Hans-Peter},
    title = {Die Entwicklung der kapverdischen Literatur im soziokulturellen Kontext},
    publisher = {Frankfurt am Main: TFM; Domus Editoria Europaea},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176356}
}
@book{Heine1982,
    author = {Heine, Bernd},
    title = {The Nubi language of Kibera. An Arabic creole},
    publisher = {Berlin: D. Reimer Verlag.},
    address = {Berlin},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {19553},
    note = {keep}
}
@misc{Henriquez1954,
    author = {Henriquez, May},
    booktitle = {Laiza porko sushi},
    year = {1954},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176404}
}
@article{Herculano1981,
    author = {Herculano de Cavalho, Jos\'e Gon\c{c}alo},
    title = {Deux langues cr\'eoles: Le Cri\^ol du Cap Vert et le Forro de S\~ao Tom\'e},
    journal = {Biblos},
    volume = {57},
    pages = {1-16},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175775}
}
@book{Herlein1718,
    author = {Herlein, J.D.},
    title = {Beschryvinge van de volk-plantinge Zuriname},
    publisher = {Leeuwarden: Meindert Injema},
    address = {Leeuwarden},
    year = {1718},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176206},
    note = {Sranan fragment published in: Arends, Jacques \& Matthias Perl. 1995. Early Suriname Creole Texts. A collection of 18th-century Sranan and Saramaccan documents. Frankfurt/Madrid: Iberoamericana.}
}
@book{HerskovitsHerskovits1936,
    author = {Herskovits, Melville J. and Herskovits, Frances S.},
    title = {Suriname folklore},
    publisher = {New York: Columbia University Press},
    address = {New York},
    year = {1936},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175748}
}
@article{Herweg1991,
    author = {Herweg, Michael},
    title = {Perfective and imperfective aspect and the theory of events and states},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {29},
    pages = {996-1111},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176120}
}
@article{Hilaire1983,
    author = {Hilaire, Jeannot},
    title = {Pwobl\`em lengwistik peyid' Ayiti: Prestij you lang jenn pou ranfose},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {6},
    number = {2},
    pages = {47-62},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175907}
}
@book{Hilaire1988,
    author = {Hilaire, Jeannot},
    title = {Introduction au cr\'eole-haitien.},
    publisher = {Edikrey\`ol (d\'ep\^ot l\'egal :Biblioth\`eque Cantonale et Universitaire de Fribourg)},
    address = {Fribourg (Ch)},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176164}
}
@book{Hinrichs2006,
    author = {Hinrichs, Lars},
    title = {Codeswitching on the Web: English and Jamaican Creole in E-mail Communication},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Pragmatics and Beyond 147},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176347}
}
@article{Hinskens2009,
    author = {Hinskens, Frans},
    editor = {Hans den Besten and Frans Hinskens and Jerzy Koch},
    title = {Zuid-Afrika en het Afrikaans. Inleidende noties over geschiedenis, taal en letterkunde.},
    booktitle = {Afrikaans. Een drieluik},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Stichting Neerlandistiek VU},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {9-33},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176479},
    normalizededitorstring = {Besten, Hans den AND Hinskens, Frans AND Koch, Jerzy}
}
@incollection{Hodgson1998,
    author = {Hodgson, Mauren},
    editor = {Butler, Susan},
    title = {Stori ba hanting gada biliken (Kriol)},
    booktitle = {Lonely Planet Australian Phrasebook: Language Survival Kit},
    publisher = {Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications},
    address = {Victoria, Australia},
    pages = {169-197},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175486}
}
@misc{HolbrookHolbrook2002,
    author = {Holbrook, David J. and Hoolbrook, Holly A.},
    title = {Guyanese Creole survey report},
    publisher = {Dallas: SIL International},
    address = {Dallas},
    series = {SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2002-011},
    year = {2002},
    url = {http://www.sil.org/silesr/2002/011/SILESR2002-011.pdf},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176268}
}
@phdthesis{Holm1978,
    author = {Holm, John A.},
    booktitle = {The Creole English of Nicaragua's Miskito Coast: Its sociolinguistic history and a comparative study of its syntax and lexicon},
    school = {University of London},
    publisher = {London: University of London},
    address = {London},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175265},
    note = {Ph.D. dissertation, University of London}
}
@incollection{Holm1980,
    author = {Holm, John A.},
    editor = {Dillard, Joey Lee},
    title = {The creole 'copula' that highlighted the world},
    booktitle = {Perspectives on American English},
    publisher = {The Hague: Mouton},
    address = {The Hague},
    pages = {367-375},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176024}
}
@article{Holm1983,
    author = {Holm, John A.},
    title = {On the relationship of Gullah and Bahamian},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {58},
    number = {4},
    pages = {303-318},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176046}
}
@book{Holm1989,
    author = {Holm, John},
    title = {Pidgins and creoles.},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    volume = {Vol. 2 : Reference survey},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176355}
}
@article{Holm1994,
    author = {Holm, John A.},
    title = {Relative clauses in Atlantic and Non-Atlantic creoles},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {70-87},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176081}
}
@incollection{Holm1997a,
    author = {Holm, John A.},
    editor = {Schneider, Edgar W.},
    title = {Passive-like constructions in English-based and other creoles},
    booktitle = {Englishes around the world: Studies in honour of Manfred G\"orlach, Vol. 1. General studies, British Isles, North America, 2. Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Australasia},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {71-86},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176143}
}
@incollection{Holm1997b,
    author = {Holm, John A.},
    editor = {Zimmermann, Klaus},
    title = {A comparison of serial verb constructions in Cape Verdean and other creoles},
    booktitle = {Lenguas criollas de base lexical espa\~nola y portuguesa},
    publisher = {Madrid: Iberoamericana},
    address = {Madrid},
    pages = {297-319},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176144}
}
@incollection{Holm2008,
    author = {Holm, John A.},
    editor = {Stolz, Thomas and Bakker, Dirk and Salas Palomo, Rosa},
    title = {Creolization and the fate of inflections},
    booktitle = {Aspects of language contact: New theoretical, methodological and empirical findings with special focus on Romancisation processes},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {299-324},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176130},
    normalizededitorstring = {Salas Palomo, Rosa}
}
@book{Holman1834,
    author = {Holman, James},
    title = {A voyage round the world, including travels in Africa, Asia, Australasia, America, etc., etc. from 1827 to 1834},
    publisher = {London: Smith, Elder \& Co.},
    address = {London},
    year = {1834},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175359}
}
@incollection{Holmetal1999,
    author = {Holm, John A. and Romaine, Suzanne and Sato, Charlene J.},
    editor = {Rickford, John and Romaine, Suzanne},
    title = {Copula patterns in Atlantic and non-Atlantic creoles},
    booktitle = {Creole genesis, attitudes and discourse: Studies celebrating Charlene Junko Sato},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {97-119},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176142},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Holm, John A., Romaine, Suzanne AND Sato, Charlene J.}
}
@incollection{Holmetal2000,
    author = {Holm, John A. and others},
    editor = {McWhorter, John H.},
    title = {The creole verb: A comparative study of stativity and time reference},
    booktitle = {Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {133-161},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176141},
    normalizedauthorstring = {al., et AND Holm, John A.}
}
@book{HolmPatrick2007,
    editor = {Holm, John and Patrick, Peter},
    title = {Comparative creole syntax. Parallel outlines of 18 creole grammars},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 7},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176408}
}
@book{HolmShilling1982,
    author = {Holm, John A. and Shilling, Alison},
    title = {Dictionary of Bahamian English},
    publisher = {Cold Spring, NY: Lexik House Publishers},
    address = {Cold Spring, NY},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175112},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Shilling, Alison AND Holm, John A.}
}
@book{Hooson2010,
    author = {Hooson, William},
    title = {The Miners Dictionary. Explaining Not Only the Terms Used by Miners, But Also Containing the Theory and Practice of That Most Useful Art of Mineing},
    publisher = {Gale Ecco, Print Editions},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176402}
}
@book{Hopkin-Jenkins1947,
    author = {Hopkin-Jenkins, K.},
    title = {Basic Bantu},
    publisher = {Pietermaritzburg: Shuter \& Shooter},
    address = {Pietermaritzburg},
    year = {1947},
    glottolog_ref_id = {161354}
}
@book{Hopkins-Jenkins1947,
    author = {Hopkins-Jenkins},
    title = {Basic Bantu},
    publisher = {Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and Shooter},
    address = {Pietermaritzburg},
    year = {1947},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176332}
}
@incollection{Hopkins1994,
    author = {Hopkins, Tometro},
    editor = {Montgomery, Michael},
    title = {Variation in the use of the auxiliary verb da in contemporary Gullah},
    booktitle = {The crucible of carolina. Essays in the development of Gullah language and culture},
    publisher = {Athens: University of Georgia Press},
    address = {Athens},
    pages = {60-86},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175182}
}
@article{Hopper1979,
    author = {Hopper, Paul},
    title = {Some observations on the typology of focus and aspect in narrative language},
    journal = {Studies in Language},
    volume = {3},
    number = {1},
    pages = {37-64},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {125878}
}
@book{Horth1948,
    author = {Horth, August},
    title = {Le patois guyanais},
    publisher = {Cayenne: Laporte},
    address = {Cayenne},
    year = {1948},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175624}
}
@article{HualdeSchwegler2008,
    author = {Hualde, Jos\'e Ignacio and Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {Intonation in Palenquero},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {23},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-31},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175226}
}
@incollection{Huber1996,
    author = {Huber, Magnus},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    title = {The grammaticalization of aspect markers in Ghanaian Pidgin English},
    booktitle = {Changing meanings, changing functions. Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 2},
    pages = {53-70},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {180224}
}
@book{Huber1999,
    author = {Huber, Magnus},
    title = {Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African context},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Varieties of English Around the World},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175173}
}
@incollection{Huber2003,
    author = {Huber, Magnus},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Verbal reduplication in Ghanaian Pidgin English: Origins, forms and functions},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {139-154},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {39217}
}
@article{Huber2004-1,
    author = {Huber, Magnus},
    editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W.},
    title = {Ghanaian Pidgin English: phonology},
    booktitle = {A handbook of varieties of English. A Multimedia Reference Tool. Volume 1: Phonology.},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {866-873},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {82852}
}
@book{Hudson1983,
    author = {Hudson, Joyce},
    title = {Grammatical and semantic aspects of Fitzroy Valley Kriol},
    publisher = {Darwin: SIL},
    address = {Darwin},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175480}
}
@book{Hudson1985,
    author = {Hudson, Joyce},
    title = {Grammatical and Semantic Aspects of Fitzroy Valley Kriol},
    publisher = {Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch},
    address = {Darwin},
    series = {Work papers of SIL - AAB, Series A},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {185-191},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {147312}
}
@book{Hugill1967,
    author = {Hugill, Stan.},
    title = {Sailortown.},
    publisher = {New York: E.P. Dutton},
    address = {New York},
    year = {1967},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176362},
    note = {Roman.}
}
@book{HuttarHuttar1994,
    author = {Huttar, George and Huttar, Mary},
    title = {Ndyuka: A descriptive grammar},
    publisher = {London: Routledge},
    address = {London},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175113}
}
@incollection{HuttarHuttar1997,
    author = {Huttar, Mary and Huttar, George},
    editor = {Spears, Arthur and Winford, Donald},
    title = {Reduplication in Ndyuka},
    booktitle = {The structure and status of pidgins and creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {19},
    pages = {395-414},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {92219}
}
@misc{IdilhaAlvespc2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175530},
    note = {Idilha Alves was interviewed during fieldwork conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@misc{Interview,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176413},
    note = {Unpublished interview from 1970s between Larry Kimura and Tomas Quihano}
}
@book{Intumbo2006,
    author = {Intumbo, Incanha},
    title = {Los criollos de base lexical espa\~nola y portuguesa - ACBLPE 2005},
    publisher = {Madrid/Frankfurt: Iberoamericana},
    address = {Madrid/Frankfurt},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175115}
}
@article{Intumbo2006b,
    author = {Intumbo, Incanha},
    title = {Papiamentu, Guin\'e-Bissao Creole Portuguese, and its substrate, Balanta: A comparison of the noun phrase},
    journal = {RILI},
    volume = {4},
    number = {1},
    pages = {107-115},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176137}
}
@misc{IsabelBaptistapc2000,
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175522},
    note = {Isabel Baptista was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@article{Jablonska1957,
    author = {Jab\lonska, Antonina},
    title = {J\k{e}zyk mieszany chinsko-rosyjski w Mand\v{z}urii (The Sino-Russian mixed language in Manchuria).},
    journal = {Przegl\k{a}d Orientalistyczny},
    volume = {21},
    pages = {157-168},
    year = {1957},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175285}
}
@book{Jackson1990,
    author = {Jackson, Kenneth David},
    title = {Sing without shame: Oral traditions in Indo-Portuguese verses with transcription and analysis of a nineteenth-century manuscript of Ceylon Portuguese},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {174668}
}
@misc{Jackson2003,
    author = {Jackson, Neels},
    title = {Afrikaans se wins en verlies},
    publisher = {www.beeld.com},
    volume = {9 september 2003},
    year = {2003},
    url = {http://www.beeld.com/Rubrieke/Beeld-forumAfrikaans-se-wins-en-verlies-20100617},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176480}
}
@article{Jacobs1932,
    author = {Jacobs, Melville},
    title = {Notes on the structure of Chinook Jargon},
    journal = {Language},
    volume = {8},
    number = {1},
    pages = {27-50},
    year = {1932},
    glottolog_ref_id = {17362}
}
@misc{Jacobs1936,
    author = {Jacobs, Melville},
    booktitle = {Texts in Chinook Jargon},
    journal = {University of Washington Publications in Anthropology},
    volume = {7},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-27},
    year = {1936},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176345}
}
@article{Jacobs2008,
    author = {Jacobs, Bart},
    title = {Papiamentu: A diachronic analysis of its core morphology},
    journal = {Phrasis: Studies in language and literature},
    number = {2},
    pages = {59-82},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176386}
}
@mastersthesis{Jaganauth1987,
    author = {Jaganauth, Dhanaiswary},
    title = {Predicate structures in Guyanese creole},
    school = {University of the West Indies, Jamaica},
    publisher = {Mona: University of the West Indies, Jamaica},
    address = {Mona},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176110},
    note = {M.A. Thesis}
}
@article{Jahr2003,
    author = {Jahr, Ernst Hakon},
    title = {The emergence of a TMA grammatical device in a stable Pidgin: The Russenorsk preverbal po construction},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languges},
    volume = {18},
    number = {1},
    pages = {121-130},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176069}
}
@incollection{JamesYoussef2004,
    author = {James, Winford and Youssef, Valerie},
    editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. and Burridge, Kate and Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive},
    title = {The creoles of Trinidad and Tobago: Morphology and syntax},
    booktitle = {A handbook of varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Vol. 2: Morphology and Syntax},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {454-481},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176336},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Youssef, Valerie AND James, Winford}
}
@incollection{JamesYoussef2008,
    author = {James, Winford and Youssef, Valerie},
    editor = {Schneider, Edgar W.},
    title = {The creoles of Trinidad and Tobago: morphology and syntax},
    booktitle = {Varieties of English. Vol 2: The Americans and the Carribean},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {661-692},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176465},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Youssef, Valerie AND James, Winford}
}
@article{Jansenetal1978,
    author = {Jansen, Bert and Koopman, Hilda and Muysken, Pieter},
    title = {Serial verbs in the Creole languages},
    journal = {Amsterdam Creole Studies},
    number = {2},
    pages = {125-159},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175497},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Muysken, Pieter AND Jansen, Bert AND Koopman, Hilda}
}
@article{Janson1984,
    author = {Janson, Tore},
    title = {Articles and plural formation in creoles: Change and universals},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {64},
    pages = {291-323},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {72405}
}
@incollection{Jayasuriya2003,
    author = {de Silva Jayasuriya, Shihan},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Indo-Portuguese, Malayo-Portuguese and Sino-Portuguese},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {185-191},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175983}
}
@book{Jolivet1982,
    author = {Jolivet, Marie-Jos\'e},
    title = {La question cr\'eole. Essai de sociologie sur la Guyane fran\c{c}aise},
    publisher = {Paris: Orstom},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175886}
}
@article{Jolivet1990,
    author = {Jolivet, Marie-Jos\'e},
    title = {Entre autochtone et immigrants: Diversit\'e et logique des positions cr\'eoles guyanaises},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {23},
    number = {2},
    pages = {11-32},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175887}
}
@article{Jolivet1991,
    author = {Jolivet, Marie-Jos\'e},
    title = {Langues domin\'ees et langues dominantes en Guyane: Pratiques commerciales et pratiques scolaires \`a Mana},
    journal = {Cahiers des sciences humaines},
    volume = {27},
    pages = {497-515},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {89790}
}
@misc{Jones-Jackson1978,
    author = {Jones Jackson, Patricia A.},
    booktitle = {The status of Gullah: an investigation of convergent processes},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176440},
    note = {PhD dissertation, University of Michigan}
}
@incollection{Jones1971,
    author = {Jones, Eldred},
    editor = {Spencer, John W.},
    title = {Krio: An English-based language of Sierra Leone},
    booktitle = {The English language in West Africa},
    publisher = {London: Longman},
    address = {London},
    pages = {66-94},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {43573}
}
@book{Jones1983,
    author = {Jones, Frederick C.},
    title = {English-derived words in Sierra Leone Krio},
    publisher = {Leeds: University of Leeds},
    address = {Leeds},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {126534},
    note = {dissertation}
}
@article{Jones2011,
    author = {Jones, Caroline and Felicity Meakins and Heather Buchan},
    title = {Citation-speech vowels in Gurindji Kriol and local Australian English},
    journal = {Australian Journal of Linguistics},
    volume = {31},
    number = {3},
    pages = {305-27},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176473},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Buchan, Heather AND Jones, Caroline AND Meakins, Felicity}
}
@book{Jones[1888]2000,
    author = {Jones, Charles Colcock},
    title = {Gullah folktales from the Georgia coast},
    publisher = {Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press},
    address = {Athens, GA},
    year = {1888},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175179},
    note = {Originally published in 1888 as 'Negro myths from the Georgia coast told in the vernacular.'},
    yearstring = {[1888] 2000}
}
@misc{JoseJoaquimRochapc2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175524},
    note = {Jose Joaquim Rocha was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@misc{JoseMartinspc2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175520},
    note = {Jose Martins was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@misc{Joseph1988,
    author = {Joseph, Frantz L.},
    booktitle = {La d\'etermination nominale en cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175069},
    note = {Th\`ese de doctorat de 3e cycle, Universit\'e Paris VII}
}
@misc{Josinopc2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175523},
    note = {Josino was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@book{Joubert1991,
    author = {Joubert, Sidney M.},
    title = {Dikshonario Papiamentu-Hulandes},
    publisher = {Cura\c{c}ao: Fundashon di Leksikografia},
    address = {Cura\c{c}ao},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175469}
}
@book{Joubert2002,
    author = {Joubert, Sidney M.},
    title = {Dikshonario Papiamentu-Hulandes. Handwoordenboek Papiaments-Nederlands [3rd edition].},
    publisher = {Cura\c{c}ao: Joubert, Sidney M.},
    address = {Cura\c{c}ao},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175489}
}
@incollection{Jourdan1985,
    author = {Jourdan, Christine},
    editor = {Romaine, Suzanne and Closs Traugott, Elizabeth},
    title = {Creolisation, nativisation or substrate influence: What is happening to bae in Solomon Islands Pijin},
    booktitle = {Papers in pidgin and creole linguistics No. 4},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics A-72},
    pages = {67-96},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175662}
}
@article{Jourdan1988,
    author = {Jourdan, Christine},
    title = {Langue de personne, langue de tout le monde: Le pidjin \`a Honiara (\^Iles Salomon)},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {11},
    number = {2},
    pages = {128-147},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175932}
}
@misc{Juliana2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175574},
    note = {Juliana was interviewed on the island of Santiago in 2000.}
}
@article{Kallgard1993,
    author = {K\"allg\aa{}rd, Anders},
    title = {Present-day Pitcairnese},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    volume = {14},
    number = {1},
    pages = {71-114},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175870}
}
@book{KayeTosco2001,
    author = {Kaye, Alan and Tosco, Mauro},
    title = {Pidgin and creole languages: A basic introduction},
    publisher = {M\"unchen: Lincom Europa},
    address = {M\"unchen},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {86930}
}
@article{KeenanComrie1977,
    author = {Keenan, Edward L. and Bernard Comrie},
    title = {Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar.},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    volume = {8},
    number = {1},
    pages = {63-99},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176397}
}
@book{Keesing1988,
    author = {Keesing, Roger M.},
    title = {Melanesian Pidgin and the Oceanic substrate},
    publisher = {Stanford: Stanford University Press},
    address = {Stanford},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {156637}
}
@article{Keesing1988b,
    author = {Keesing, Roger M.},
    title = {Solomons Pidgin pronouns: A further look},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    volume = {9},
    pages = {271-292},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175715}
}
@article{Keesing1991,
    author = {Keesing, Roger M.},
    title = {The expansion of Melanesian Pidgin: Further early evidence from the Solomons},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {6},
    number = {2},
    pages = {215-229},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175714}
}
@incollection{KesterSchmitt2007,
    author = {Kester, Ellen-Petra and Schmitt, Christina},
    editor = {Baptista, Marlyse and Gu\'eron, Jacqueline},
    title = {Papiamentu and Brazilian Portuguese: A comparative study of bare nominals},
    booktitle = {Noun phrases in creole languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {31},
    pages = {107-143},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175494},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Schmitt, Christina AND Kester, Ellen-Petra}
}
@misc{Key1965,
    author = {Key, H.},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    volume = {7},
    number = {3},
    pages = {88-102},
    year = {1965},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175973}
}
@book{Khabirov2010,
    author = {Khabirov, V.P.},
    title = {The syntagmatic morphology of contact Sango.},
    publisher = {Ekaterinburg: Ural Pedagogical University},
    address = {Ekaterinburg},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176442}
}
@incollection{Khasanova2000,
    author = {Khasanova, Marina ?.},
    editor = {Gilbers, Dicky and Nerbonne, John and Schaeken, Jos},
    title = {The Lower Amur languages in contact with Russian},
    booktitle = {Languages in contact. Studies in Slavic and general linguistics},
    publisher = {Atlanta: Rodopi},
    address = {Atlanta},
    pages = {79-185},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176327}
}
@phdthesis{KhinKhinAye2005,
    author = {Khin Khin Aye},
    booktitle = {Bazaar Malay: History, grammar and contact},
    school = {Department of English Language and Literature, National University of Singapore},
    address = {Singapore},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176418},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Aye, Khin Khin},
    note = {PhD dissertation}
}
@article{Kihm1979,
    author = {Kihm, Alain},
    title = {La situation linguistique en Casamance et Guin\'e-Bissau},
    journal = {Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines},
    volume = {20},
    number = {3},
    pages = {369-386},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175610}
}
@article{Kihm1984,
    author = {Kihm, Alain},
    title = {Verbes et noms en kriol et en g\'en\'eral},
    journal = {Mod\`eles Linguistiques},
    volume = {6},
    number = {1},
    pages = {207-221},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175611}
}
@misc{Kihm1985,
    author = {Kihm, Alain},
    title = {La syntaxe des cat\'egories vides en kriol et quelques consequ\'ences pour les repr\'esentations syntaxiques},
    series = {Travaux de l'Equipe de Recherche en Sociolinguistique 1},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175612}
}
@article{Kihm1986,
    author = {Kihm, Alain},
    title = {Nasality in Kriol: The marked case?},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {81-107},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {76777}
}
@article{Kihm1990,
    author = {Kihm, Alain},
    title = {Complementizer, verb, or both? Kriyol kuma},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {5},
    number = {1},
    pages = {53-70},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {73663}
}
@book{Kihm1994,
    author = {Kihm, Alain},
    title = {Kriyol syntax: The Portuguese-based creole language of Guinea-Bissau},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {19889}
}
@article{Kihm1995,
    author = {Kihm, Alain},
    title = {Tayo, the strange bird from New Caledonia: Determiners and tense-aspect in Tayo and their implications for creolization theories},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {10},
    number = {2},
    pages = {225-252},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175733}
}
@incollection{Kihm1996,
    author = {Kihm, Alain},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    title = {Reflexivity in Kriyol: A case of half-hearted grammaticalization},
    booktitle = {Changing meanings, changing functions. Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 2},
    pages = {219-223},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {154477}
}
@article{Kiyomi1995,
    author = {Kiyomi, Setsuko},
    title = {A new approach to reduplication: A semantic study of noun and verb reduplication in the Malayo-Polynesian languages},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {33},
    pages = {1145-1167},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175966}
}
@incollection{Klein2009,
    author = {Klein, Thomas B.},
    editor = {Faraclas, Nicholas and Klein, Thomas B.},
    title = {Measuring phonological complexity in Creole: Focus on Gullah and Geechee},
    booktitle = {Simplicity and complexity in creoles and pidgins},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series},
    volume = {10},
    pages = {49-66},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175177}
}
@phdthesis{Klingler1992,
    author = {Klingler, Thomas A.},
    booktitle = {A descriptive study of the Creole speech of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana with focus on the lexicon},
    school = {Indiana University},
    publisher = {Bloomington: Indiana University},
    address = {Bloomington},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175213},
    note = {PhD dissertation, Indiana University}
}
@article{Klingler1994,
    author = {Klingler, Thomas A.},
    title = {Langues moribondes et identit\'e ethnique: Le cas du cr\'eole louisianais},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {17},
    number = {1},
    pages = {39-49},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175951}
}
@book{Klingler2003,
    author = {Klingler, Thomas A.},
    title = {'If I could turn my tongue like that': The Creole Language of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana},
    publisher = {Baton Rouge/London: Louisiana State University Press},
    address = {Baton Rouge/London},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {102595}
}
@incollection{Koopman1982,
    author = {Koopman, Hilda},
    editor = {Lefebvre, Claire and Magloire-Holly, H\'el\`ene and Piou, Nanie},
    title = {Les constructions relatives},
    booktitle = {Syntaxe de l'Hait\"ien},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor: Karoma},
    address = {Ann Arbor},
    pages = {167-203},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175601}
}
@incollection{Koopman1986,
    author = {Koopman, Hilda},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {The genesis of Haitian: Implications of a comparison of some features of the syntax of Haitian, French, and West African languages},
    booktitle = {Substrata versus universals in creole genesis},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {231-258},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175625}
}
@incollection{Kotsinas1996,
    author = {Kotsinas, Ulla Britt},
    editor = {Jahr, Ernst Ha\textdegreekon and Broch, Ingvild},
    title = {Aspect marking and grammaticalization in Russenorsk compared with Immigrant Swedish},
    booktitle = {Language contact in the Arctic: Northern pidgins and contact languages},
    publisher = {Berlin/ New York: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin/ New York},
    pages = {123-154},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176124}
}
@article{Kouwenberg1990,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Complementizer PA, the finiteness of its complements and some remarks on empty categories in Papiamento},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {5},
    number = {1},
    pages = {40-51},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175672}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg1991,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Boretzky, Norbert and Enninger, Werner and Stolz, Thomas},
    title = {Reduplication in Berbice Dutch Creole},
    booktitle = {Beitr\"age zum 6. Essener Kolloquium \"uber Kontakt und Simplifikation},
    publisher = {Bochum: Brockmeyer},
    address = {Bochum},
    pages = {75-102},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {470967}
}
@article{Kouwenberg1992,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {From OV to VO. Linguistic negotiation in the development of Berbice Dutch Creole},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {88},
    pages = {263-299},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175271}
}
@book{Kouwenberg1994a,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {A grammar of Berbice Dutch Creole},
    publisher = {Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin/New York},
    series = {Mouton Grammar Library},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175267}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg1994b,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Kahrel, Peter and Ren\'e van den Berg},
    title = {Berbice Dutch},
    booktitle = {Typological studies in negation},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    pages = {237-266},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175267},
    normalizededitorstring = {Kahrel, Peter AND Berg, Ren\'e van den}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg1996a,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    title = {Grammaticalization and word order in the history of Berbice Dutch Creole},
    booktitle = {Changing meanings, changing functions. Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 2},
    pages = {207-218},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176276}
}
@misc{Kouwenberg1996b,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Devonish, Hubert},
    title = {The timberbos. Dutch and English-lexicon Creole elements in Guyanese worksongs},
    publisher = {Mona: University of the West Indies, Department of Language \& Linguistics},
    address = {Mona},
    series = {UWILING. Working papers in Linguistics 2},
    number = {2},
    pages = {41-48},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176275}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg1996c,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Wurm, Stephen A. and M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter and Tryon, Darrell T.},
    title = {Berbice Dutch Creole},
    booktitle = {Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {1347-1356},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {470965},
    normalizededitorstring = {Tryon, Darrell T.}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg1996d,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Christie, Pauline},
    title = {The relationship between adjectives and verbs, with special reference to Berbice Dutch Creole},
    booktitle = {Caribbean language issues old and new. Papers in honour of Professor Mervyn Alleyne on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday},
    publisher = {Barbados/Jamaica/Trinidad \& Tobago: The Press University of the West Indies},
    address = {Barbados/Jamaica/Trinidad \& Tobago},
    pages = {27-40},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175268}
}
@article{Kouwenberg2000,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Loss in Berbice Dutch Creole negative constructions: An examination of competence and performance of the last speakers},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {38},
    number = {5},
    pages = {889-923},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176269}
}
@article{Kouwenberg2001,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {The iconic interpretations of reduplication: Evidence from Caribbean Creole languages},
    journal = {European Journal of English Studies},
    volume = {5},
    number = {1},
    pages = {59-80},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175967}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg2003a,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Papiamentu},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles, and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge Publications},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {161-164},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {183964}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg2003b,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Berbice Dutch Creole},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in Pidgins, Creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {255-263},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {183973}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg2003c,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Introduction},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {1-7},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175963}
}
@article{Kouwenberg2004,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {The grammatical function of Papiamentu tone},
    journal = {Journal of Portuguese Linguistics},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {55-69},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175451}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg2007a,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Baptista, Marlyse and Gu\'eron, Jacqueline},
    title = {Bare nouns in Berbice Dutch Creole},
    booktitle = {Noun phrases in creole languages: A multi-faceted approach},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {31},
    pages = {437-458},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175269}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg2007b,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Holm, John and Patrick, Peter},
    title = {Berbice Creole (Creole Dutch)},
    booktitle = {Comparative creole syntax. Parallel outlines of 18 creole grammars},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 7},
    pages = {25-52},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175270}
}
@article{Kouwenberg2007c,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {The prosody-syntax interface and the status of pronouns in Papiamentu},
    journal = {Journal of Portuguese Linguistics},
    volume = {5-6},
    pages = {203-225},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175452}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg2007d,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Holm, John and Patrick, Pieter},
    title = {Papiamentu (Creole Spanish/Portuguese)},
    booktitle = {Comparative creole syntax},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    pages = {307-332},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175450}
}
@incollection{Kouwenberg2012,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    editor = {Bartens, Angela and Baker, Philip},
    title = {The Ijo-derived lexicon of Berbice Dutch Creole: An a-typical case of African lexical influence},
    booktitle = {Black through White. African words and calques which survived slavery in Creoles and transplanted European languages.},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    pages = {135 - 154},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176274}
}
@incollection{Kouwenbergetal2003,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and LaCharit\'e, Darlene and Gooden, Shelome},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {An overview of Jamaican Creole reduplication},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in Pidgins, Creoles and other Contact Languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {105-110},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {183959},
    normalizedauthorstring = {LaCharit\'e, Darlene AND Gooden, Shelome AND Kouwenberg, Silvia}
}
@incollection{KouwenbergLaCharite1998,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and LaCharit\'e, Darlene},
    editor = {Jensen, John and Van Herk, Gerard},
    title = {Iconicity in Caribbean Creole reduplication: Inflection versus derivation},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the C[anadian] L[inguistics] A[ssociation] Annual Conference},
    publisher = {Ottawa: Cahiers Linguistiques d'Ottawa},
    address = {Ottawa},
    pages = {203-214},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176127},
    normalizedauthorstring = {LaCharit\'e, Darlene AND Kouwenberg, Silvia}
}
@incollection{KouwenbergLaCharite2001,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and LaCharit\'e, Darlene},
    editor = {Fischer, Olga and N\"anny, Max},
    title = {The iconic interpretations of reduplication: Issues in the study of reduplication in Caribbean Creole languages},
    booktitle = {Iconicity in language and literature},
    pages = {59-80},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176128},
    normalizedauthorstring = {LaCharit\'e, Darlene AND Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    note = {special issue of the European Journal of English Studies}
}
@incollection{KouwenbergLaCharite2003,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and LaCharit\'e, Darlene},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {The meanings of \textquotedblleftmore of the same\textquotedblright: Iconicity in reduplication and the evidence for substrate transfer in the genesis of Caribbean Creole languages},
    booktitle = {Twice as Meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {7-18},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175964},
    normalizedauthorstring = {LaCharit\'e, Darlene AND Kouwenberg, Silvia}
}
@article{KouwenbergLaCharite2004,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and LaCharit\'e, Darlene},
    title = {Echoes of Africa: Reduplication in Caribbean Creole and Niger-Congo languages},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {19},
    number = {2},
    pages = {285-331},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176072},
    normalizedauthorstring = {LaCharit\'e, Darlene AND Kouwenberg, Silvia}
}
@article{KouwenbergLefebvre2007,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and Lefebvre, Claire},
    title = {A new analysis of the Papiamentu clause structure},
    journal = {Probus. International Journal of Latin and Romance Linguistics},
    volume = {19},
    number = {1},
    pages = {37-73},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175453},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Lefebvre, Claire AND Kouwenberg, Silvia}
}
@book{KouwenbergMurray1994,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and Murray, Eric},
    title = {Papiamentu},
    publisher = {M\"unchen: Lincom Europa},
    address = {M\"unchen},
    series = {Languages of the world/Materials},
    volume = {83},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {52800},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Murray, Eric AND Kouwenberg, Silvia}
}
@incollection{KouwenbergMuysken1995,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and Muysken, Pieter},
    editor = {Arends, Jacques and Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Papiamento},
    booktitle = {Pidgins and Creoles. An Introduction.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {15},
    pages = {205-218},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176384},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Muysken, Pieter AND Kouwenberg, Silvia}
}
@incollection{KouwenbergRobertson1988,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and Robertson, Ian E.},
    editor = {Boretzky, Norbert and Enninger, Werner and Stolz, Thomas},
    title = {The marking of tense, mood and aspect in Berbice Dutch Creole},
    booktitle = {Beitr\"age zum 4. Essener Kolloquium \"uber Sprachkontakt, Sprachwandel, Sprachwechsel, Sprachtod},
    publisher = {Bochum: Brockmeyer},
    address = {Bochum},
    pages = {151-174},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {164537},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Robertson, Ian E. AND Kouwenberg, Silvia}
}
@book{Kramp1983,
    author = {Kramp, Andr\'e},
    title = {Early creole lexicography: A study of C. L. Schumann's manuscript dictionary of Sranan},
    publisher = {Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden},
    address = {Leiden},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {139043},
    note = {dissertation}
}
@article{Kriegel1993,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    title = {Le d\'eveloppement de diath\`eses morphologiquement marqu\'ees dans les langues cr\'eoles de l'Oc\'ean Indien : Les constructions avec gany en cr\'eole seychellois et en cr\'eole mauricien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {108-118},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175948}
}
@book{Kriegel1996,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    title = {Diathesen im Mauritius- und Seychellenkreol},
    publisher = {Tuebingen: Narr},
    address = {Tuebingen},
    series = {ScriptOralia},
    pages = {212},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {45970},
    numberofpages = {212}
}
@incollection{Kriegel1998,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    editor = {Geisler, Hans and Jacob, Daniel},
    title = {La suppression de l'agent entre l'oral et l' \'ecrit : l'exemple de deux langues cr\'eoles fran\c{c}aises},
    booktitle = {Diathese, Transitivit\"at, Informationsstruktur in den romanischen Sprachen. Beitr\"age zur Sektion 2 des XXIV. Romanistentages in M\"unster},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Max Niemeyer-Verlag},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    series = {Linguistische Arbeiten},
    pages = {141-154},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175392}
}
@article{Kriegel2000,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    title = {Distribution fonctionnelle des morph\`emes r\'efl\'echis en cr\'eole mauricien et seychellois},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {23},
    number = {2},
    pages = {66-78},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175385}
}
@article{Kriegel2004,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    title = {Juste pour dire que pourdir existe toujours},
    journal = {Creolica},
    year = {2004},
    url = {http://www.creolica.net/article.php3?id_article=39},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175241}
}
@incollection{Kriegel2007,
    author = {Kriegel},
    editor = {Brasseur, Partrice and V\'eronique, Daniel},
    title = {Organisation informative et interaction entre r\^oles s\'emantiques et syntaxiques},
    booktitle = {Mondes cr\'eoles et francophone},
    publisher = {Paris: L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {73-84},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175384}
}
@incollection{Kriegel2012,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    editor = {Chamoreau, Claudine and Leglise, Isabelle},
    title = {Code copying in Indian Ocean Creoles : the post abolition period},
    booktitle = {Cross-linguistic tendencies in contact-induced variation and change ? A typological approach based on morphosyntactic studies},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175390},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@incollection{Kriegeletal2003,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle and Michaelis, Susanne and Pf\"ander, Stefan},
    editor = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    title = {Modalit\'e et grammaticalisation: Le cas des cr\'eoles fran\c{c}ais},
    booktitle = {Grammaticalisation et r\'eanalyse: Approches de la variation cr\'eole et fran\c{c}aise},
    publisher = {Paris: CNRS Editions},
    address = {Paris},
    series = {Collection Langage},
    pages = {165-192},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175239},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Pf\"ander, Stefan AND Kriegel, Sibylle AND Michaelis, Susanne}
}
@misc{Kriegeletal2005,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle and Ludwig, Ralph and Henri, Fabiola},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175381},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ludwig, Ralph AND Kriegel, Sibylle AND Henri, Fabiola},
    note = {unpublished corpus}
}
@incollection{Kriegeletal2008,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle and Ludwig, Ralph and Henri, Fabiola},
    editor = {Michaelis, Susanne},
    title = {Encoding path in Mauritian Creole and Bhojpuri: Problems concerning language contact},
    booktitle = {Roots of creole structures},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 33},
    pages = {169-196},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175376},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ludwig, Ralph AND Kriegel, Sibylle AND Henri, Fabiola}
}
@incollection{Kriegeletal2009,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle and Ludwig, Ralph and Henri, Fabiola},
    editor = {Hookoomsing, Vinesh and Ludwig, Ralph and Schnepel, Burkhard},
    title = {Les rapports entre cr\'eole et bhojpouri \`a Maurice: Contact de langues et actes identitaires},
    booktitle = {Multiple identities in action : Mauritius and some Antillean parallelisms},
    publisher = {Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    series = {Sprache-Identit\"at-Kultur 5},
    pages = {203-252},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175395},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ludwig, Ralph AND Kriegel, Sibylle AND Henri, Fabiola}
}
@incollection{KriegelMichaelis2007,
    author = {Kriegel, Sibylle and Michaelis, Susanne},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Fon Sing, Guillaume},
    title = {Conjunction and ditransitives: Some functional domains covered by avec, et, and ensemble},
    booktitle = {The making of Mauritian Creole},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 9},
    pages = {113-132},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175283}
}
@article{LaChariteWellington1996,
    author = {LaCharit\'e, Darlene and Wellington, Jean},
    title = {Passive in Jamaican Creole: A duppy in the syntax},
    journal = {UWILing},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {19-40},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176154},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Wellington, Jean AND LaCharit\'e, Darlene}
}
@article{LaChariteWellington1999,
    author = {LaCharit\'e, Darlene and Wellington, Jean},
    title = {Passive in Jamaican Creole: Phonetically empty but syntactically active},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    pages = {259-283},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {178589},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Wellington, Jean AND LaCharit\'e, Darlene}
}
@incollection{Ladhamsetal2003,
    author = {Ladhams, John and Hagemeijer, Tjerk and Maurer, Philippe and Post, Marike},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in the Gulf of Guinea Creoles},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {165-176},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175981},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ladhams, John, Hagemeijer, Tjerk, Maurer, Philippe AND Post, Marike}
}
@book{Lagesse1972,
    author = {Lagesse, Marcelle},
    title = {L'\^Ile de France avant La Bourdonnais (1721-1735)},
    publisher = {Port Louis: Archives Mauriciens},
    address = {Port Louis},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175902}
}
@book{LallaCosta1990,
    author = {Lalla, Barbara and D'Costa, Jean},
    title = {Language in Exile: Three hundred years of Jamaican Creole},
    publisher = {Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press},
    address = {Tuscaloosa},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {112045},
    normalizedauthorstring = {D'Costa, Jean AND Lalla, Barbara}
}
@article{Lane1935,
    author = {Lane, George M.},
    title = {Notes on Louisiana French II: The Negro-French dialect},
    journal = {Language},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {5-16},
    year = {1935},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175704}
}
@article{Lang1990,
    author = {Lang, J\"urgen},
    title = {A categoria n\'umero no crioulo caboverdiano},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {15-25},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {79149}
}
@article{Lang1991,
    author = {Lang, J\"urgen},
    title = {Die Kategorie Numerus im kapverdischen Kreol},
    journal = {Neue Romania},
    volume = {10},
    pages = {1-19},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {155177}
}
@incollection{Lang1993,
    author = {Lang, J\"urgen},
    editor = {Perl, Matthias and Sch\"onberger, Axel and Thiele, Petra},
    title = {Das Verbalsystem des kapverdischen Kreols (Variante von Santiago)},
    booktitle = {Portugiesisch-basierte Kreolsprachen. Akten des 2. gemeinsamen Kolloquiums der deutschsprachigen Lusitanistik und Katalanistik},
    publisher = {Frankfurt am Main: TFM/ Domus Editora Europaea},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    pages = {137-166},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {155990}
}
@book{Lang2002,
    author = {Br\"user, Martina and dos Reis Santos, Andr\'e and Dengler, Ekkehard and Blum, Andreas},
    title = {Dicion\'ario do crioulo da ilha de Santiago (Cabo Verde), sob a direc\c{c}\~ao de J\"urgen Lang},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175336},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Blum, AndreasBr\"user, Martina, dos Reis Santos, Andr\'e, Dengler, Ekkehard}
}
@misc{Lang2012,
    author = {Lang, J\"urgen},
    booktitle = {Gram\'atica do Crioulo da ilha de Santiago (Cabo Verde) (in collaboration with Liliana Inverno \& Andr\'e dos Reis Santos \& Andreas Blum)},
    publisher = {Universit\"at Erlangen-N\"urnberg: OPUS},
    address = {Universit\"at Erlangen-N\"urnberg},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175153},
    note = {Will be published as a sequel under http://www.opus.ub.uni-erlangen.de/opus/},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@book{Lauffer1969,
    author = {Lauffer, Pierre},
    title = {Petra su kas},
    booktitle = {Kwenta pa kaminda},
    publisher = {Aruba: De Witt},
    address = {Aruba},
    pages = {55-63},
    year = {1969},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176403}
}
@incollection{Launey1999,
    author = {Launey, Michel},
    editor = {Clairis, Christos and Costaouec, Denis and Coyos, Jean-Baptiste},
    title = {Les langues de Guyane: Des langues r\'egionales pas comme les autres?},
    booktitle = {Langues et cultures r\'egionales de France},
    publisher = {Paris: L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {141-159},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175889}
}
@incollection{LaverdureAllard1983,
    author = {Laverdure, Patline and Allard, Ida Rose},
    editor = {Crawford, John C.},
    title = {Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree},
    booktitle = {The Michif dictionary},
    publisher = {Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications},
    address = {Winnipeg},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {29998}
}
@incollection{Laycock1989,
    author = {Laycock, Donald C.},
    editor = {Ammon, Ulrich},
    title = {The status of Pitcairn-Norfolk: Creole dialect, or cant},
    booktitle = {Status and function of languages and language varieties},
    publisher = {Berlin: de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {608-629},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {77083}
}
@book{LaycockBuffett1988,
    author = {Buffett, Alice and Donald C. Laycock},
    title = {Speak Norfolk today},
    publisher = {Norfolk Island: Himii},
    address = {Norfolk Island},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {95131},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Laycock, Donald C. AND Buffett, Alice}
}
@book{Leeetal2004,
    author = {Lee, Jason and Sandefur, John R. and Sandefur, J.L.},
    title = {Kriol-Ingglish Dikshenri (Kriol-English dictionary)},
    publisher = {Darwin: SIL},
    address = {Darwin},
    year = {2004},
    url = {http://www1.aiatsis.gov.au/ASEDA/docs/0739-Kriol/Index.html},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175558},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Lee, Jason, Sandefur, John R. AND Sandefur, J.L.}
}
@incollection{Lefebvre1982,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire},
    editor = {Lefebvre, Claire and Magloire-Holly, H\'el\`ene and Piou, Nanie},
    title = {L'expansion d'une cat\'egorie grammaticale: Le determinant la},
    booktitle = {Syntaxe de l'ha\"itien},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma},
    address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
    pages = {21-63},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175699}
}
@incollection{Lefebvre1986,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Relexification in creole genesis revisited: The case of Haitian Creole},
    booktitle = {Substrata versus universals in creole genesis},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {279-300},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175626}
}
@article{Lefebvre1994,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire},
    title = {AGR in languages without number and person agreement : The case of the clausal determiner in Haitian and Fon},
    journal = {ACS},
    volume = {11},
    pages = {75-104},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176148}
}
@article{Lefebvre1996,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire},
    title = {The tense, mood and aspect system of Haitian Creole and the problem of transmission of grammar in creole genesis},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {11},
    number = {2},
    pages = {231-312},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175848}
}
@article{Lefebvre1997,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire},
    title = {Relexification in creole genesis: The case of demonstrative terms in Haitian Creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {12},
    number = {2},
    pages = {181-202},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175860}
}
@article{Lefebvre1998,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire},
    title = {Multifunctionality and variation among grammars: The case of the determiner in Haitian and in Fongbe},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {13},
    number = {1},
    pages = {93-150},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175864}
}
@book{Lefebvreetal1982,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire and Magloire-Holly, Helen and Piou, Nanie},
    title = {Syntaxe de l'ha\"itien},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor: Karoma},
    address = {Ann Arbor},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176049}
}
@article{LefebvreLoranger2006,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire and Loranger, Virginie},
    title = {On the properties of Saramaccan fu* : synchronic and diachronic perspectives},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {21},
    number = {2},
    pages = {275-335},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176145}
}
@article{LefebvreLumsden1992,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire and Lumsden, John S.},
    title = {On word order in relexification},
    journal = {TRCH},
    volume = {10},
    pages = {1-21},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176150}
}
@article{LefebvreMassam1988,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire and Massam, Diane},
    title = {Haitian Creole syntax: A case for DET as head},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {213-244},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175642}
}
@incollection{LefebvreRitter1993,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire and Ritter, Elizabeth},
    editor = {Francis J. Byrne Donald Winford},
    title = {Two types of predicate doubling adverbs in Haitian Creole},
    booktitle = {Focus and grammatical relations in creole languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {65-91},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176149},
    normalizededitorstring = {Winford, Francis J. Byrne Donald}
}
@incollection{LefebvreTherrien2007,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire and Therrien, Isabelle},
    editor = {Huber, Magnus and Velupillai, Viveka},
    title = {On the properties of Papiamentu pa: Synchronic and diachronic perspectives},
    booktitle = {Synchronic and diachronic perspectives on contact languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {32},
    pages = {215-255},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175491}
}
@article{LefebvreTherrien2007b,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire and Therrien, Isabelle},
    title = {The multiple facets of Papiamentu ku},
    journal = {Creolica},
    year = {2007},
    url = {http://www.creolica.net/article.php3?id_article=58},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176012}
}
@incollection{LefebvreTherrien2007c,
    author = {Lefebvre, Claire and Therrien, Isabelle},
    editor = {Siegel, Jeff and Lynch, John and Eades, Diana},
    title = {On Papiamentu ku},
    booktitle = {Language description, history and development : Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {169-182},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176135}
}
@article{Leglise2005,
    author = {L\'eglise, Isabelle},
    title = {Contacts de cr\'eoles \`a Mana (Guyane fran\c{c}aise): R\'epertoires, pratiques, attitudes et gestion du plurilinguisme},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {28},
    number = {1},
    pages = {23-58},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175885}
}
@incollection{Leglise2007,
    author = {L\'eglise, Isabelle},
    editor = {L\'eglise, Isabelle and Migge, Bettina and Cerquiglini, Bernard},
    title = {Des langues, des domaines, des r\'egions. Pratiques, variations, attitudes linguistiques en Guyane},
    booktitle = {Pratiques et repr\'esentations linguistiques en Guyane : Regards crois\'es},
    publisher = {Paris: IRD Editions},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {29-47},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175537}
}
@article{LegliseMigge2006,
    author = {L\'eglise, Isabelle and Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Language naming practices, ideologies and linguistic practices: Toward a comprehensive description of language varieties},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    volume = {35},
    number = {3},
    pages = {313-339},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175538}
}
@incollection{LegliseMigge2007,
    author = {L\'eglise, Isabelle and Migge, Bettina},
    editor = {L\'eglise, Isabelle and Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Que recouvre le terme taki-taki? Fantasmes et r\'ealit\'es (socio)linguistiques},
    booktitle = {Pratiques et attitudes linguistiques en Guyane: Regards crois\'es},
    publisher = {Paris: IRD Editions},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {133-157},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175536}
}
@misc{LegliseMigge2010,
    author = {L\'eglise, Isabelle and Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Language practices and linguistic ideologies in Suriname.},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176492},
    note = {Manuscript}
}
@book{Lekens1958,
    author = {Lekens, Benjamin and Gerebern, Mens},
    title = {Ngbandi idioticon II, Ngbandi en Frans-Nederlands},
    publisher = {Tervuren: Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge},
    address = {Tervuren},
    series = {Sciences de l'Homme, Linguistique, Vol. 3, Tome 2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1958},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175081}
}
@book{Leland1876,
    author = {Leland, Charles G.},
    title = {Pidgin-English Sing-song},
    publisher = {London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner \& Co.},
    address = {London},
    year = {1876},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176427}
}
@book{Lenz1928,
    author = {Lenz, Rodolfo},
    title = {El papiamento, la lengua criolla de Curazao: La gram\'atica m\'as sencilla},
    publisher = {Santiago de Chile: Balcells \& Co.},
    address = {Santiago de Chile},
    year = {1928},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175764}
}
@book{LePageDeCamp1960,
    author = {Le Page, Robert Brock and DeCamp, David},
    title = {Jamaican creole: A historical introduction to Jamaican Creole},
    publisher = {London: Macmillan},
    address = {London},
    year = {1960},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175846}
}
@book{LePageduPratz1758,
    author = {Le Page du Pratz, Antoine},
    title = {Histoire de la Louisiane},
    publisher = {Paris: De Bure},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1758},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175212}
}
@mastersthesis{Lewis1970,
    author = {Lewis, Anthony A.},
    booktitle = {A descriptive analysis of the Palenquero dialect},
    school = {University of the West Indies},
    publisher = {Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies},
    address = {Mona, Jamaica},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {471205},
    note = {MA thesis}
}
@book{Lewis2009,
    author = {Lewis, Paul M.},
    title = {Ethnologue: Languages of the World},
    publisher = {Dallas: SIL International},
    address = {Dallas},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {105623},
    note = {16th ed.}
}
@article{LidaMalkiel1948-1949,
    author = {Lida Malkiel, Mar\'ia Rosa de},
    title = {Saber 'soler' en las lenguas romances y sus antecedentes grecolatinos},
    journal = {Romance Philology},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {269-83},
    year = {1948},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176289},
    yearstring = {1948-1949}
}
@incollection{Lim2004,
    author = {Lim, Lisa},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa},
    title = {Sounding Singaporean},
    booktitle = {Singapore English: A grammatical description},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Varieties of English around the world G33},
    pages = {19-56},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176254}
}
@article{Lim2007,
    author = {Lim, Lisa},
    title = {Mergers and acquisitions: On the ages and origins of Singapore English particles},
    journal = {World Englishes},
    volume = {26},
    number = {4},
    pages = {446-473},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176265}
}
@article{Lim2009,
    author = {Lim, Lisa},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa and Gisborne, Nikolas},
    title = {Revisiting English prosody: (Some) New Englishes as tone languages?},
    journal = {English World-Wide, Special Issue on The Typology of Asian Englishes},
    volume = {30},
    number = {2},
    pages = {218-239},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176264}
}
@incollection{Lim2010,
    author = {Lim, Lisa},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa and Pakir, Anne and Wee, Lionel},
    title = {Migrants and 'mother tongues': Extralinguistic forces in the ecology of English in Singapore},
    booktitle = {English in Singapore: Modernity and management},
    publisher = {Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press},
    address = {Hong Kong},
    series = {Asian Englishes today},
    pages = {19-54},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176314}
}
@incollection{Lim2010a,
    author = {Lim, Lisa},
    editor = {Schreier, Daniel and Trudgill, Peter and Schneider, Edgar W. and Williams, Jeffrey P.},
    title = {Peranakan English in Singapore},
    booktitle = {The lesser known varieties of English: An introduction},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    series = {Studies in English language},
    pages = {327-347},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176260},
    normalizededitorstring = {Williams, Jeffrey P.}
}
@article{LimaSallesCandida2003,
    author = {Lima Salles, Helo\'isa Maria and Candida Gomes, Cleonice},
    title = {Crioulo de Guin\'e-Bissau: Aspectos da expressao do progresivo},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {13},
    pages = {37-45},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176094}
}
@incollection{LimFoley2004,
    author = {Lim, Lisa and Foley, Joseph A.},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa},
    title = {English in Singapore and Singapore English: Background and methodology},
    booktitle = {Singapore English: A grammatical description},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Varieties of English around the world G33},
    pages = {1-18},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176313},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Foley, Joseph A. AND Lim, Lisa}
}
@incollection{Lindley1870,
    author = {Lindley, A.F.},
    editor = {Bates, Henry Walter},
    title = {A cruize to Soo-Chow},
    booktitle = {Illustrated travels, 6 Vols.},
    publisher = {London: Cassell, Petter and Galpin},
    address = {London},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {79-85},
    year = {1869},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175350},
    yearstring = {1869-1875}
}
@incollection{Lindsay1840,
    author = {Lindsay, Hugh},
    editor = {Lindsay, James and Lindsay, John and Lindsay, Robert and Lindsay, Hugh},
    title = {An adventure in China},
    booktitle = {Oriental miscellanies},
    publisher = {Wigan: C. S. Simms},
    address = {Wigan},
    pages = {288-295},
    year = {1840},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175356},
    normalizededitorstring = {Lindsay, Hugh}
}
@article{Lipski1988,
    author = {Lipski, John M.},
    title = {Philippine creole Spanish: Assessing the Portuguese element},
    journal = {Zeitschrift f\"ur romanische Philologie (ZrP)},
    volume = {104},
    number = {1-2},
    pages = {25-45},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176253}
}
@article{Lipski1991,
    author = {Lipski, John M.},
    title = {Origen y evoluci\'on de la part\'icula ta en los criollos afro-hisp\'anicos},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {1},
    number = {2},
    pages = {16-41},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176077}
}
@article{Lipski1992,
    author = {Lipski, John M.},
    title = {Spontaneous nasalization in the development of Afro-Hispanic language},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {7},
    number = {2},
    pages = {261-305},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175721}
}
@article{Lipski2000,
    author = {Lipski, John M.},
    title = {Epenthesis vs. elision in Afro-American language: A constraint-based approach to creole phonology},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {10},
    pages = {23-39},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176088}
}
@incollection{Lipskial1996,
    author = {Lipski, John and M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter and Duthin, F.},
    editor = {Wurm, Stephen and M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter and Tryon, Darrell},
    title = {Spanish in the Pacific},
    booktitle = {Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas},
    publisher = {Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin/New York},
    series = {Trends in Linguistics. Documentation.},
    volume = {13},
    pages = {271-298},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176250},
    normalizedauthorstring = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter AND Lipski, John AND Duthin, F.}
}
@incollection{LipskiSantoro2007,
    author = {Lipski, John M. and Santoro, Maurizio},
    editor = {Holm, John and Patrick, Peter},
    title = {Zamboangue\~no Creole Spanish},
    booktitle = {Comparative creole syntax. Parallel outlines of 18 creole grammars},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 7},
    pages = {373-398},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175245},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Santoro, Maurizio AND Lipski, John M.},
    note = {Much information is based on Forman (1972).}
}
@article{Llamado1972,
    author = {Llamado, Librada C.},
    title = {The phrase-structure rules of Cavite Chavacano},
    journal = {Philippine Journal of Linguistics},
    volume = {3},
    number = {1},
    pages = {67-96},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175118}
}
@book{Lloydnd,
    author = {Lloyd, B. G.},
    title = {Kitchen Kafir Grammar and Vocabulary},
    publisher = {Johannesburg: Central News Agency},
    address = {Johannesburg},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176334},
    yearstring = {n.d.}
}
@book{Loines1953,
    author = {Loines, Elma},
    title = {The China trade post-bag of the Seth Low family of Salem and New York 1829-73},
    publisher = {Manchester, ME: Falmoth Publishing House},
    address = {Manchester, ME},
    year = {1953},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175352}
}
@misc{Lolota2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175561},
    note = {Lolota Brava was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@book{Lopes1957,
    author = {Lopes da Silva, Baltazar},
    title = {O dialecto crioulo de Cabo Verde},
    publisher = {Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional},
    address = {Lisbon},
    year = {1957},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175777}
}
@book{Lord1989,
    author = {Lord, Carol},
    title = {Historical change in serial verb construction},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175997}
}
@article{Lubbe2008,
    author = {Lubbe, H.J.},
    title = {Taalregte en die regspraak},
    journal = {Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics PLUS},
    volume = {36},
    pages = {67-87},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176481}
}
@article{Lucchesi1993,
    author = {Lucchesi, Dante},
    title = {The article systems of Cape Verde and Sao Tom\'e Creole Portuguese: General principles and specific factors},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {8},
    number = {1},
    pages = {81-108},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {141989}
}
@article{Lucchesi1994,
    author = {Lucchesi, Dante},
    title = {Os artigos nos crioulos de Cabo Verde e Sao Tom\'e e Pr\'incipe: Princ\'ipios gerais e fatores espec\'ificos},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {3},
    number = {1},
    pages = {61-83},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176079}
}
@article{LucchesiMacedo1997,
    author = {Lucchesi, Dante and Macedo, Alzira},
    title = {A variacao no concordancia de genero no portugues de contato do Alto Xingu},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176087},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Macedo, Alzira AND Lucchesi, Dante}
}
@incollection{Ludwig1991,
    author = {Ludwig, Ralph},
    editor = {Stammerjohann, Harro},
    title = {Quelques rapports entre typologie et oralit\'e: focalisation, th\`eme et rh\`eme en fran\c{c}ais et en cr\'eole antillais},
    booktitle = {Analyse et synth\`ese dans les langues slaves et romanes},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    pages = {83-100},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176383}
}
@article{Ludwig1992,
    author = {Ludwig, Ralph},
    title = {La relative en cr\'eole guadeloup\'een : L'\'evolution d'une technique grammaticale dans un contexte diglossique},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {15},
    number = {2},
    pages = {109-125},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175943}
}
@book{Ludwig1996,
    author = {Ludwig, Ralph},
    title = {Kreolsprachen zwischen M\"undlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit. Zur Syntax und Pragmatik atlantischer Kreolsprachen auf franz\"osischer Basis},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176380}
}
@book{Ludwigetal1990,
    author = {Ludwig, Ralph and Montbrand, Dani\`ele and Poullet, Hector and Telchid, Sylviane},
    title = {Dictionnaire cr\'eole fran\c{c}ais},
    publisher = {Guadeloupe: Serv\'edit/Jasor},
    address = {Guadeloupe},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175477},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ludwig, Ralph, Montbrand, Dani\`ele, Poullet, Hector AND Telchid, Sylviane}
}
@book{Ludwigetal2001,
    author = {Ludwig, Ralph and Telchid, Sylviane and Bruneau-Ludwig, Florence},
    title = {Corpus cr\'eole. Textes oraux dominicais, guadeloup\'eens, guyanais, ha\"itiens, mauriciens et seychellois},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    series = {Kreolische Bibliothek 18},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {149131},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ludwig, Ralph AND Bruneau-Ludwig, Florence AND Telchid, Sylviane}
}
@book{Ludwigetal2002,
    author = {Ludwig, Ralph and Montbrand, Daniele and Poullet, Hector and Telchid, Sylviane},
    title = {Dictionnaire cr\'eole-fran\c{c}ais. Avec un abr\'eg\'e de grammaire cr\'eole et un lexique fran\c{c}ais-cr\'eole},
    publisher = {Paris: SERVEDIT - Maisonneuve \& Larose - \'Editions Jasor},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176381},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ludwig, Ralph, Montbrand, Daniele, Poullet, Hector AND Telchid, Sylviane},
    note = {2., revised edition}
}
@misc{Ludwigetal2009,
    author = {Ludwig, Ralph and Henri, Fabiola and Bruneau-Ludwig, Florence},
    editor = {Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y. and Ludwig, Ralph and Schnepel, Burkhard},
    title = {Hybridation linguistique et fonctions sociales : Aspects des contacts entre cr\'eole, fran\c{c}ais et anglais \`a Maurice},
    booktitle = {Multiple identities in action: Mauritius and some Antillean parallelisms},
    publisher = {Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    series = {Sprache-Identit\"at-Kultur},
    volume = {5},
    pages = {165-202},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176368},
    normalizededitorstring = {Schnepel, Burkhard}
}
@incollection{LudwigPfander2003,
    author = {Ludwig, Ralph and Pf\"ander, Stefan},
    editor = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    title = {Grammaticalisation et contact de langues: L' \'evolution de la particule 'la' en fran\c{c}ais et en cr\'eole carib\'een},
    booktitle = {Grammaticalisation et r\'eanalyse. Approches de la variation cr\'eole et fran\c{c}aise.},
    publisher = {Paris: CNRS \'Editions},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {269-284.},
    year = {2003},
    endpage = {284},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175304},
    numberofpages = {16},
    startpage = {269}
}
@phdthesis{Luelsdorf1971,
    author = {Luelsdorf, Philip},
    booktitle = {A segmental phonology of Black English},
    school = {Georgetown University},
    publisher = {Washington, DC: Georgetown University},
    address = {Washington, DC},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175798},
    note = {PhD dissertation}
}
@book{Luffin2004,
    author = {Luffin, Xavier},
    title = {Kinubi Texts},
    publisher = {Munich: Lincom},
    address = {Munich},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {137335}
}
@book{Luffin2005,
    author = {Luffin, Xavier},
    title = {Un cr\'eole arabe: Le kinubi de Mombasa},
    publisher = {Munich: Lincom},
    address = {Munich},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {71926}
}
@article{Lumsden1989,
    author = {Lumsden, John S.},
    title = {On the distribution of determiners in Haitian Creole},
    journal = {Revue Qu\'eb\'ecoise de Linguistique},
    volume = {18},
    pages = {65-95},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175851}
}
@article{Lumsden1990,
    author = {Lumsden, John S.},
    title = {The biclausal structure of Haitian clefts.},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {28},
    number = {4},
    pages = {741-759},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176423}
}
@incollection{Lumsden1991a,
    author = {Lumsden, John S.},
    editor = {Lefebvre, Claire},
    title = {The locative alternations},
    booktitle = {Travaux de recherche sur le cr\'eole ha\"itien 5},
    publisher = {Montr\'eal: Universit\'e du Qu\'ebec \`a Montr\'eal},
    address = {Montr\'eal},
    pages = {31-65},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175807}
}
@article{Lumsden1991b,
    author = {Lumsden, John S.},
    title = {On the argument structures of certain Haitian predicates: Rete, 'to remain', posib 'possible'},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {6},
    number = {1},
    pages = {59-72},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175697}
}
@article{Lumsden1994,
    author = {Lumsden, John S.},
    title = {Possession: Substratum semantics in Haitian Creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {9},
    number = {1},
    pages = {25-49},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175727}
}
@article{Lumsden1999,
    author = {Lumsden, John S.},
    title = {The role of relexification in creole genesis},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    pages = {225-258},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175879}
}
@book{Lynch1973,
    author = {Lynch, John},
    title = {Verbal aspects of possession in Melanesian languages},
    publisher = {Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    series = {Working Papers in Linguistics 5(9)},
    pages = {1-21},
    year = {1973},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175693}
}
@incollection{Lynch1987,
    author = {Lynch, John},
    editor = {Laycock, Donald A. and Winter, Werner},
    title = {The French legacy in Bislama},
    booktitle = {A world of language: Papers presented to Professor S. A. Wurm on his 65th birthday},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics C-100},
    pages = {499-520},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175663}
}
@book{Maduro1971,
    author = {Maduro, Antoine J.},
    title = {Bon Papiamentu (i un appendix interesante)},
    publisher = {Korsou: self-published},
    address = {Korsou},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175501}
}
@incollection{Mafeni1971,
    author = {Mafeni, Bernard},
    editor = {Spencer, John},
    title = {Nigerian Pidgin},
    booktitle = {The English language in West Africa},
    publisher = {London: Longman},
    address = {London},
    pages = {95-112},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {29956}
}
@book{Magens1770,
    author = {Magens, Jochum Melchior},
    title = {Grammatica over det Creolske sprog, som bruges paa de trende Danske Eilande, St. Croix, St. Thomas og St. Jans i Amerika. Sammenskrevet og opsat af en paa St. Thomas indf\"od Mand},
    publisher = {Copenhagen: Gerhard Giese Salikath},
    address = {Copenhagen},
    year = {1770},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176395}
}
@misc{Magens2008,
    author = {Magens, J.M},
    editor = {Holm, John A. and Michaelis, Susanne},
    title = {Grammar of the Creole Language as used on the three Danish Islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John in America: Compiled and written by a native of St. Thomas},
    publisher = {London/New York: Routledge},
    address = {London/New York},
    series = {Contact Languages: Critical concepts in language studies},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {15-48},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {471343},
    note = {Translation by Peter Bakker, Hein van der Voort et al. of the original work written by J.M. Magens and published in 1770 in Danish.}
}
@article{Manessy1985,
    author = {Manessy, Gabriel},
    title = {Remarques sur la pluralisation du nom en cr\'eole et dans les langues africaines},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {129-143},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175914}
}
@mastersthesis{Manfredi2005,
    author = {Manfredi, Stefano},
    booktitle = {Descrizione grammaticale dell'arabo Juba con riferimenti sociolinguistici alla comunit\`a del Cairo [Grammatical Description of Juba Arabic, with Sociolinguistics Notes on the Sudanese Community in Cairo]},
    school = {Universit\`a degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale},
    publisher = {Naples: Universit\`a degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale},
    address = {Naples},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175192},
    note = {Unpublished MA Thesis}
}
@article{Marantz1982,
    author = {Marantz, Alec},
    title = {Re Reduplication},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    volume = {13},
    number = {4},
    pages = {435-482},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175977}
}
@article{Marbeck1994,
    author = {Marbeck, Joan},
    title = {Experiencia ungua kristang na Malaka},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {88-97},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175895}
}
@book{Marbeck1995,
    author = {Marbeck, Joan M.},
    title = {Ungua Adanza},
    publisher = {Malacca: Loh Printing},
    address = {Malacca},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176456}
}
@article{MarcheseShnukal1982,
    author = {Marchese, Lynell and Shnukal, Anna},
    title = {Reviewing ethnolinguistic vitality: The case of Anglo-Nigerian Pidgin},
    journal = {Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {213-219},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175515},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Shnukal, Anna AND Marchese, Lynell}
}
@misc{MariaChiviar2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175563},
    note = {Maria Chiviar was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@misc{MariaConceicaoTeixeira2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175564},
    note = {Maria Concei\c{c}\~ao Teixeira was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@misc{MariadeFatimaGoncalves2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175568},
    note = {Maria de Fatima Goncalves was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@misc{MariaMendes2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175566},
    note = {Maria Mendez was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@misc{MariaSemedopc2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175527},
    note = {Maria Semedo was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@article{MarkeyFodale1983,
    author = {Markey, Thomas L. and Fodale, Peter},
    title = {Lexical diathesis, focal shifts and passivization: The creole voice},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    volume = {5},
    pages = {69-84},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175772}
}
@misc{MarleenvandeVatesfieldnotes,
    author = {van de Vate, Marleen},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176340}
}
@article{Marshall1982,
    author = {Marshall, Margaret M.},
    title = {Bilingualism in southern Louisiana: A sociolinguistic analysis},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    volume = {24},
    number = {3},
    pages = {308-324},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175705}
}
@article{Marshall1987,
    author = {Marshall, Margaret M.},
    title = {A Louisiana Creole French speech continuum},
    journal = {Regional Dimensions},
    volume = {5},
    pages = {71-94},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175706}
}
@article{Marshall1991,
    author = {Marshall, Margaret M.},
    title = {The creole of Mon Louis Island, Alabama, and the Louisiana connection},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {6},
    number = {1},
    pages = {73-87},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175700}
}
@misc{Martinus1996,
    author = {Martinus, Frank E.},
    booktitle = {The kiss of a slave: Papiamentu's West African connection},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176387},
    note = {Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam}
}
@incollection{MartinWolfram1988,
    author = {Martin, Stefan and Wolfram, Walt},
    editor = {Salikoko S. Mufwene and John R. Rickford and Guy Bailey and John Baugh},
    title = {The sentence in African-American Vernacular English.},
    booktitle = {African-American English: Structure, History and Use.},
    publisher = {New York: Routledge},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {11-36},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175590},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Wolfram, Walt AND Martin, Stefan},
    normalizededitorstring = {Baugh., John}
}
@incollection{MartinWolfram1998,
    author = {Martin, Stephan and Wolfram, Walt},
    editor = {Mufwene, Salikoko and Rickford, John R. and Bailey, Guy and Baugh, John},
    title = {The Sentence in African-American Vernacular English},
    booktitle = {African-American English: Structure, history and use},
    publisher = {New York: Routledge},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {11-37},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175590},
    normalizededitorstring = {Baugh, John}
}
@book{Maslovsky1999,
    author = {Maslovsky F.Kh.},
    title = {Dzhango.},
    publisher = {Komsomolsk-na-Amure: Krasnaja vlast'},
    address = {Komsomolsk-na-Amure},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175593},
    normalizedauthorstring = {F.Kh., Maslovsky},
    note = {Roman.}
}
@article{Maurer1986,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    title = {Le papiamento de Cura\c{c}ao: Un cas de cr\'eolisation atypique?},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {9},
    number = {1},
    pages = {97-113},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175918}
}
@incollection{Maurer1987,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    editor = {Maurer, Philippe and Stolz, Thomas},
    title = {La comparaison des morph\`emes temporels du papiamento et du palenquero: Arguments contre la th\'eorie monog\'en\'etique de la gen\`ese des langues cr\'eoles},
    booktitle = {Varia creolica},
    publisher = {Bochum: Brockmeyer},
    address = {Bochum},
    pages = {27-69},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175758}
}
@book{Maurer1988a,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    title = {Les modifications temporelles et modales du verbe dans le papiamento de Cura\c{c}ao (Antilles N\'eerlandaises). Avec une anthologie et un vocabulaire papiamento-fran\c{c}ais},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    series = {Kreolische Bibliothek},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {22722}
}
@incollection{Maurer1988b,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    editor = {Boretzky, Norbert and Enninger, Werner and Stolz, Thomas},
    title = {Les r\'eit\'erations et r\'eduplications lexicalis\'ees du papiamento: Influence du substrat africain?},
    booktitle = {Bochum-Essener Beitr\"age zur Sprachwandelforschung},
    publisher = {Bochum: Studienverlag Brockmeyer},
    address = {Bochum},
    pages = {95-118},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175968}
}
@incollection{Maurer1993,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Holm, John},
    title = {Subjunctive mood in Papiamentu},
    booktitle = {Atlantic meets Pacific: A Global view of pidginization and creolization},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    pages = {243-250},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175458}
}
@book{Maurer1995,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    title = {L'angolar. Un cr\'eole afro-portugais parl\'e \`a S\~ao Tom\'e. Notes de grammaire, textes, vocabulaire},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    series = {Kreolische Bibliothek},
    volume = {16},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {20418}
}
@incollection{Maurer1997,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    editor = {Spears, Arthur K. and Winford, Donald},
    title = {Tense-aspect-mood in Principense},
    booktitle = {The structure and status of pidgins and creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 19},
    pages = {415-435},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {122793}
}
@article{Maurer2003,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    title = {Les marques TAM du cr\'eole portugais de Batavia (Indon\'esie)},
    journal = {Creolica},
    year = {2003},
    url = {http://www.creolica.net/article.php3?id_article=22},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176013}
}
@incollection{Maurer2008,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    editor = {Michaelis, Susanne},
    title = {A first step towards the analysis of tone in Santomense},
    booktitle = {Roots of creole structures},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {33},
    pages = {253-261},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175119}
}
@book{Maurer2009,
    author = {Maurer, Philippe},
    title = {Principense. Grammar, texts, and vocabulary of the Afro-Portuguese Creole of the Island of Pr\'incipe, Gulf of Guinea},
    publisher = {London/Colombo: Battlebridge},
    address = {London/Colombo},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175227}
}
@book{Maurer2011,
    author = {Maurer Philippe},
    title = {The former Portuguese Creole of Batavia and Tugu (Indonesia)},
    publisher = {London \& Colombo: Battlebridge},
    address = {London \& Colombo},
    series = {Serendib series 2},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176407},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Philippe, Maurer},
    note = {This book is a systematic reedition of Schuchardt's Kreolische Studien IX . The source for the Batavia variety is a pedagogical grammar of Malay and Batavia Creole written for Dutchmen, published in Batavia in 1780. As for the Tugu variety, the sources are some manuscripts which contain descriptions of daily life in the village of Tugu (near Batavia) as well as some religious texts.}
}
@phdthesis{Mbassi-Manga1973,
    author = {Mbassi-Manga, Francis},
    booktitle = {English in Cameroon: A study in historical contacts, patterns of usage and current trends},
    school = {University of Leeds},
    publisher = {Leeds: University of Leeds},
    address = {Leeds},
    year = {1973},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175330},
    note = {PhD Thesis}
}
@book{Mbodj1979,
    author = {Ch\'erif Mbodj},
    title = {Phonologie du Cr\'eole de Guin\'ee Bissau},
    publisher = {Dakar: Centre de Linguistique Apliqu\'ee de Dakar},
    address = {Dakar},
    volume = {74},
    pages = {124},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176461},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Mbodj, Ch\'erif},
    numberofpages = {124}
}
@book{Mboj1979,
    author = {Mboj, Ch\'erif},
    title = {La phonologie du cr\'eole de Guin\'e-Bissau},
    publisher = {Dakar: CLAD},
    address = {Dakar},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175613}
}
@article{McConvellMeakins2005,
    author = {McConvell, Patrick and Meakins, Felicity},
    title = {Gurindij Kriol: A mixed language emerges from coede-switching},
    journal = {Australian Journal of Linguistics},
    volume = {9},
    number = {30},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175481},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Meakins, Felicity AND McConvell, Patrick}
}
@book{McFarlane1873,
    author = {McFarlane, S.},
    title = {The Story of the Lifu Mission.},
    publisher = {London: James Nisbet},
    address = {London},
    year = {1873},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176309}
}
@article{McKibbinCorne1980,
    author = {McKibbin, Juliette and Corne, Chris},
    title = {La morphologie verbale dans le mauricien du XIXe : Implications pour la nature du pr\'edicat?},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {3},
    number = {1},
    pages = {24-40},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175905}
}
@incollection{McPhee2003,
    author = {McPhee, Helean},
    editor = {Aceto, Michael and Williams Jeffrey P.},
    title = {The grammatical features of TMA auxiliaries in Bahamian Creole},
    booktitle = {Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    pages = {29-49},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176280},
    normalizededitorstring = {Aceto, Michael AND P., Williams Jeffrey}
}
@article{McWhorter1992,
    author = {McWhorter, John},
    title = {Substratal influence in Saramaccan serial verb constructions},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {7},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-54},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175718}
}
@article{McWhorter1995a,
    author = {McWhorter, John H.},
    title = {Sisters under the skin: A case for genetic relationship between the Atlantic English-based creoles},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {10},
    number = {2},
    pages = {289-333},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {104796}
}
@article{McWhorter1995b,
    author = {McWhorter, John H.},
    title = {Looking into the void : Zero copula in the creole mesolect},
    journal = {AS},
    volume = {70},
    number = {4},
    pages = {339-360},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176147}
}
@article{McWhorter1996,
    author = {McWhorter, John H.},
    title = {The diachrony of predicate negation in Saramaccan Creole: Synchronic and typological implications},
    journal = {SLang},
    volume = {20},
    number = {2},
    pages = {275-301},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176146}
}
@phdthesis{Meakins2007,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    booktitle = {Case marking in contact: The development and function of case morphology in Gurindji Kriol, an Australian mixed language},
    school = {University of Melbourne},
    address = {Melbourne},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175120}
}
@incollection{Meakins2008a,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    editor = {Simpson, Jane and Wigglesworth, Gillian},
    title = {Unravelling languages: Multilingualism and language contact in Kalkaringi},
    booktitle = {Children's language and multilingualism: Indigenous language use at home and school},
    publisher = {New York: Continuum},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {283-301},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175121}
}
@incollection{Meakins2008b,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    editor = {Sankoff, Gillian and Meyerhoff, Miriam and Nagy, Naomi},
    title = {Land, language and identity: The socio-political origins of Gurindji Kriol},
    booktitle = {Social lives in language},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {69-94},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175122}
}
@incollection{Meakins2009,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    editor = {Barddal, Johanna and Chelliah, Shobhana},
    title = {The case of the shifty ergative marker: A pragmatic shift in the ergative marker in one Australian mixed language.},
    booktitle = {The role of semantics and pragmatics in the development of case},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Studies in language companion series},
    pages = {59-91},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176467}
}
@incollection{Meakins2010-1,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    editor = {Hobson, John and Poetsch, Susan},
    title = {The importance of understanding language ecologies for revitalisation},
    booktitle = {Reawakening languages: Theory and practice in the revitalisation of Australia's Indigenous languages},
    publisher = {Sydney: Sydney University Press},
    address = {Sydney},
    pages = {225-239},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175534}
}
@article{Meakins2010-2,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    title = {The development of asymmetrical serial verb constructions in an Australian mixed language},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    volume = {14},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-38},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {2544}
}
@book{Meakins2010-3,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    title = {The Importance of understanding language ecologies for revitalisation},
    booktitle = {Reawakening languages: Theory and practice in the revitalisation of Australia's Indigenous languages},
    publisher = {Sydney: Sydney University Press},
    address = {Sydney},
    pages = {225-39},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175534}
}
@book{Meakins2011-1,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    title = {Case marking in contact: The development and function of case morphology in Gurindji Kriol},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176469}
}
@article{Meakins2011-2,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    title = {Borrowing contextual inflection: Evidence from northern Australia},
    journal = {Morphology},
    volume = {21},
    number = {1},
    pages = {57-87},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176470}
}
@article{Meakins2011-3,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    title = {Spaced out: Inter-generational changes in the expression of spatial relations by Gurindji people},
    journal = {Australian Journal of Linguistics},
    volume = {31},
    number = {1},
    pages = {43-78},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {4666}
}
@article{Meakins2012-1,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    title = {Which mix? Code-switching or a mixed language - Gurindji Kriol},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Linguistics},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176471},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@article{Meakins2012-2,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity},
    title = {Which Mix? - Code-switching or a mixed language - Gurindji Kriol},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {27},
    number = {1},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176471}
}
@article{MeakinsOShannessy2005,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity and O'Shannessy, Carmel},
    title = {Possessing variation: Age and inalienability related variables in the possessive constructions of two Australian mixed languages},
    journal = {Monash University Linguistics Papers},
    volume = {4},
    number = {2},
    pages = {43-63},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {2229},
    normalizedauthorstring = {O'Shannessy, Carmel AND Meakins, Felicity}
}
@article{MeakinsOShannessy2010,
    author = {Meakins, Felicity and O'Shannessy, Carmel},
    title = {Ordering arguments about: Word order and discourse motivations in the development and use of the ergative marker in two Australian mixed languages},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {120},
    number = {7},
    pages = {1693-1713},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175124},
    normalizedauthorstring = {O'Shannessy, Carmel AND Meakins, Felicity}
}
@article{Meeuwis1995,
    author = {Meeuwis, Michael},
    title = {The Lingala tenses: A reappraisal},
    journal = {Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere},
    volume = {43},
    pages = {97-118},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {158329}
}
@article{Meeuwis1997,
    author = {Meeuwis, Michael},
    title = {Imminence and volition in Lingala grammar},
    journal = {Annales Aequatoria},
    volume = {18},
    pages = {529-544},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {69174}
}
@book{Meeuwis1998,
    author = {Meeuwis, Michael},
    title = {Lingala},
    publisher = {M\"unchen: LINCOM Europa},
    address = {M\"unchen},
    series = {Languages of the World; Materials; Descriptive Grammars, Nr. 261},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {45417}
}
@article{Meeuwis2001,
    author = {Meeuwis, Michael},
    title = {Tense and aspect in Lingala, and Lingala's history: Some feedback on Nurse},
    journal = {Afrikanistische Arbeitspapier},
    volume = {67},
    pages = {145-168},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {95437}
}
@article{Meeuwis2009,
    author = {Meeuwis, Michael},
    title = {Involvement in Language: The Role of the Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae in the History of Lingala},
    journal = {Catholic Historical Review},
    volume = {95},
    pages = {240-260},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176351}
}
@book{Meeuwis2010,
    author = {Meeuwis, Michael},
    title = {A Grammatical Overview of Lingala.},
    publisher = {M\"unchen: Lincom},
    address = {M\"unchen},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176352}
}
@incollection{MeeuwisBlommaert1998,
    author = {Meeuwis, Michael and Jan Blommaert},
    editor = {Peter Auer},
    title = {A monolectal view of code-switching: Layered code-switching among Zairians in Belgium},
    booktitle = {Code-switching in conversation: language, interaction and identity},
    publisher = {London: Routledge},
    address = {London},
    pages = {76-99},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176353},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Blommaert, Jan AND Meeuwis, Michael},
    normalizededitorstring = {Auer, Peter}
}
@article{Megenney1980,
    author = {Megenney, William W.},
    title = {Sub-Saharan influences in Palenquero and Barloventero: Some African elements in the Spanish of the Caribbean coasts of Colombia and Venezuela},
    journal = {Review Interamericana},
    volume = {10},
    pages = {143-155},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175709}
}
@article{Megenney1983,
    author = {Megenney, William W.},
    title = {La influencia del portugu\'es en el palenquero colombiano},
    journal = {Thesaurus},
    volume = {38},
    pages = {548-563},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175710}
}
@book{Megenney1986,
    author = {Megenney, William W.},
    title = {El palenquero. Un lenguaje post-criollo de Colombia},
    publisher = {Bogot\'a: Instituto Caro y Cuervo},
    address = {Bogot\'a},
    series = {Publicaciones del Instituto Caro y Cuervo 74},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175711}
}
@incollection{Meintel1975,
    author = {Meintel, Deirdre},
    editor = {Valkhoff, Marius F.},
    title = {The creole dialect of the island of Brava},
    booktitle = {Miscel\^anea Luso-Africana},
    publisher = {Lisboa: Junta de Investiga\c{c}\~oes do Ultramar},
    address = {Lisboa},
    pages = {205-256},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {18870}
}
@incollection{Menang2008,
    author = {Menang, Thaddeus},
    editor = {Mesthrie, Rajend},
    title = {Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): Phonology},
    booktitle = {Varieties of English. Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {133-149},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175329}
}
@article{Mercier1880,
    author = {Mercier, Alfred},
    title = {\'Etude sur la langue cr\'eole en Louisiane.},
    journal = {Comptes rendus de l'Ath\'en\'ee louisianais.},
    publisher = {New Orleans: Imprimerie Franco-Americaine},
    address = {New Orleans},
    volume = {5},
    pages = {378-383},
    year = {1880},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176277}
}
@article{Mesthrie1989,
    author = {Mesthrie, Rajend},
    title = {The origins of Fanagalo},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {4},
    number = {2},
    pages = {211-240},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {58032}
}
@incollection{Mesthrie2003,
    author = {Mesthrie, Rajend},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Is there reduplication in Fanakalo?},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {301-306},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {183976}
}
@misc{Meyerhoff1994-1995fieldrecordings,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam 1994-1995 field recordings},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175315},
    note = {Example taken from sociolinguistic interviews conducted in northern Vanuatu (Santo township or West Malo island) between November 1994 and June 1995. Transcription and translation checked by Sharon Morrie Tabi.}
}
@incollection{Meyerhoff1998,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    editor = {Tent, Jan and Mugler, France},
    title = {Comparing old and new information in Bislama: Nominal deletion with olsem},
    booktitle = {SICOL: Proceedings of the second international conference on oceanic linguistics: Vol. 1, Language contact},
    publisher = {Canberra: The Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics, C-141},
    pages = {85-93},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {142484}
}
@article{Meyerhoff1999,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    title = {Sorry in the Pacific: Defining communities, defining practices.},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    volume = {28},
    number = {2},
    pages = {225-238},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176458}
}
@book{Meyerhoff2000a,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    title = {Constraints on null subjects in Bislama (Vanuatu): Social and linguistic factors},
    publisher = {Canberra: Pacific Linguistics Publications},
    address = {Canberra},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {120046},
    yearstring = {2000a}
}
@article{Meyerhoff2000b,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    title = {The emergence of creole subject-verb agreement and the licensing of null subjects},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    volume = {12},
    number = {2},
    pages = {203-230},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175317},
    yearstring = {2000b}
}
@article{Meyerhoff2001,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    title = {Another look at the typology of serial verb constructions: The grammaticalization of temporal relations in Bislama (Vanuatu)},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    volume = {40},
    number = {2},
    pages = {247-268},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175318}
}
@incollection{Meyerhoff2002,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    editor = {G\"uldemann, Tom and von Roncador, Manfred},
    title = {All the same? The emergence of complementisers in Bislama},
    booktitle = {Reported discourse: A meeting ground for different linguistic domains},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Typological Studies in Language},
    pages = {341-359},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175321}
}
@incollection{Meyerhoff2003a,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Bislama. An overview of phonological and semantic factors},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {231-238},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175985}
}
@incollection{Meyerhoff2003b,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    editor = {Holmes, Janet and Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    title = {Claiming a place: Gender, knowledge and authority as emergent properties},
    booktitle = {Handbook of language and gender},
    publisher = {Oxford: Blackwell},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {302-326},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175250}
}
@article{Meyerhoff2003c,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    title = {Formal and cultural constraints on optional objects in Bislama.},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    volume = {14},
    number = {3},
    pages = {323-346},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175254}
}
@incollection{Meyerhoff2008,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    editor = {Meyerhoff, Miriam and Nagy, Naomi},
    title = {Empirical problems with domain-based notions of \textquotedblleftsimple\textquotedblright},
    booktitle = {Social lives in Language: Sociolinguistics of multilingual speech communities},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {IMPACT series},
    pages = {327-355},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175251}
}
@book{Michaelis1993,
    author = {Michaelis, Susanne},
    title = {Temps et aspect en cr\'eole seychellois: Valeurs et interf\'erences},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    series = {Kreolische Bibliothek},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {48927}
}
@book{Michaelis1994,
    author = {Michaelis, Susanne},
    title = {Komplexe Syntax im Seychellen-Kreol: Verkn\"upfung von Sachverhaltsdarstellungen zwischen M\"undlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175234}
}
@incollection{Michaelis2008,
    author = {Michaelis, Susanne},
    editor = {Michaelis, Susanne},
    title = {Valency patterns in Seychelles Creole: Where do they come from?},
    booktitle = {Roots of creole structures: Weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 33},
    pages = {225-251},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175240}
}
@article{MichaelisHaspelmath2003,
    author = {Michaelis, Susanne and Haspelmath, Martin},
    title = {Ditransitive constructions: Creole languages in a cross-linguistic perspective},
    journal = {Creolica},
    year = {2003},
    url = {http://www.creolica.net/article.php3?id_article=28},
    glottolog_ref_id = {21316},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Haspelmath, Martin AND Michaelis, Susanne}
}
@article{MichaelisRosalie2000,
    author = {Michaelis, Susanne and Rosalie, Marcel},
    title = {Polys\'emie et cartes s\'emantiques: Le relateur (av)ek en cr\'eole seychellois},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {23},
    number = {2},
    pages = {79-100},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175961},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Rosalie, Marcel AND Michaelis, Susanne}
}
@article{Migge1995,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    title = {The emergence of creole copulas: Evidence from Belize Creole},
    journal = {OSUWPL},
    volume = {46},
    pages = {63-85},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176152}
}
@incollection{Migge1996,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    editor = {Arnold, Jennifer and Blake, Renee and Davidson, Brad and Schwenter, Scott and Solomon, Julie},
    title = {Copula variability in the Belize continuum and the notion of the creole continuum},
    booktitle = {Sociolinguistic variation: Theory, data, and analysis},
    publisher = {Stanford, CA: CSLI},
    address = {Stanford, CA},
    pages = {129-150},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175892},
    normalizededitorstring = {Solomon, Julie}
}
@article{Migge1998,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Substrate influence in creole formation: The origin of give-type serial verb constructions in the Surinamese Plantation Creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {13},
    number = {2},
    pages = {215-266},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175125}
}
@incollection{Migge2001,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    editor = {Hellinger, Marlis and Bu\ssmann, Hadumod},
    title = {Communicating gender in the Eastern Maroon Creoles},
    booktitle = {Gender across languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {85-104},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175126}
}
@article{Migge2002,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    title = {The Origin of the Copulas (d/n)a and de in the Eastern Maroon Creole},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    volume = {19},
    number = {1},
    pages = {81-133},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175127}
}
@incollection{Migge2003,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {The origin of predicate reduplication in Suriname Eastern Maroon Creole},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {61-71},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {183955}
}
@incollection{Migge2004,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    editor = {Escure, Genevi\`eve and Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {The speech event kuutu in the Eastern Maroon community.},
    booktitle = {Creoles, contact and language change: Linguistic and social implications},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {285-306},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175539}
}
@article{Migge2005,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Variation linguistique dans les situations formelles chez les Pamaka},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {28},
    number = {1},
    pages = {59-92},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175891}
}
@incollection{Migge2006,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    editor = {Deumert, Ana and Durrleman, Stephanie},
    title = {Tracing the origin of modality in the creoles of Suriname},
    booktitle = {Structure and variation in language contact},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {29},
    pages = {29-60},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175129}
}
@article{Migge2007,
    author = {Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Codeswitching and social identities in the Eastern Maroon community of Suriname and French Guiana},
    journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {53-72},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175540}
}
@incollection{MiggeLeglise2010,
    author = {Migge, Bettina and L\'eglise, Isabelle},
    editor = {Bettina Migge and Isabelle L\'eglise and Angela Bartens},
    title = {Integrating local languages and cultures into the education system of French Guiana: A discussion of current programs and initiatives.},
    booktitle = {Creoles in education: An appraisal of current programs and projects: A discussion of current programs and initiatives},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {107-132},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176460},
    normalizedauthorstring = {L\'eglise, Isabelle AND Migge, Bettina},
    normalizededitorstring = {Migge, Bettina AND L\'eglise, Isabelle AND Bartens, Angela}
}
@book{MiggeLeglise2012,
    author = {Migge, Bettina and Leglise, Isabelle},
    title = {Exploring language in a multilingual context: Variation, Interaction and ideology in language documentation.},
    publisher = {Cambridge: CUP},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176459}
}
@misc{Miggepc2011,
    author = {Migge Bettina},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176493},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Bettina, Migge}
}
@book{Mihalic1971,
    author = {Mihalic, Frank},
    title = {The Jacaranda dictionary and grammar of Melanesian Pidgin},
    publisher = {Milton, Queensland: Jacaranda},
    address = {Milton, Queensland},
    pages = {199},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {32360},
    numberofpages = {199}
}
@incollection{Miller1984-1,
    author = {Miller, Catherine},
    title = {Aper\c{c}u du syst\`eme verbal en Juba-Arabic.},
    journal = {Comptes rendus du GLECS},
    publisher = {Paris: Geuthner},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {1979-1984},
    number = {24- 28},
    pages = {295-315},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176325}
}
@article{Miller1985,
    author = {Miller, Catherine},
    title = {Un \'exemple d' \'evolution linguistique : le cas de la particule \guillemotleft ge \guillemotright en Juba-Arabic.},
    journal = {Materiaux Arabes et Sudarabiques},
    publisher = {Paris: Geuthner},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {1985},
    number = {1},
    pages = {155-166},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176324}
}
@article{Miller1989,
    author = {Miller, Catherine},
    title = {Kelem kalam bitak : langues et tribunaux en Equatoria.},
    journal = {Materiaux Arabes et Sudarabiques},
    publisher = {Paris: Universit\'e Paris III},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {1989},
    number = {2},
    pages = {23-58},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176350}
}
@incollection{Miller1991-1,
    author = {Miller, Catherine},
    editor = {Bleuchot H. and Delmet C. and Hopwood D.},
    title = {Le changement linguistique \`a Juba et \`a Khartoum.},
    booktitle = {Sudan-History, Identity, Ideology/Histoire, Identit\'es, Id\'eologies.},
    publisher = {Ithaca: Ithaca Press},
    address = {Ithaca},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {122881},
    normalizededitorstring = {H., Bleuchot AND C., Delmet AND D., Hopwood}
}
@article{Miller1993,
    author = {Miller, Catherine},
    title = {Restructuration morpho-syntaxique en Juba-arabic et Ki-nubi: \`A propos du d\'ebat universaux/substrat et superstrat dans les \'etudes creoles},
    journal = {Materiaux Arabes et Sudarabiques},
    publisher = {Paris: Geuthner},
    address = {Paris},
    volume = {5},
    pages = {137-174},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {148707}
}
@incollection{Miller2001,
    author = {Miller, Catherine},
    editor = {Nicolai, Robert},
    title = {Grammaticalisation du verbe gale 'dire' en Juba-Arabic},
    booktitle = {L\'e\c{c}on d'Afrique: Filiations, ruptures et reconstitutions des langues: un hommage \`a Gabriel Manessy},
    publisher = {Louvain: Peeters},
    address = {Louvain},
    pages = {455-482},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {75859}
}
@incollection{Miller2003,
    author = {Miller, Catherine},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Arabic-based contact languages},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {289-299},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175989}
}
@book{Mintz1994,
    author = {Mintz, Malcom W.},
    title = {A student grammar of Malay and Indonesia.},
    publisher = {Singapore: EPB Publishers},
    address = {Singapore},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176447}
}
@article{Molnarfi1999,
    author = {Moln\'arfi, Laszlo},
    title = {Zur Diskurskomponente in der Sprechsprache: 'vir' als Rhemamarkierer im Afrikaans},
    journal = {Folia Linguistica},
    volume = {33},
    number = {1},
    pages = {75-100},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175445}
}
@incollection{Molony1973,
    author = {Molony, Carol},
    editor = {Gonzalez, Andrew},
    title = {Sound changes in Chabacano},
    booktitle = {Parangal Kay Cecilio Lopez},
    publisher = {Quezon City: Linguistic Society of the Philippines},
    address = {Quezon City},
    pages = {38-50},
    year = {1973},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175543}
}
@incollection{Molony1977,
    author = {Molony, Carol},
    editor = {Meisel, J\"urgen M.},
    title = {Semantic changes in Chabacano},
    booktitle = {Langues en contact: Pidgins, Creoles = Languages in contact},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    pages = {153-166},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176281}
}
@book{Monar1994,
    author = {Monar, Rooplall},
    title = {Estate people: A collection of short stories},
    publisher = {Georgetown: Roraima Publishers},
    address = {Georgetown},
    pages = {70},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176267},
    numberofpages = {70}
}
@incollection{Monino2002,
    author = {Mo{\~n}ino, Yves},
    editor = {Mo{\~n}ino, Yves and Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {Las construcciones de genitivo en palenquero: \textquestiondownuna semantaxis africana?},
    booktitle = {Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: Historia y lengua},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Niemeyer},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    pages = {227-248},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175220}
}
@article{MoninoOrtiz1999,
    author = {Mo{\~n}ino, Yves and Ortiz, Carolina},
    title = {R\'einterpretation de deux proc\'ed\'es de morphologie evaluative dans un cr\'eole de Colombia},
    journal = {SiLeXicales},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {253-261},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175218},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ortiz, Carolina AND Mo\~nino, Yves}
}
@book{Montenegro1994,
    author = {Montenegro, Teresa and de Morais, Carlos},
    title = {Korosata, Tabanka di Mufunesa (adaptado), Collection 'No bai', contes creoles de Guin\'ee-Bissau},
    publisher = {Bissau: Ku Si Mon Editora},
    address = {Bissau},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176487},
    normalizedauthorstring = {de Morais, Carlos AND Montenegro, Teresa}
}
@incollection{Montgomery1994,
    author = {Montgomery, Michael},
    editor = {Montgomery, Michael},
    title = {Lorenzo Dow Turner's early work on Gullah},
    booktitle = {The crucible of Carolina. Essays in the development of Gullah language and culture},
    publisher = {Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press},
    address = {Athens, GA},
    pages = {158-174},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176177}
}
@incollection{Moravcsik1978,
    author = {Moravcsik, Edith A.},
    editor = {Greenberg, Joseph},
    title = {Reduplicative constructions},
    booktitle = {Universals of human language},
    publisher = {Stanford: Stanford University Press},
    address = {Stanford},
    volume = {3},
    pages = {297-334},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175969}
}
@book{Moresby1876,
    author = {Moresby, John},
    title = {New Guinea and Polynesia: Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea and the d'Entrecasteaux Islands, a Cruise in Polynesia and Visits to the Pearl-Shelling Stations in Torres Straits of H.M.S. Basilisk.},
    publisher = {London: John Murray},
    address = {London},
    year = {1876},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176310}
}
@article{Moro2007,
    author = {Moro, Anna L.},
    title = {An exploration of colour terms in English-lexifier Atlantic creoles},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {117},
    number = {8},
    pages = {1448-1461},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176136}
}
@misc{Morrison1807-1808,
    author = {Morrison, R.},
    year = {1807},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175349},
    note = {Unpublished journal in Council for World Mission archives, South China - Journal Box 1},
    yearstring = {1807-1808}
}
@book{Mosel1980,
    author = {Mosel, Ulrike},
    title = {Tolai and Tok Pisin: The influence of the substratum on the development of New Guinea Pidgin},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University Press},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics B-73},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {49524}
}
@book{Mous2003,
    author = {Mous, Maarten},
    title = {The making of a mixed language: The case of Ma'a/Mbugu.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 26},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175282}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1983,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    editor = {Carrington, Lawrence},
    title = {Observations on time reference in Jamaican and Guyanese creoles},
    booktitle = {Studies in Caribbean language},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    publisher = {St. Augustine, Trinidad \& Tobago: Society for Caribbean Linguistics, UWI},
    address = {St. Augustine, Trinidad \& Tobago},
    volume = {4},
    pages = {199-229},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175602}
}
@article{Mufwene1985,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    title = {The linguistic significance of African proper names in Gullah},
    journal = {New West Indian Guide},
    volume = {59},
    pages = {149-166},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175603}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1986a,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    editor = {G\"orlach, Manfred and Holm, John A.},
    title = {Notes on durative constructions in Jamaican and Guyanese Creoles},
    booktitle = {Varieties of English around the world: Focus on the Caribbean},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {167-182},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175689}
}
@article{Mufwene1986b,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    title = {Number delimitation in Gullah},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {61},
    number = {1},
    pages = {33-60},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175181}
}
@article{Mufwene1988,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    title = {Formal evidence of pidginization/creolization in Kituba},
    journal = {Journal of African Languages and Linguistics},
    volume = {10},
    pages = {33-51},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {138748}
}
@article{Mufwene1989,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    title = {La cr\'eolisation en bantou: Les cas du kituba, du lingala urbain, et du swahili du Shaba},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {12},
    number = {1},
    pages = {74-106},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {148738}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1990a,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    editor = {Singler, John V.},
    title = {Time reference in Kituba},
    booktitle = {Tense-modality-aspect systems in pidgins and creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {97-117},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {47696}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1990b,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    editor = {Joseph, Brian and Zwicky, Arnold},
    title = {Serialization and subordination in Gullah: Toward a definition of serialization},
    booktitle = {When verbs collide: Papers from the 1990 Ohio State Mini-conference on serial verbs},
    publisher = {Columbus, OH: Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University},
    address = {Columbus, OH},
    series = {Working Papers in Linguistics 39},
    pages = {91-108},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176026}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1991a,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    editor = {Bailey, Guy and Maynor, Natalie},
    title = {Is Gullah decreolizing? A comparison of a speech sample of the 1930's with a sample of the 1980's},
    booktitle = {The emergence of Black English},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176028}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1991b,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    editor = {Edwards, Walter and Winford, Donald},
    title = {On the infinitive in Gullah},
    booktitle = {Verb phrase patterns in Black English and Creoles},
    publisher = {Detroit: Wayne State University Press},
    address = {Detroit},
    pages = {209-222},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176027}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1991c,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Huebner, Thom},
    title = {Pidgins, creoles, typology, and markedness},
    booktitle = {Development and structures of creole languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 9},
    pages = {123-143},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176056}
}
@book{Mufwene1993,
    editor = {Mufwene, Salikoko and Condon, Nancy},
    title = {Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties},
    publisher = {Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press},
    address = {Athens, GA},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175756}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1994,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    editor = {Morgan, Marcyliena},
    title = {On decreolization: The case of Gullah},
    booktitle = {Language and the social construction of identity in creole situations},
    publisher = {Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Afro-American Studies},
    address = {Los Angeles},
    pages = {63-99},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175884}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1997,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.},
    editor = {Thomason, Sarah G.},
    title = {Kituba.},
    booktitle = {Contact languages: A wider perspective},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {173-208},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {120929}
}
@incollection{Mufwene1998-1,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.},
    editor = {Salikoko S. Mufwene and John R. Rickford and Guy Bailey and John Baugh},
    title = {The Structure of the Noun Phrase in African-American Vernacular English.},
    booktitle = {African-American English: Structure, History and Use},
    publisher = {New York: Routledge},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {69-81},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176266},
    normalizededitorstring = {Baugh, John}
}
@incollection{Mufwene2004,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
    editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. and Burridge, Kate and Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive},
    title = {Gullah: Morphology and syntax},
    booktitle = {A handbook of varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Vol. 2: Morphology and syntax},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {356-373},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175183}
}
@article{MufweneDijkhoff1989,
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko and Dijkhoff, Marta},
    title = {On the so-called \textquotedblleftinfinitive\textquotedblright in Atlantic Creoles},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {77},
    pages = {297-330},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175459},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Dijkhoff, Marta AND Mufwene, Salikoko}
}
@article{Muhleisen2001,
    author = {M\"uhleisen, Susanne},
    title = {Is 'bad English' dying out? A comparative diachronic study on attitudes towards Creole versus Standard English in Trinidad.},
    journal = {Philologie im Netz},
    volume = {15},
    pages = {43-78},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176376},
    note = {http://www.phin.de}
}
@book{Muhleisen2002,
    author = {M\"uhleisen, Susanne},
    title = {Creole Discourse: Exploring Prestige Formation and Change Across Caribbean English-lexicon Creoles.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Linguistics Library},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {140294}
}
@incollection{Muhleisen2005,
    author = {M\"uhleisen, Susanne},
    editor = {M\"uhleisen, Susanne and Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Forms of address in English-lexicon Creoles: The presentation of selves and others in the Caribbean context},
    booktitle = {Politeness and face in Caribbean Creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {195-223},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175290}
}
@book{Muhleisen2008,
    author = {M\"uhleisen, Susanne},
    title = {"Mornin' Caller" - negotiating power and authority in a Trinidadian phone-in discourse community},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics (on CD-ROM)},
    publisher = {St. Augustine: University of the West Indies},
    address = {St. Augustine},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176377}
}
@misc{Muhleisen2010,
    title = {Linguistic choices and community construction in a Trinidadian Diaspora internet forum.},
    publisher = {Cave Hill, Barbados: University of the West Indies},
    address = {Cave Hill, Barbados},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176378},
    note = {Paper given at the 13th Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics (SCL), University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados.}
}
@article{Muhleisen2011,
    author = {M\"uhleisen, Susanne},
    editor = {Eric Anchimbe and Richard Janney},
    title = {Forms of address and ambiguity in Caribbean Creoles: Strategic interactions in a postcolonial language situation},
    journal = {Journal of Pragmatics (special issue Postcolonial Pragmatics)},
    volume = {43},
    number = {6},
    pages = {1460-1471},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175296},
    normalizededitorstring = {Anchimbe, Eric AND Janney, Richard}
}
@book{MuhleisenMigge2005,
    author = {M\"uhleisen, Susanne and Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Politeness and face in Carribean creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176278},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Migge, Bettina AND M\"uhleisen, Susanne}
}
@article{Muhlhausler1975,
    author = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    title = {Reduplication and repetition in New Guinea Tok Pisin},
    journal = {Kivung},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {198-214},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175974}
}
@book{Muhlhausler1978,
    author = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    title = {Samoan Plantation English and the origin of New Guinea Pidgin},
    booktitle = {Papers in pidgin and creole linguistics No. 1},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics A-54},
    pages = {67-120},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {155998}
}
@incollection{Muhlhausler1981,
    author = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter},
    title = {The development of the category of number in Tok Pisin},
    booktitle = {Generative studies on creole languages},
    publisher = {Dordrecht: Foris},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    pages = {35-84},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {46460}
}
@article{Muhlhausler1983,
    author = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    title = {The development of word-formation in Tok Pisin},
    journal = {Folia Linguistica},
    volume = {17},
    pages = {463-487},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176030}
}
@incollection{Muhlhausler1985a,
    author = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    editor = {Wurm, Stephen A. and M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    title = {Syntax of Tok Pisin},
    booktitle = {Handbook of Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin)},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    pages = {341-421},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175694}
}
@incollection{Muhlhausler1985b,
    author = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    editor = {Wurm, Stephen A. and M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    title = {Inflectional morphology of Tok Pisin},
    booktitle = {Handbook of Tok Pisin},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University Press},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics C-70},
    pages = {335-340},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {57467}
}
@incollection{Muhlhausler1985c,
    author = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    editor = {Romaine, Suzanne and others},
    title = {The number of pidgin Englishes in the Pacific},
    booktitle = {Papers in pidgin and creole linguistics No. 4},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics A-72},
    pages = {25-51},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {44568},
    normalizededitorstring = {Romaine, Suzanne AND al., et}
}
@incollection{Muhlhausler1986,
    author = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Bonnet Blanc et Blanc Bonnet: Adjective-noun-rrder, substratum and language universals},
    booktitle = {Substrata versus universals in creole genesis},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 1},
    pages = {41-55},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176041}
}
@book{MuhlhauslerHarre1990,
    author = {M\"uhlh\"ausler, Peter and Harr\'e, Rom},
    title = {Pronouns and People: the Linguistic construction of social and personal identity},
    publisher = {Oxford: Blackwell},
    address = {Oxford},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {52379}
}
@incollection{Muller1983,
    author = {Muller, Enrique},
    editor = {Muller, Enrique},
    title = {Some specific rules in the Papiamentu syntax: From native language to foreign language},
    booktitle = {Papiamentu, problems and possibilities},
    publisher = {Zutphen: de Walburg Press},
    address = {Zutphen},
    pages = {35-54},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175460}
}
@incollection{Muller1989a,
    author = {Muller, Enrique},
    editor = {n.a.},
    title = {Lokalisashon di "nan" den e konstrukshon sustantivo + athetivo},
    booktitle = {Homenahe na Raul Romer},
    publisher = {Willemstad: I.L.A., Departement van Onderwijs},
    address = {Willemstad},
    pages = {64-80},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175492}
}
@phdthesis{Muller1989b,
    author = {Muller, Enrique},
    booktitle = {Inleiding tot de sintaxis van het Papiamentu},
    school = {University of Amsterdam},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175490},
    note = {PhD Dissertation, University of Amsterdam.}
}
@incollection{Munro2000,
    author = {Munro, Jennifer M.},
    editor = {Siegel, Jeff},
    title = {Kriol on the move. A case of language spread and shift in Northern Australia},
    booktitle = {Processes of language contact: Studies from Australia and the South Pacific},
    publisher = {Saint-Laurent, Quebec: Collection Champs linguistiques},
    address = {Saint-Laurent, Quebec},
    pages = {245-270},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175550}
}
@phdthesis{Munro2004,
    author = {Munro, Jennifer M.},
    booktitle = {Substrate language influence in Kriol: The application of transfer constraints to language contact in northern Australia},
    school = {University of New England},
    publisher = {Armidale: University of New England},
    address = {Armidale},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175551},
    note = {PhD Thesis, University of New England}
}
@phdthesis{Munro2005,
    author = {Munro, Jennifer M.},
    title = {Substrate language influence in Kriol: The application of transfer constraints to language contact in northern Australia},
    address = {Armidale, University of new England},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175275},
    note = {PhD Thesis, University of New England}
}
@misc{Musta2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175572},
    note = {Musta was interviewed on the island of Santiago in 2000.}
}
@article{Muysken1977,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter},
    title = {Movement rules in Papiamentu},
    journal = {Amsterdam Creole Studies},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {80-102},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175682}
}
@article{Muysken1979,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter},
    title = {La mezcla entre quechua y castellano},
    journal = {Lexis},
    address = {Lima},
    volume = {3},
    number = {1},
    pages = {41-56},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175512}
}
@incollection{Muysken1981a,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter},
    editor = {Highfield, Arnold and Valdman, Albert},
    title = {Halfway between Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification},
    booktitle = {Historicity and variation in creole studies},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor: Karoma},
    address = {Ann Arbor},
    pages = {52-78},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175396}
}
@incollection{Muysken1981b,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter},
    title = {Creole tense/mood/aspect systems: The unmarked case?},
    booktitle = {Generative studies on creole languages},
    publisher = {Dodrecht: Foris},
    address = {Dodrecht},
    pages = {181-199},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175496}
}
@incollection{Muysken1987,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter},
    editor = {Alleyne, Mervin C.},
    title = {Prepositions and postpositions in Saramaccan},
    booktitle = {Studies in Saramaccan language structure},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175743}
}
@incollection{Muysken1988,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter},
    editor = {Boretzky, Norbert and den Besten, Hans and Stolz, Thomas},
    title = {Lexical restructuring and creole genesis},
    booktitle = {Beitr\"age zum 4. Essener Kolloquium \"uber "Sprachkontakt, Sprachwandel, Sprachwechsel, Sprachtod" vom 9.10. 10.10.1987 an der Universit\"at Essen},
    publisher = {Bochum: Studienverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer},
    address = {Bochum},
    pages = {193-210},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175511},
    normalizededitorstring = {Stolz, Thomas}
}
@incollection{Muysken1993,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter},
    editor = {Byrne, Frances and Winford, Donald},
    title = {Reflexes of Ibero-Romance reflexive clitic+verb combinations in Papiamentu: Thematic grids and grammatical relations},
    booktitle = {Focus and grammatical relations in creole languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Ceole Language Library},
    pages = {285-301},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175498}
}
@incollection{Muysken1997,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter},
    editor = {Thomason, Sarah G.},
    title = {Media Lengua},
    booktitle = {Contact languages: A wider perspective},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    pages = {365-426},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {103143}
}
@article{MuyskenSmith1990,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {Question words in pidgin and creole languages},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {28},
    pages = {883-903},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175470}
}
@incollection{MuyskenvanderVoort1991,
    author = {Muysken, Pieter and van der Voort, Hein},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Huebner, Thom},
    title = {The binding theory and creolization: Evidence from 18th century Negerhollands reflexives},
    booktitle = {Development and structures of creole languages. Essays in honor of Derek Bickerton},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 9},
    pages = {145-158},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176060}
}
@incollection{Myhill1991,
    author = {Myhill, John},
    editor = {Heubner, Thom and Ferguson, Charles A.},
    title = {Typological text analysis: Tense and aspect in creoles and second languages},
    booktitle = {Crosscurrents in second language acquisition and linguistic theories},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {93-121},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175783}
}
@article{Nemo1979,
    author = {Nemo, Jacques},
    title = {La situation linguistique des minorit\'es ethniques \`a l'\^ile de la R\'eunion},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {2},
    number = {1},
    pages = {85-99},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175904}
}
@misc{Nepveu1765,
    author = {Nepveu, Jean},
    booktitle = {Klad-Aantekeningen op Herlein's Beschrijvinge van Zuriname.},
    address = {The Hague},
    year = {1765},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176406},
    note = {MS in State Archives, The Hague}
}
@incollection{Nepveu[1770]1995,
    author = {Nepveu, Jean},
    editor = {Arends, Jacques and Perl, Matthias},
    title = {Annotatien op de Surinaamsche Beschrijvinge van Ao 1718},
    booktitle = {Early Suriname Creole texts: A collection of 18th-century Sranan and Saramaccan documents},
    publisher = {Frankfurt/Madrid: Iberoamericana},
    address = {Frankfurt/Madrid},
    year = {1770},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176209},
    note = {1770 manuscript, first published in 1995.},
    yearstring = {[1770] 1995}
}
@book{Neumann-Holzschuh1987,
    editor = {Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid},
    title = {Textes anciens en cr\'eole louisianais, 8},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    series = {Kreolische Bibliothek},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175209}
}
@incollection{Neumann-Holzschuh2006,
    author = {Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid},
    editor = {Clements, J. Clancy and Klingler, Thomas A. and Piston-Hatlen, Deborah and Rottet, Kevin J.},
    title = {Gender in French creoles : The story of a loser},
    booktitle = {Source: History, society and variation: In honour of Albert Valdman},
    pages = {251-277},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {64067},
    normalizededitorstring = {Clements, J. Clancy AND Rottet, Kevin J.}
}
@article{Neumann1966,
    author = {Neumann, G\"unther},
    title = {Zur chinesisch-russischen Behelfssprache von Kjahta},
    journal = {Die Sprache},
    volume = {12},
    pages = {237-251},
    year = {1966},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175519}
}
@article{Neumann1981,
    author = {Neumann, Ingrid},
    title = {Quelques observations sur la situation actuelle du cr\'eole en Louisiane},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {24},
    pages = {37-54},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175910}
}
@article{Neumann1983,
    author = {Neumann, Ingrid},
    title = {Le cr\'eole des Blancs en Louisiane},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {6},
    number = {2},
    pages = {63-78},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175908}
}
@book{Neumann1985,
    author = {Neumann, Ingrid},
    title = {Le cr\'eole de Breaux Bridge, Louisiane: Etude morphosyntaxique - textes - vocabulaire},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {48318}
}
@incollection{Ngcongwane1985,
    author = {Ngcongwane, S. D.},
    editor = {Ngcongwane, S. D.},
    title = {Fanakalo and the Zulu language},
    booktitle = {The languages we speak},
    publisher = {KwaDlangezwa: University of Zululand},
    address = {KwaDlangezwa},
    series = {University of Zululand Publications B-54},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {117669}
}
@misc{NicaraguaprojectrecordingsCD,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175264},
    note = {Nicaragua project recording CD. 7 hours of conversation recorded for the Finnish Academy Project 'Right to Language and Mother Tongue Education', winter 2006-2007.}
}
@misc{Nicholls2006,
    author = {Nicholls, Sopie},
    title = {The discourse function of det: A determiner in Roper River Kriol},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175274},
    note = {Paper presented at the Australian LInguistic Society, Brisbane, July 7th, 2006.}
}
@phdthesis{Nicholls2010,
    author = {Nicholls, Sophie},
    booktitle = {Referring expressions and referential practice in Roper Kriol (Northern Territory, Australia)},
    school = {University of New England},
    publisher = {Armidale: University of New England},
    address = {Armidale},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175559},
    note = {PhD Dissertation, University of New England}
}
@misc{Nicholls2012,
    author = {Nicholls, Sophie},
    title = {Determiner det in Roper River Kriol: Formal, functional and cultural perspectives},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175279},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@article{Nichols1975,
    author = {Nichols, Patricia},
    title = {Complementizers in Creoles},
    journal = {Working Papers on Language Universals},
    publisher = {Stanford University},
    volume = {19},
    pages = {131-135},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {70313}
}
@phdthesis{Nichols1976,
    author = {Nichols, Patricia},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change in Gullah: Sex, age and mobility},
    school = {Stanford University},
    publisher = {Stanford: Stanford University},
    address = {Stanford},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175604},
    note = {PhD dissertation}
}
@incollection{Nichols1983,
    author = {Nichols, Patricia},
    editor = {Thorne, Barrie and Kramarae, Cheris and Henley, Nancy},
    title = {Linguistic options and choices for Black women in the rural South},
    booktitle = {Language, gender, and society},
    publisher = {Rowley, MA: Newbury House},
    address = {Rowley, MA},
    pages = {54-68},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176175}
}
@incollection{Nichols1996,
    author = {Nichols, Johanna},
    editor = {W. Chafe and J. Nichols},
    title = {The bottom line: Chinese Pidgin Russian},
    booktitle = {Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology},
    publisher = {Norwood: Ablex Publishing},
    address = {Norwood},
    pages = {239-257},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176365},
    normalizededitorstring = {Chafe, W. AND Nichols, J.}
}
@book{NickelWilner1984,
    author = {Nickel, Marilyn and Wilner, John},
    title = {Papers on Sranan Tongo},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: Instituut voor Taalwetenschap},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175416},
    note = {(Summer Institute of Linguistics)}
}
@book{Nicol1822,
    author = {Nicol, John},
    title = {The life and adventures of John Nicol, mariner},
    publisher = {Edinburgh: William Blackwood},
    address = {Edinburgh},
    year = {1822},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175355}
}
@misc{Nigoza2007,
    author = {Nigoza, Evangelino},
    editor = {Calairo, Emmanuel Franco and Villanueva, Neriza M.},
    booktitle = {Bahra. Manga historia, alamat, custumbre y tradiciong di Bahra: The history, legends, customs and traditions of Ternate, Cavite},
    publisher = {Dasmari\~nas: Cavite Historical Society},
    address = {Dasmari\~nas},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175131},
    note = {English and Chabacano text bound together back-to-back and inverted.}
}
@article{Nikiema2000,
    author = {Niki\`ema, Emmanuel},
    title = {Lexical and epenthetic initial vowels in Haitian Creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {15},
    number = {1},
    pages = {171-177},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176066}
}
@misc{NikiemaBhatt1998,
    author = {Nikiema, Emmanuel and Bhatt, Parth},
    title = {Why are final clusters prohibited in Haitian Creole?},
    address = {Toronto},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176107},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Bhatt, Parth AND Nikiema, Emmanuel},
    note = {Unpublished manuscript, University of Toronto}
}
@book{Noble1762,
    author = {Noble, Charles Frederick},
    title = {A voyage to the East Indies in 1747 and 1748},
    publisher = {London: printed for T. Becket and P. A. Dehondt ... and T. Durham},
    address = {London},
    year = {1762},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175343}
}
@incollection{Nolasco2005,
    author = {Nolasco, Ricardo},
    editor = {Dayag, Danilo and Quakenbush, Stephen},
    title = {The Chabacano challenge to Philippine ergativity},
    booktitle = {Linguistics and language education in the Philippines and beyond: A festschrift in honor of Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista},
    publisher = {Manila: De La Salle University Press},
    address = {Manila},
    pages = {401-433},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176246}
}
@incollection{NordlanderShrimpton2003,
    author = {Nordlander, Johan and Shrimpton, Neville},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in the Krio New Testament},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {121-132},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175979}
}
@article{Nunes1994,
    author = {Nunes, M\'ario Pinharanda},
    title = {Concep\c{c}\~ao do tempo e do espa\c{c}o no kristang e no malaio},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {19-39},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175896}
}
@article{Nylander1981,
    author = {Nylander, Dudley K.},
    title = {Serial and pseudoserial verb constructions in Krio},
    journal = {Recherches Linguistiques \`a Montreal},
    volume = {17},
    pages = {101-118},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175132}
}
@book{Nylander1983,
    author = {Nylander, Dudley K.},
    title = {Etude d\'escriptive du Krio (langue cr\'eole de la Sierra-L\'eone): Phonologie et syntaxe},
    publisher = {Grenoble: Universit\'e des Langues et Lettres de Grenoble},
    address = {Grenoble},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175833},
    note = {Dissertation}
}
@article{Nylander1985,
    author = {Nylander, Dudley K.},
    title = {Serial verbs and the empty category principle in Krio},
    journal = {Revue canadienne de linguistique},
    volume = {30},
    pages = {15-32},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {112828}
}
@article{Nylander1987a,
    author = {Nylander, Dudley K.},
    title = {Comment expliquer la pr\'esence des s\'eries verbales dans les langues cr\'eoles?},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {10},
    number = {2},
    pages = {77-89},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175923}
}
@article{Nylander1987b,
    author = {Nylander, Dudley K.},
    title = {Irrealis in pidgin and creole languages},
    journal = {Studies in Language},
    volume = {11},
    pages = {435-445},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175759}
}
@incollection{Nylander2003,
    author = {Nylander, Dudley K.},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication and compounding in Krio},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {133-137},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175980}
}
@book{OfficedelalanguecreoledelaReunion2007,
    author = {Office de la langue cr\'eole de la R\'eunion: Sondage IPSOS Mars 2007},
    title = {Pratique et transmission orales du cr\'eole r\'eunionnais},
    publisher = {Saint-Paul, R\'eunion: Co\'edition Lofis-Tikouti},
    address = {Saint-Paul, R\'eunion},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176321},
    normalizedauthorstring = {2007, Office de la langue cr\'eole de la R\'eunion: Sondage IPSOS Mars}
}
@article{Ofuani1981,
    author = {Ofuani, Ogo A.},
    title = {Future time expression in Nigerian Pidgin},
    journal = {Papers in Linguistics},
    volume = {14},
    pages = {309-326},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175605}
}
@article{Ofuani1982,
    author = {Ofuani, Ogo A.},
    title = {A discussion of the progressive aspect in Nigerian Pidgin},
    journal = {Papers in Linguistics},
    volume = {15},
    pages = {229-239},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175606}
}
@article{Ogiwara2002,
    author = {Ogiwara, Yutaka},
    title = {Aparici\'on del sustrato en el predicado del cavite\~no},
    journal = {PAPIA. Revista de crioulos de base ib\'erica.},
    volume = {12},
    pages = {67-83},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176248}
}
@misc{Oliver1986,
    author = {Oliver, Godwin A.},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175101},
    note = {Dis ya miit haad fo boil (Life's hard). Composed for the local carnival song contest.}
}
@book{Opperman1967,
    author = {Opperman, Johannes M.},
    title = {Fanakalo Textbook},
    publisher = {Pretoria: N.G. Kerk-boekhandel},
    address = {Pretoria},
    year = {1967},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175297}
}
@article{OwensTosco1993,
    author = {Owens, Jonathan and Tosco, Mauro},
    title = {Turku: A descriptive and comparative study},
    journal = {Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika},
    publisher = {K\"oln: R\"udiger K\"oppe Verlag},
    address = {K\"oln},
    volume = {14},
    pages = {177-268},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {35193}
}
@misc{Ownfieldnotes1974-5,
    author = {Smith, Ian},
    year = {1974},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175429},
    note = {Unpublished field notes from Batticaloa 1973-4. ("Page" numbers actually refer to item numbers.)},
    yearstring = {1974-5}
}
@misc{Ownfieldnotes1993,
    author = {Mous, Maarten},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175281},
    note = {field notes on Mixed Ma'a/Mbugu}
}
@misc{Ownfieldwork-e,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176445},
    note = {own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009}
}
@misc{Ownfieldwork1990,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175171}
}
@misc{Ownfieldwork1993,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175170}
}
@misc{Ownfieldwork1995,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175169}
}
@misc{Ownfieldwork1995b,
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176157},
    note = {personal communication during fieldwork}
}
@misc{Ownfieldwork2008-2009,
    author = {Klein, Thomas},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176444},
    yearstring = {2008-2009}
}
@misc{Ownknowledge-i,
    author = {Noel Bernard Biagui},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176434},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Biagui, Noel Bernard}
}
@misc{Ownknowledge-k,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175333},
    note = {Here I refer to my own knowledge or the knowledge of my informants consulted; I usually had my own non-native speaker's intuition cross-checked by native speakers of Cameroon Pidgin English.}
}
@misc{OwnknowledgeProtestantreligiousSango,
    author = {Samarin, William},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175075},
    note = {These examples are based on my recollection of the Sango that was codified by members of Baptist Mid-Missions (U.S.A.) at least by the time the New Testament was published in 1935.}
}
@misc{Ownmaterials1980s,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175041},
    note = {Unpublished corpus of transcriptions of conversations collected in Placencia, Belize in the 1980s.},
    yearstring = {1980-1989}
}
@misc{Ownmaterials1985,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175035},
    note = {Corpus of unpublished transcriptions of conversations collected in Belize City, Placencia, and other villages of Belize.}
}
@misc{Ownmaterials1992,
    author = {Escure, Genevi\`eve},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175043},
    note = {Unpublished corpus of transcriptions of conversations collected in Belize in 1992.}
}
@misc{Ownsociolinguisticinterviews,
    author = {Hackert, Stephanie},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175133}
}
@article{P2004,
    author = {P. Eric Louw},
    title = {Political power, national identity, and language: the case of Afrikaans},
    journal = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language},
    volume = {2004},
    number = {170},
    pages = {43-58},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {59551},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Louw, P. Eric}
}
@phdthesis{Paauw2008,
    author = {Paauw. Scott},
    booktitle = {The contact Malay varieties of Eastern Indonesia: A typological comparison},
    school = {University at Buffalo},
    publisher = {Buffalo, NY: University at Buffalo},
    address = {Buffalo, NY},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175439},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Scott, Paauw.},
    note = {PhD Dissertation, University at Buffalo}
}
@phdthesis{Pakir1986,
    author = {Pakir, Anne},
    booktitle = {A linguistic investigation of Baba Malay. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis},
    school = {University of Hawaii},
    publisher = {University of Hawaii},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176448},
    note = {Ph. D. Thesis}
}
@book{Palmer1986,
    author = {Palmer, Frank R.},
    title = {Mood and modality},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {15751}
}
@article{Papen1978a,
    author = {Papen, Robert},
    title = {\'Etat pr\'esent des \'etudes en phonologie des cr\'eoles de l'oc\'ean Indien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    pages = {35-63},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175795}
}
@book{Papen1978b,
    author = {Papen, Robert},
    title = {The French-based Creoles of the Indian Ocean: An analysis and comparison},
    publisher = {San Diego: University of California},
    address = {San Diego},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {76622},
    note = {Dissertation}
}
@misc{Papiamentudatabase,
    author = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176385},
    note = {My database of sentences drawn from letters, conversations, and literary sources.}
}
@book{Parker1838,
    author = {Parker, Peter},
    title = {Journal of an expedition from Singapore to Japan, with a visit to Loo-Choo.},
    publisher = {London: Smith, Elder \& Co.},
    address = {London},
    year = {1838},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175347}
}
@incollection{Parkvall2003,
    author = {Parkvall, Mikael},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in the Atlantic Creoles},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {19-36},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175970}
}
@unpublished{Pasanen2004,
    author = {Pasanen, Marika Anneli},
    booktitle = {I'm a Creole, so I speak English' - 'I'm an Indian, but speak Creole': Kreolin konstituoiminen Nicaraguan Atlantin rannikolla.},
    address = {Helsinki},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176370},
    note = {MA Thesis, Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology of the Universtiy of Helsinki}
}
@incollection{Patino1989,
    author = {Pati{\~n}o Rosselli, Carlos},
    editor = {Pati{\~n}o Rosselli, Carlos},
    title = {Una mirada al criollo palenquero},
    booktitle = {Estudios sobre espa\~nol de Am\'erica y ling\"u\'istica afroamericana},
    publisher = {Bogot\'a: Instituto Caro y Cuervo},
    address = {Bogot\'a},
    series = {Publicaciones del Instituto Caro y Cuervo 83},
    pages = {354-368},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175712}
}
@article{Patrick1991,
    author = {Patrick, Peter},
    title = {Creoles at the intersection of variable processes: -t,d-deletion and past-marking in the Jamaican mesolect},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    volume = {3},
    pages = {171-189},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175784}
}
@book{Patrick1999,
    author = {Patrick, Peter},
    title = {Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the mesolect.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {65240}
}
@incollection{Patrick2007,
    author = {Patrick, Peter L},
    editor = {John Holm and Patrick, Peter L.},
    title = {Jamaican Patwa (Creole English)},
    booktitle = {Comparative Creole Syntax: Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge Publications},
    address = {London},
    pages = {127-152},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {52708},
    normalizededitorstring = {Holm, John AND Patrick, Peter L.}
}
@book{Payne1970,
    author = {Payne, Edward Maurice Frederick},
    title = {Basic syntactic structures in standard Malay},
    publisher = {Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan pustaka},
    address = {Kuala Lumpur},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176298}
}
@book{Peck1988,
    author = {Peck, Jr., Stephen M.},
    title = {Tense, aspect and mood in Guinea-Casamance Portuguese Creole},
    publisher = {Los Angeles: University of California},
    address = {Los Angeles},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175757},
    note = {Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California}
}
@book{Peleman1978,
    author = {Peleman, Louis},
    title = {Diksyonn\`e Kr\'ey\`ol-Frans\'e},
    publisher = {Port-au-Prince: Editions Bon Nouv\`el},
    address = {Port-au-Prince},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176287}
}
@article{Pereira1999,
    author = {Pereira, Dulce},
    title = {Les verbes auxiliaires en cr\'eole de Santiago du Cap-Vert},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {22},
    number = {1},
    pages = {108-118},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175958}
}
@incollection{Perekhvalskaya2003,
    author = {Perekhvalskaya, Elena},
    editor = {Suihkonen, Pirkko and Comrie, Bernard},
    title = {Quantification in the Russian-Chinese Pidgin},
    booktitle = {Collection of papers of the International Symposium on deictic systems and quantification in languages spoken in Europe and North and Central Asia},
    publisher = {Izhevsk/ Leipzig: Udmurt State Univ., Max Plank Institute for evolutionary anthropology},
    address = {Izhevsk/ Leipzig},
    pages = {153-163},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175286}
}
@incollection{Perekhvalskaya2004,
    author = {Perekhvalskaya, Elena (????????????? ?????)},
    editor = {Comrie, Bernard and Suihkonen, Pirkko and Solovyev, Valery},
    title = {Clause structure in the Russian-Chinese Pidgin.},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Intern. Symp. \textquotedblleftTypology of Argument structure and grammatical relations\textquotedblright},
    publisher = {Kazan/Leipzig: Kazan State Univ., Max Plank Inst. for Evolutionary anthropology},
    address = {Kazan/Leipzig},
    pages = {94-97},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175369}
}
@book{Perekhvalskaya2008,
    author = {Perekhvalskaya, Elena V.},
    title = {Russkie pid\v{z}iny (??????? ??????? )},
    publisher = {St. Petersburg: Aletejja},
    address = {St. Petersburg},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175287}
}
@incollection{Perl1989,
    author = {Perl, Matthias},
    editor = {Pati{\~n}o Rosselli, Carlos},
    title = {Algunos resultados de la comparaci\'on de fen\'omenos morfosint\'acticos del "habla bozal", de la "linguagem dos musseques", del "palenquero" y de lenguas criollas de base portuguesa},
    booktitle = {Estudios sobre espa\~nol de Am\'erica y ling\"u\'istica afroamericana},
    publisher = {Bogot\'a: Instituto Caro y Cuervo},
    address = {Bogot\'a},
    series = {Publicaciones del Instituto Caro y Cuervo 83},
    pages = {369-380},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175713}
}
@misc{Persaud1970-1971,
    author = {Persaud, Arnold},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175258},
    note = {Transcription done by Arnold Persaud 1970 -1, for Derek Bickerton.},
    yearstring = {1970-1971}
}
@book{Petrollino2007,
    author = {Petrollino, Sara},
    title = {Grammaticalizzazione e contatto linguistico: Le strutture comparative in kinubi e nei pidgin e creoli arabi. (Grammaticalization and linguistic contact: the comparative constructions in Kinubi and in the arabic-based pidgins and creoles)},
    publisher = {Naples: Universit\`a degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale},
    address = {Naples},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175200},
    note = {BA Thesis, Universit\`a degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale}
}
@unpublished{Peyraud1983,
    author = {Peyraud, Flore},
    booktitle = {Structures de l'\'enonc\'e en cr\'eole guyanais},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175301},
    note = {Th\`ese, Universit\'e de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris III}
}
@article{Pfander1996,
    author = {Pf\"ander, Stefan},
    title = {"Il n'y a pas d'histoire..." : L'expression du 'temps pass\'e' en cr\'eole guyanais},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {19},
    number = {2},
    pages = {31-46},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175303}
}
@book{Pfander2000,
    author = {Pf\"ander, Stefan},
    title = {Aspekt und Tempus im Frankokreol},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175300}
}
@article{Pfander2000b,
    author = {Pf\"ander, Stefan},
    title = {Le cr\'eole guyanais: T\'emoin d'une phase plus ancienne de la creolisation?},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {23},
    number = {2},
    pages = {101-116},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175962}
}
@incollection{Pfander2003,
    author = {Pf\"ander, Stefan},
    editor = {Kriegel, Sibylle},
    title = {R\'eanalyse et m\'etonymie : vers un model \'evolutif de la modalit\'e.},
    booktitle = {Grammaticalisation et r\'eanalyse. Approches de la variation cr\'eole et fran\c{c}aise.},
    publisher = {Paris: CNRS \'Editions},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {203-215},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176399}
}
@book{Pfander2012,
    author = {Pf\"ander, Stefan},
    title = {Grammar in interaction: Bilingual French and Creole},
    publisher = {Berlin: Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag},
    address = {Berlin},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175299},
    note = {This book will be published with the support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ research project DFG/ANR: CIEL "corpus international et \'ecologique de la langue". It contains both conversational and grammatical descriptions of French and creole varieties and unpublished corpus data.},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@article{PinharandaNunes1994,
    author = {Pinharanda Nunes, M\'ario},
    title = {Concepcao de tempo e espaco no kristang e no malaio},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {116-126},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176083}
}
@article{PinharandaNunesBaxter2004,
    author = {Pinharanda Nunes, M\'ario and Baxter, Alan N.},
    title = {Os marcadores pr\'e-verbais no crioulo de base lexical portuguesa de Macau},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {14},
    pages = {31-46},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176098}
}
@book{Pinto1965,
    author = {Pinto, Geerdink-Jesurun},
    title = {Cuentanan di Nanzi},
    publisher = {Cura\c{c}ao: Stichting Jeugdcentrale Cura\c{c}ao},
    address = {Cura\c{c}ao},
    year = {1965},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175503}
}
@article{Pionnier1913,
    author = {Pionnier, Jean-Nestor},
    title = {Pigeon-English ou bichelamar},
    journal = {Revue de Linguistique et de Philologie Compar\'ee},
    volume = {46},
    pages = {9-17, 184-198},
    year = {1913},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175792},
    numberofpages = {9}
}
@article{Plag1992,
    author = {Plag, Ingo},
    title = {From speech act verb to conjunction: The grammaticalization of taki in Sranan},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {7},
    number = {1},
    pages = {55-73},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {90338}
}
@book{Plag1993,
    author = {Plag, Ingo},
    title = {Sentential complementation in Sranan: On the formation of an English-based creole language},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    series = {Linguistische Arbeiten 300},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {47332}
}
@incollection{Plag1995,
    author = {Plag, Ingo},
    editor = {Arends, Jacques},
    title = {The emergence of taki as a complementizer in Sranan: On substrate influence, universals, and gradual creolization},
    booktitle = {The early stages of creolization},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library 13},
    pages = {113-148},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176234}
}
@article{Plag1998,
    author = {Plag, Ingo},
    title = {The syntax of some locative expressions in Sranan. Prepositions, postposition or noun?},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {13},
    pages = {335-353},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175868}
}
@incollection{PlagSchramm2006,
    author = {Plag, Ingo and Schramm, Mareile},
    editor = {Bhatt, Parth and Plag, Ingo},
    title = {Early creole syllable structure: A cross-linguistic survey of the earliest attested varieties of Saramaccan, Sranan, St. Kitts and Jamaican},
    booktitle = {The structure of creole words: Segmental, syllabic and morphological aspects},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Niemeyer},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    pages = {131-150},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175412}
}
@article{Platt1975,
    author = {Platt, John T.},
    title = {The Singapore English speech continuum and its basilect "Singlish" as a "creoloid"},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    volume = {17},
    pages = {363-374},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175671}
}
@article{PochardDevonish1986,
    author = {Pochard, Jean-Charles and Devonish, Hubert},
    title = {Deixis in Caribbean English-lexicon creole: A description of a, da and de},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {69},
    pages = {105-120},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176032},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Devonish, Hubert AND Pochard, Jean-Charles}
}
@article{Pompilus1978,
    author = {Pompilus, Pradel},
    title = {\'Etat pr\'esent des travaux de lexique sur le cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {119-128},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175801}
}
@book{Ponelis1979,
    author = {Ponelis, Friedrich A.},
    title = {Afrikaanse sintaksis},
    publisher = {Pretoria: van Schaik},
    address = {Pretoria},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {78273}
}
@book{Ponelis1993,
    author = {Ponelis, Friedrich A.},
    title = {The development of Afrikaans},
    publisher = {Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    series = {Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft},
    pages = {616},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {86174},
    numberofpages = {616}
}
@article{PoplackTagliamonte1989,
    author = {Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali},
    title = {There's no tense like the present: Verbal -s inflection in Early Black English},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {47-84},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175785},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Tagliamonte, Sali AND Poplack, Shana}
}
@article{PoplackTagliamonte1994,
    author = {Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali},
    title = {-S or nothing: Marking the plural in the African American diaspora},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {69},
    number = {3},
    pages = {227-259},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175786},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Tagliamonte, Sali AND Poplack, Shana}
}
@incollection{PoplackTagliamonte1996,
    author = {Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    title = {Nothing in context: Variation, grammaticization and past time marking in Nigerian Pidgin English},
    booktitle = {Changing meanings, changing functions. Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 2},
    pages = {71-94},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {103453},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Tagliamonte, Sali AND Poplack, Shana}
}
@incollection{Post1992,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    editor = {d'Andrade, Ernesto and Kihm, Alain},
    title = {The Serial Verb Constructions in Fa d'Ambu},
    booktitle = {Actas do Col\'oquio sobre 'Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa},
    publisher = {Lisbon: Colibri},
    address = {Lisbon},
    pages = {153-171},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {155340}
}
@incollection{Post1993,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    editor = {Perl, Matthias and Sch\"onberger, Axel and Thiele, Petra},
    title = {Relativs\"atze und einige Relativelemente im Fa d'Ambu},
    booktitle = {Portugiesisch-basierte Kreolsprachen, Band 6},
    publisher = {Frankfurt am Main: TFM},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    pages = {167-186},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175163},
    yearstring = {1993a}
}
@article{Post1993b,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    title = {Construcoes com verbos seriais em fa d'amb\'u},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {2},
    number = {2},
    pages = {6-22},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176078}
}
@article{Post1993c,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    title = {Constru\c{c}\~oes com verbos seriais em f\'a d'amb\'u},
    journal = {Papia, Revista de Crioulos de Base Ib\'erica},
    volume = {2},
    number = {2},
    pages = {6-22},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176078},
    yearstring = {1993b}
}
@inbook{Post1994,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    editor = {Arends, Jaques and Muysken, Pieter and Smith, Norval},
    title = {16. Fa d'Ambu},
    booktitle = {Pidgins and creoles: An introduction.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {191-204},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175161}
}
@incollection{Post1995,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    editor = {Baker, Philip},
    title = {Aspect marking in Fa d' \'Ambu. The elements 'x' and 'sa' and their respective aspectual values},
    booktitle = {From contact to creole and beyond},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {189-206},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175162},
    yearstring = {1995a}
}
@incollection{Post1996,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    editor = {Degenhardt, Ruth and Stolz, Thomas and Ulferts, Hella},
    title = {Negation in Fa d'Ambu},
    booktitle = {Afrolusitanistik - eine vergessene Disziplin in Deutschland? Bremer Beitr\"age zur Afro-Romania. Dokumentation des 2. Bremer Afro-Romania Kolloquiums vom 27 - 29 Juni 1996.},
    publisher = {Bremen: University Library},
    address = {Bremen},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175165}
}
@incollection{Post1998a,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter},
    title = {La situaci\'on ling\"u\'istica del Fa d'Amb\^o},
    booktitle = {Forro hisp\'anico},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Rodopi},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175166}
}
@incollection{Post1998b,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    editor = {Bruyn, Adrienne and Arends, Jacques},
    title = {Reduplicatie in het Fa d'Amb\^o},
    booktitle = {Mengelwerk voor Muysken},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    volume = {72},
    pages = {94-97},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175159}
}
@book{Post1999,
    author = {Post, Marike},
    title = {The use of generic and impersonal pronouns in Fa d'Amb\^o},
    booktitle = {Crioulos de Base Portuguesa},
    publisher = {Lisboa: Associa\c{c}\~ao Portuguesa de Lingu\'istica, FLUL},
    address = {Lisboa},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175168}
}
@misc{Poulletetal1984,
    author = {Poullet, Hector and others},
    booktitle = {Dictionnaire des expressions du cr\'eole guadeloup\'een},
    address = {Fort-de-France},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176441},
    normalizedauthorstring = {al., et AND Poullet, Hector}
}
@incollection{Prentice1990,
    author = {Prentice, D. J.},
    editor = {Comrie, Bernard},
    title = {Malay and Indonesian},
    booktitle = {The major languages of East and Southeast Asia},
    publisher = {London: Routledge},
    address = {London},
    pages = {185-207},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176299}
}
@phdthesis{Prescod2004,
    author = {Prescod, Paula},
    booktitle = {Une description grammaticale du syntagme nominal dans le cr\'eole anglophone de Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines},
    school = {Universit\'e Paris III},
    publisher = {Paris: Universit\'e Paris III},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175134},
    note = {PhD Thesis, Universite Paris III (Publication available from Atelier Nationale de Reproduction des Th\`eses.)}
}
@article{Prescod2006,
    author = {Prescod, Paula},
    editor = {Bhatt, Parth and Plag, Ingo},
    title = {Stress assignment and functions of pitch in Vincentian Creole},
    journal = {Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung (STUF)},
    volume = {59},
    number = {2},
    pages = {191-210},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175135}
}
@misc{Prescod2008,
    author = {Prescod, Paula},
    title = {Sentential negation and the distribution of indefinite pronouns in Atlantic English-based creoles},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175136},
    note = {Presented at the Society for Caribbean Linguistics 17th Biennial Conference, held jointly with the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, 28-31 July 2009, Cayenne, French Guyana.}
}
@phdthesis{Prescod2010,
    author = {Prescod, Paula},
    booktitle = {A grammatical description of the noun phrase in the English-lexicon Creole of St Vincent and the Grenadines},
    school = {LINCOM Europa},
    publisher = {M\"unchen: LINCOM Europa},
    address = {M\"unchen},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175549},
    note = {A translated version of the 2004 PhD dissertation, which was published in French in 2006.}
}
@article{Prescod2012a,
    author = {Prescod, Paula},
    editor = {Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude and Mo{\~n}ino, Yves},
    title = {Propri\'et\'es du syntagme nominal: Interaction entre la n\'egation phrastique et les ind\'efinis n\'egatifs},
    journal = {Journal des Africanistes. Special Issue: Dynamique des contacts de langue en Afrique et dans les Am\'eriques Noires.},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175137},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@incollection{Prescod2012b,
    author = {Prescod, Paula},
    editor = {Faraclas, Nicholas and Klein, Thomas B.},
    title = {On -self and reflexivity in English-lexified pidgins and creoles},
    booktitle = {Simplicity and complexity in pidgin and creole languages},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175138},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@book{Price1976,
    author = {Price, Richard},
    title = {The Guiana Maroons: A historical and bibliographical introduction},
    publisher = {Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press},
    address = {Baltimore},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176033}
}
@article{Price2002,
    author = {Price, Richard},
    title = {Maroons in Suriname \& Guyane: How many and where},
    journal = {NWIG - New West Indian Guide},
    volume = {76},
    number = {1/2},
    pages = {81-88},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175541}
}
@incollection{Putte1987,
    author = {Putte, Florimon van},
    editor = {Beukema, Frits and Coopmans, Peter},
    title = {Alternating verb forms in Papiamentu},
    booktitle = {Linguistics in the Netherlands 1987},
    publisher = {Dordrecht: Foris},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    pages = {161-171},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175683}
}
@incollection{Queixalos2000,
    author = {Queixalos, F.},
    editor = {Queixalos, F. and Renault-Lescure, O.},
    title = {Langues de Guyane Fran\c{c}aise},
    booktitle = {As l\'inguas amaz\^onicas hoje},
    publisher = {S\~ao Paulo: IRD/MPEG/ISA},
    address = {S\~ao Paulo},
    pages = {299-306},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {127158}
}
@book{Quint2000,
    author = {Quint, Nicolas},
    title = {Grammaire de la langue cap-verdienne. \'Etude descriptive et compr\'ehensive du cr\'eole afro-portugais des \^Iles du Cap-Vert},
    publisher = {Paris: L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {126087}
}
@incollection{Quint2006,
    author = {Quint, Nicolas},
    editor = {Lang, J\"urgen and Holm, John and Roug\'e, Jean-Louis and Soares, Maria-Jo{\~a}o},
    title = {Un bref aper\c{c}u des racines africaines de la langue capverdienne.},
    booktitle = {Cobo Verde. Origens da sua sociedade e do seu crioulo},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: G\"unter Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    pages = {75-90},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {115825}
}
@book{Quirketal1986,
    author = {Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, Sidney and Svartvik, Jan},
    title = {A grammar of contemporary English.},
    publisher = {Harlow: Longman},
    address = {Harlow},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176300},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Quirk, Randolph AND Svartvik, Jan AND Greenbaum, Sidney}
}
@misc{Rabolddaughter2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175567},
    note = {Rab old daughter was interviewed on the island of Santiago in 2000.}
}
@misc{Radiseetal1979,
    author = {Radise, J. and Wainwright, A. and McNamara, J. K.},
    title = {The attitudes of Black and White employees to the use of Fanagalo on gold mines},
    publisher = {Johannesburg: Chamber of Mines of South Africa Research Organization},
    address = {Johannesburg},
    series = {Human resources laboratory monitoring report 3(2)},
    pages = {1-12},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175766},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Wainwright, A. AND Radise, J. AND McNamara, J. K.}
}
@incollection{Ralph1996,
    author = {Ludwig, Ralph},
    editor = {V\'eronique, Daniel},
    title = {L'adjectif en cr\'eole guadeloup\'een: une approche prototypique},
    booktitle = {Mat\'eriaux pour l'\'etude des classes grammaticales dans les langues cr\'eoles},
    publisher = {Aix-en-Provence: Universit\'e de Provence},
    address = {Aix-en-Provence},
    pages = {137-149},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176382}
}
@book{Rasmussen1954,
    author = {Rasmussen, A. H.},
    title = {China Trader},
    publisher = {London: Constable},
    address = {London},
    year = {1954},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175367}
}
@article{Rattier1990,
    author = {Rattier, Emmanu\"ella},
    title = {Contribution \`a l'\'etude de la variation du cr\'eole guyanais. L'interface avec le cr\'eole martiniquais},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {13},
    number = {2},
    pages = {69-85},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175937}
}
@book{Ray1885,
    author = {Ray, Patrick},
    title = {Ethnographic sketch of the natives of Point Barrow. Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, in response to the Resolution of the House of Representatives of December 11, 1884},
    publisher = {Washington: Government Printing Office},
    address = {Washington},
    year = {1885},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176167}
}
@book{Read1963,
    author = {Read, William A.},
    title = {Louisiana French},
    publisher = {Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press},
    address = {Baton Rouge},
    year = {1963},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175911},
    note = {\'Edition r\'evis\'ee, originally published 1931}
}
@incollection{ReaserTorbert2004,
    author = {Reaser, Jeffrey and Torbert, Benjamin},
    editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Burridge, Kate and Mesthrie, Rajend and Schneider, Edgar W. and Upton, Clive},
    title = {Bahamian English: Morphology and syntax},
    booktitle = {A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 2: Morphology and syntax},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {391-406},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176161},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Torbert, Benjamin AND Reaser, Jeffrey},
    normalizededitorstring = {Upton, Clive}
}
@misc{RecordingPM17,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176189},
    note = {It is a natural conversation between several women in their mid to late 30 who live in a small Pamaka village on the Maroni/Marowijne river; the recording was done while they were processing cassava; it is contemporary data that I recorded in the late 1990s}
}
@misc{Recordingsofnaturalisticdiscourse,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176178},
    note = {recordings of naturalistic discourse (transcribed or not)}
}
@misc{Recordingsofnaturalisticdiscourse-b,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176179},
    note = {(some transcribed, others not)}
}
@book{Rego1942,
    author = {R\^ego, A. da Silva},
    title = {Dialecto portugu\^es de Malaca},
    publisher = {Lisbon: Ag\^encia Geral das Col\'onias},
    address = {Lisbon},
    year = {1942},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175844}
}
@article{RemijsenvanHeuven2005,
    author = {Remijsen, Bert and Vincent J. van Heuven},
    title = {Stress, tone and discourse prominence in the Cura\c{c}ao dialect of Papiamentu},
    journal = {Phonology},
    volume = {22},
    pages = {205-235},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175500},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Heuven, Vincent J. van AND Remijsen, Bert}
}
@article{Renault-Lescure1990,
    author = {Renault-Lescure, Odile},
    title = {Contacts interlinguistiques entre le Karib et les cr\'eoles des c\^otes guyanaises},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {13},
    number = {2},
    pages = {86-},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175938},
    numberofpages = {86}
}
@incollection{Rhodes2009,
    author = {Rhodes, Richard A.},
    editor = {Baronian, Luc and France Martineau},
    title = {The phonological history of M\'etchif},
    booktitle = {Le Francais d'un continent \`a l'autre. M\'elanges offerst \`a Charles Morin},
    publisher = {Qu\'ebec: Les Presses de l'Universit\'e Laval},
    address = {Qu\'ebec},
    pages = {423-442},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176241},
    normalizededitorstring = {Baronian, Luc AND Martineau, France}
}
@incollection{Rhydwen1993,
    author = {Rhydwen, Mari},
    editor = {Walsh, Michael and Yallop, Colin},
    title = {Kriol: the creation of a written language and a tool of colonisation},
    booktitle = {Language and culture in Aboriginal Australia},
    publisher = {Canberra: Aborigianal Studies Press},
    address = {Canberra},
    pages = {155-168},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175482}
}
@article{Richardson1977,
    author = {Richardson, Linda},
    title = {The phrasal conjunctor and the comitative marker in Papiamentu},
    journal = {Amsterdam Creole Studies},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {55-68},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175471}
}
@incollection{Rickford1978,
    author = {Rickford, John},
    editor = {Rickford, John},
    title = {Guyanese Proverbs},
    booktitle = {A Festival of Guyanese Words},
    publisher = {Georgetown: University of Guyana},
    address = {Georgetown},
    pages = {275},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175314},
    numberofpages = {275}
}
@book{Rickford1987,
    author = {Rickford, John R.},
    title = {Dimensions of a creole continuum: History, texts, and linguistic analysis of Guyanese Creole},
    publisher = {Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press},
    address = {Stanford, CA},
    pages = {340},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {36495},
    numberofpages = {340}
}
@article{Rickford1990,
    author = {Rickford, John R.},
    title = {Number delimitation in Gullah: A response to Mufwene},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {65},
    pages = {148-163},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175858}
}
@incollection{Rickford1999,
    author = {Rickford, John},
    editor = {Rickford, John},
    title = {Cut-Eye and Suck-Teeth: African Words and Gestures in New World Guise},
    booktitle = {African American Vernacular English: Features and Use, Evolution, and Educational Implications},
    publisher = {Oxford: Blackwell},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {155-173},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176183},
    note = {This paper was originally published as: Rickford, John R. \& Rickford, Angela E. 1976, 'Cut-Eye and Suck-Teeth: Masked Africanisms in New World Guise.' Journal of American Folklore 89 (353): 294-309.}
}
@article{RickfordRickford1976,
    author = {Rickford, John R. and Rickford, Angela E.},
    title = {Cut-Eye and Suck-Teeth: Masked Africanisms in New World Guise.},
    journal = {Journal of American Folklore},
    volume = {89(353)},
    pages = {294-309},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175308},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Rickford, Angela E. AND Rickford, John R.}
}
@phdthesis{RiegodeDios1976,
    author = {Riego de Dios, Maria Isabelita},
    booktitle = {A composite dictionary of Philippine Creole Spanish},
    school = {Ateneo de Manila University},
    publisher = {Manila: Ateneo de Manila University},
    address = {Manila},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175507},
    note = {Ph. D. dissertation}
}
@misc{RiegodeDios1989,
    author = {Riego de Dios, Maria Isabelita},
    editor = {Otanes, Fe},
    booktitle = {A composite dictionary of Philippine Creole Spanish (PCS)},
    series = {Studies in Philippine Linguistics},
    volume = {7},
    number = {2},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176247},
    note = {Original dissertation from 1976, Ateneo de Manila University.}
}
@book{Rijkhoff2002,
    author = {Rijkhoff, Jan},
    title = {The noun phrase},
    publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
    address = {Oxford},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {81816}
}
@article{Rivera-Castillo1998,
    author = {Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda},
    title = {Tone and stress in Papiamentu: The contribution of a constraint-based analysis to the problem of creole genesis},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {13},
    number = {2},
    pages = {297-334},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175865}
}
@article{Rivera-CastilloPickering2004,
    author = {Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda and Lucy Pickering},
    title = {Phonetic correlates of stress and tone in a mixed system},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {19},
    number = {2},
    pages = {261-284},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176071},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Pickering, Lucy AND Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda}
}
@article{Roberge2002-1,
    author = {Roberge, Paul T.},
    editor = {Rajend Mesthrie},
    title = {Afrikaans: considering origins},
    booktitle = {Language in South Africa},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {79-103},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {96190},
    normalizededitorstring = {Mesthrie, Rajend}
}
@article{Roberts1995,
    author = {Roberts, Julian M.},
    title = {Pidgin Hawaiian: A sociohistorical study},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {10},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-56},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175730}
}
@incollection{Roberts2003,
    author = {Roberts, Sarah J.},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {Reduplication in Pidgin Hawaiian},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful: Reduplication in Pidgins, Creoles, and other contact languges},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge Press},
    address = {London},
    pages = {307-318},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176410}
}
@incollection{Robertson1990,
    author = {Robertson, Ian E.},
    editor = {Singler, John V.},
    title = {The tense-mood-aspect system of Berbice Dutch},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {169-184},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175825}
}
@misc{RochaBelmiraCoelhopc2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175528},
    note = {Belmira Coelho Rocha was an informant consulted during field work in Brava conducted in 2000.}
}
@article{RodriguesdeSouza2003,
    author = {Rodriguez de Souza, Ulisdete},
    title = {A s\'ilaba tonica como centro de processos fonol\'ogicos: (re) estruturacao sil\'abica no crioulo caboverdiano},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {13},
    pages = {24-30},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176093}
}
@article{Romaine1992,
    author = {Romaine, Suzanne},
    title = {The evolution of complexity in a creole language: Acquisition of relative clauses in Tok Pisin},
    journal = {Studies in Language},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {139-82},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175814}
}
@book{Romanillos2006,
    author = {Romanillos, Emmanuel Luis},
    title = {Chabacano studies. Essays on Cavite's Chabacano language and literature.},
    publisher = {Cavite: Cavite Historical Society},
    address = {Cavite},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176252}
}
@article{Romer1977,
    author = {R\"omer, Ra\'ul},
    title = {Polarization phenomena in Papiamentu},
    journal = {Amsterdam Creole Studies},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {69-79},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175461}
}
@incollection{Romer1983,
    author = {R\"omer, Ra\'ul G.},
    editor = {Muller, Enrique},
    title = {Papiamentu tones. How speakers use them and how they bind speakers},
    booktitle = {Papiamentu: Problems and Possibilities. Papers Presented at the Conference on Papiamentu on the Occasion of the 65th Anniversary of Madero \& Curiels Bank},
    publisher = {Zutphen: De Walburg Pers},
    address = {Zutphen},
    pages = {85-96},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175463}
}
@book{Romer1991,
    author = {R\"omer, Ra\'ul},
    title = {Studies in Papiamentu Tonology},
    publisher = {Amsterdam \& Kingston: University of Amsterdam \& University of the West Indies},
    address = {Amsterdam \& Kingston},
    series = {Caribbean Culture Studies 5},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176271}
}
@article{Rosen2003,
    author = {Rosen, Nicole},
    title = {Demonstrative Position in Michif},
    journal = {Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 48(1/2): 39-69},
    volume = {48},
    number = {1-2},
    pages = {39-69},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176244}
}
@misc{Rosen2007,
    author = {Rosen, Nicole},
    booktitle = {Domains in Michif Phonology},
    address = {Toronto},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176242},
    note = {PhD dissertation, University of Toronto r1.chass.utoronto.ca/twpl/pdfs/dissertations/Rosen2007.pdf}
}
@book{RossMoverley1964,
    author = {Ross, S. and Moverley, A.},
    title = {The Pitcairnese language},
    publisher = {London: Deutsch},
    address = {London},
    year = {1964},
    glottolog_ref_id = {132675}
}
@incollection{Rottet2006,
    author = {Rottet, Kevin J.},
    editor = {J. Clancy Clements and Thomas A. Klingler and Deborah Piston-Hatlen and Kevin J. Rottet},
    title = {Interrogative pronouns in Louisiana Creole and the multiple genesis hypothesis},
    booktitle = {History, society and variation : in honour of Albert Valdman},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {235-249},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176139},
    normalizededitorstring = {Clements, J. Clancy AND Klingler, Thomas A. AND Piston-Hatlen, Deborah AND Rottet, Kevin J.}
}
@book{Rouge1985,
    author = {Roug\'e, Jean-Louis},
    title = {Formation et \'evolution du lexique du cr\'eole de Guin\'ee Bissau et de Casamance},
    publisher = {Lyon: Universit\'e Lyon II},
    address = {Lyon},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175614},
    note = {th\`ese de 3e cycle}
}
@article{Rouge1986,
    author = {Roug\'e, J.-L.},
    title = {Uma hip\'otese sobre a forma\c{c}\~ao do crioulo da Guin\'e-Bissau e da Casamansa},
    journal = {Soronda},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {28-49},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175826}
}
@book{Rouge1988,
    author = {Roug\'e, Jean-Louis},
    title = {Petit dictionnaire \'etymologique du kriol de Guin\'ee-Bissau et de Casamance},
    publisher = {Bissau: Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas},
    address = {Bissau},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {14135}
}
@article{Rountree1972,
    author = {Rountree, S.},
    title = {Saramaccan tone in relation to intonation and grammar},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {29},
    pages = {308-325},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {90563}
}
@book{Rountree1992,
    author = {Rountree, S. C.},
    title = {Saramaccan grammar sketch},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: Summer Institute of Linguistics},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {119050}
}
@incollection{Roy1986,
    author = {Roy, John},
    editor = {G\"orlach, Manfred and Holm, John},
    title = {The structure of tense and aspect in Barbadian Creole English},
    booktitle = {Focus on the Caribbean},
    journal = {Focus on the Caribbean: Varieties of English around the world},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Varieties of English around the world G-8},
    volume = {8},
    pages = {141-156},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175834}
}
@book{Ruschenberger1838,
    author = {Ruschenberger, William Samuel Waithman},
    title = {Narrative of a voyage round the world, during the years 1835, 36, and 37: including a narrative of an embassy to the Sultan of Muscat and the King of Siam},
    publisher = {London: Richard Bentley},
    address = {London},
    year = {1838},
    glottolog_ref_id = {88146}
}
@misc{Rutgers2001,
    author = {Rutgers, Wim},
    title = {Tropentaal: 200 jaar Antilliaanse vertelkunst.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Contact},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176390}
}
@article{Sabino1988,
    author = {Sabino, Robin},
    title = {The copula in vernacular Negerhollands},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {199-212},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175641}
}
@incollection{Saint-Quentin1872,
    author = {Saint-Quentin, Auguste de},
    editor = {Saint-Quentin, Alfred de and Marchand, J.},
    title = {"\'Etude sur la grammaire cr\'eole"},
    booktitle = {Histoire de Cayenne},
    publisher = {Cayenne: Antibes},
    address = {Cayenne},
    pages = {99-208},
    year = {1872},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175302}
}
@book{SakodaSiegel2003,
    author = {Sakoda, Kent and Siegel, Jeff},
    title = {Pidgin Grammar. An Introduction to the Creole Language of Hawai'i},
    publisher = {Honolulu: Bess Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {91513},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Siegel, Jeff AND Sakoda, Kent}
}
@incollection{SakodaSiegel2004,
    author = {Sakoda, Kent and Siegel, Jeff},
    editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. and Burridge, Kate and Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive},
    title = {Hawai'i Creole: Phonology},
    booktitle = {A handbook of varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Vol. 1: Phonology.},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {729-749},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175548},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Siegel, Jeff AND Sakoda, Kent}
}
@book{Saldin1996,
    author = {Saldin, B.D.K.},
    title = {The Sri Lankan Malays and their language, Orang Melayu dan Bahasanya},
    publisher = {Dehiwala: Sridevi Printers},
    address = {Dehiwala},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176409}
}
@book{Saldin2001,
    author = {B.D.K. Saldin},
    title = {The Sri Lankan Malays and their Language (revised edition).},
    publisher = {Kurunegala: T.S. Jamalon},
    address = {Kurunegala},
    pages = {64-65},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {45150},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Saldin, B.D.K.}
}
@book{Samarin1967a,
    author = {Samarin, William J.},
    title = {A grammar of Sango},
    publisher = {The Hague/Paris: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {The Hague/Paris},
    series = {Janua Linguarum. Series practica.},
    year = {1967},
    glottolog_ref_id = {102021}
}
@book{Samarin1967b,
    author = {Samarin, William},
    title = {Basic course in Sango.},
    publisher = {Hartford, Connecticut: Hartford Seminary Foundation},
    address = {Hartford, Connecticut},
    year = {1967},
    glottolog_ref_id = {86463}
}
@article{Samarin1986,
    author = {Samarin, William J.},
    title = {The source of Sango's 'be'},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {1},
    number = {2},
    pages = {205-223},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {117774}
}
@incollection{Samarin1994,
    author = {Samarin, William J.},
    editor = {Moore, K.E. and Peterson, D. A. and Wentum, C.},
    title = {The dynamics of morphotactic change in Sango},
    booktitle = {Historical issues in African linguistics},
    publisher = {Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistic Society},
    address = {Berkeley, CA},
    series = {Proceedings of the twentieth anniversary meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, 1994},
    pages = {125-138},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {13528},
    normalizededitorstring = {Wentum, C.}
}
@article{Samarin2001a,
    author = {Samarin, William J.},
    title = {The past and present in marking futurity in Sango},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {53-106},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {180168}
}
@incollection{Samarin2001b,
    author = {Samarin, William J.},
    editor = {Nicolai, Robert},
    title = {Explaining shift to Sango in Bangui},
    booktitle = {Le\c{c}ons d'Afrique: Filiations, ruptures et reconstitution de langues. Un hommage \`a Gabriel Manessy},
    publisher = {Louvain/Paris: Peeters},
    address = {Louvain/Paris},
    pages = {351-391},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {87686}
}
@misc{Samarincorpus1994,
    author = {Samarin, William},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175596}
}
@inproceedings{SamarinWalker1994,
    author = {Samarin, William J. and Walker, James A.},
    editor = {Pasch, Helma},
    title = {Verb-marking in Sango predicate chains},
    booktitle = {Sango, the national official language of the Central African Republic},
    publisher = {Cologne: R\"udiger K\"oppe Verlag},
    address = {Cologne},
    pages = {113-128},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {58017},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Walker, James A. AND Samarin, William J.},
    note = {Proceedings of the Colloquium "The Status and Uses of Sango in the Central African Republic".}
}
@book{Sandefur1979,
    author = {Sandefur, John},
    title = {An Australian creole in the Northern Territory: A description of Ngukurr-Bamyili dialects (Part 1)},
    publisher = {Darwin: SIL},
    address = {Darwin},
    series = {Work Papers of SIL-AAB series B vol. 3},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {5084}
}
@incollection{Sandefur1991,
    author = {Sandefur, John},
    editor = {Romaine, Suzanne},
    title = {A sketch of the structure of Kriol},
    booktitle = {Language in Australia},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {204-212},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {74684}
}
@incollection{SandefurHarris1986,
    author = {Sandefur, John and Harris, John},
    editor = {Fishmman, Joshua},
    title = {Variation in Australian Kriol},
    booktitle = {The Fergusonian Impact},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {180-190},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175276}
}
@book{SandefurSandefur1982,
    author = {Sandefur, John and Sandefur, Joy},
    title = {An introduction to conversational Kriol},
    publisher = {Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch.},
    address = {Darwin},
    series = {Working papers of SIL - AAIB Series B},
    pages = {90},
    year = {1982},
    url = {http://www.sil.org.au/portals/42/WP/WP-B-5%20Conversational%20Kriol%20-%20Intro.pdf},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175277},
    numberofpages = {90}
}
@article{Sankoff1990,
    author = {Sankoff, Gillian},
    title = {The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in Tok Pisin and Sranan},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {295-312},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175788}
}
@incollection{Sankoff1991,
    author = {Sankoff, Gillian},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Huebner, Thom},
    title = {Using the future to explain the past},
    booktitle = {Development and structures of creole languages. Essays in honor of Derek Bickerton},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 9},
    pages = {61-74},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {161538}
}
@article{SankoffBrown1976,
    author = {Sankoff, Gillian and Brown, Penelope},
    title = {The origins of syntax in discourse: A case study of Tok Pisin},
    journal = {Language},
    volume = {52},
    pages = {631-666},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175695}
}
@article{SankoffMazzie1991,
    author = {Sankoff, Gillian and Mazzie, Claudia},
    title = {Determining noun phrases in Tok Pisin},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {6},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-24},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175691}
}
@book{Saulnier1993,
    author = {Saulnier, Pierre},
    title = {Bangui chante: Anthologie du chant moderne en Afrique centrale},
    publisher = {Paris: L'Harmattan},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175531}
}
@book{Scantamburlo1981,
    author = {Scantamburlo, Luigi},
    title = {Gram\'atica e dicion\'ario da l\'ingua criol da Guin\'e-Bissau},
    publisher = {Bologna: Editrice Missionaria Italiana},
    address = {Bologna},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {133093}
}
@misc{Scantamburlo2007,
    author = {Scantamburlo},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176419}
}
@book{SchachterOtanes1972,
    author = {Schachter, Paul and Otanes, Fe},
    title = {Tagalog Reference Grammar},
    publisher = {Berkeley: University of California Press},
    address = {Berkeley},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {117594}
}
@book{Schmidt1990,
    author = {Schmidt, Anette},
    title = {The loss of Australia's Aboriginal language heritage},
    publisher = {Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press},
    address = {Canberra},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {2136}
}
@book{Schneider1966,
    author = {Schneider, Gilbert},
    title = {West African Pidgin English: A descriptive linguistic analysis with texts and glossary from the Cameroon area},
    publisher = {Athens/Ohio: PHD thesis},
    address = {Athens/Ohio},
    year = {1966},
    glottolog_ref_id = {115163}
}
@misc{schoolessay2006,
    booktitle = {school essay (year 8)},
    school = {Norfolk Island Central School},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176342}
}
@misc{Schroder19992000,
    author = {Schr\"oder, Anne},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175327},
    note = {Data elicted with a TMA questionnaire based on \"Osten Dahl's (1989) questionnaire}
}
@incollection{Schroder2003a,
    author = {Schr\"oder, Anne},
    editor = {Lucko, Peter and Peter, Lothar and Wolf, Hans-Georg},
    title = {Aspect in Cameroon Pidgin English},
    booktitle = {Studies in African Varieties of English},
    publisher = {Frankfurt: Peter Lang},
    address = {Frankfurt},
    pages = {83-100},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175326}
}
@book{Schroder2003b,
    author = {Schr\"oder, Anne},
    title = {Status, Functions and Prospects of Pidgin English: An Empirical Approach to Language Dynamics in Cameroon.},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176398}
}
@inbook{Schroder2012,
    author = {Schr\"oder, Anne},
    editor = {Anchimbe, Eric A.},
    title = {Tense and Aspect in Cameroon Pidgin English},
    booktitle = {Language Contact in a Postcolonial Setting: The Linguistic and Social Context of English and Pidgin in Cameroon},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    series = {'Language Contact and Bilingualism},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175332},
    note = {University of Bielefeld Manuscript},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@article{Schuchardt1882,
    author = {Schuchardt, Hugo},
    title = {Kreolische Studien I: \"Uber das Neger-portugiesische von S. Thom\'e},
    journal = {Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien},
    volume = {101},
    pages = {889-917},
    year = {1882},
    glottolog_ref_id = {13862}
}
@article{Schuchardt1888,
    author = {Schuchardt, Hugo},
    title = {Beitr\"age zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch II: Zum Negerportugiesischen Senegambiens},
    journal = {Zeitschrift f\"ur Romanische Philologie},
    volume = {33},
    pages = {441-461},
    year = {1888},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175615}
}
@article{Schuchardt1890,
    author = {Schuchardt, Hugo},
    title = {Kreolische Studien IX: Ueber das Malaioportugiesische von Batavia und Tugu},
    journal = {Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien},
    volume = {105},
    number = {3},
    pages = {881-904},
    year = {1890},
    glottolog_ref_id = {116904}
}
@book{Schuchardt1914,
    author = {Schuchardt, Hugo E. M.},
    title = {Die Sprache der Saramakkaneger in Surinam},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: M\"uller},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1914},
    glottolog_ref_id = {138439}
}
@book{Schumann1778,
    author = {Schumann, Christian Ludwig},
    title = {Saramaccanisch Deutsches W\"orter-Buch},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: Moravian Archives},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {1778},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175838}
}
@misc{Schumann1781,
    author = {Schumann, Christian Ludwig (transl.)},
    booktitle = {Die Geschichte unsers Herrn und Heilandes Jesu Christi, aus den vier Evangelisten zusammengezogen, durch S. Lieberk\"uhn; in Neger-Englische Sprache \"ubersezt, zum Gebrauch bey der Neger-Gemeine.},
    year = {1781},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176214},
    note = {MS Paramaribo}
}
@misc{Schumann1783,
    author = {Schumann, Christian Ludwig},
    title = {Neger-Englisches W\"orterbuch},
    year = {1783},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175292},
    note = {Manuscript, published in Kramp, Andr\'e. 1983. Early creole lexicography: A study of C. L. Schumann's manuscript dictionary of Sranan. PhD Diss. University of Leiden}
}
@article{Schwegler1989,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {Notas etimol\'ogicas palenqueras: Casariambe, t\'unganan\'a, ag\"u\'e, monicongo, maricongo y otras voces africanas y pseudo-africanas},
    journal = {Thesaurus},
    volume = {44},
    pages = {1-28},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175760}
}
@article{Schwegler1990,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {Abrakabraka, suebbesuebbe, tando, kobbej\'o, lung\'a y otras voces palenqueras (Colombia): Sus or\'igenes e importancia para el estudio de dialectos afrohispanos caribe\~nos},
    journal = {Thesaurus},
    volume = {45},
    pages = {1-42},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175761}
}
@article{Schwegler1991,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {Negation in Palenquero: Synchrony},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {6},
    number = {2},
    pages = {165-214},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175224}
}
@incollection{Schwegler1992a,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Holm, John},
    title = {Subject pronouns and person/number in Palenquero},
    booktitle = {The Atlantic meets the Pacific: Papers from the 1989 Meeting of the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Washington, DC},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {145-161},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175762}
}
@article{Schwegler1992b,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {Future and conditional in Palenquero},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {7},
    number = {2},
    pages = {223-259},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175720}
}
@book{Schwegler1996,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {"Chi ma nkongo": lengua y rito ancestrales en El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia).},
    publisher = {Frankfurt/Madrid: Vervuert Verlag},
    address = {Frankfurt/Madrid},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {136423},
    note = {2 volumes.}
}
@incollection{Schwegler1998,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    editor = {Perl, Matthias. and Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {Palenquero},
    booktitle = {Am\'erica negra: panor\'amica actual de los estudios ling\"u\'isticos sobre variedades criollas y afrohispanas},
    publisher = {Frankfurt am Main / Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main / Madrid},
    pages = {220-291},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175216}
}
@article{Schwegler2002a,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    title = {On the (African) origins of Palenquero subject pronouns},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    volume = {19},
    number = {2},
    pages = {273-332},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {140349},
    yearstring = {2002a}
}
@incollection{Schwegler2002b,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    editor = {Yves Mo{\~n}ino and Armin Schwegler},
    title = {El vocabulario africano de Palenque (Colombia). Segunda Parte: compendio de palabras (con etimolog\'ias)},
    booktitle = {Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: historia y lengua},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    pages = {171-226},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176288},
    normalizededitorstring = {Mo\~nino, Yves AND Schwegler, Armin},
    yearstring = {2002b}
}
@incollection{Schwegler2007,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    editor = {Baptista, Marlyse and Gu\'eron, Jacqueline},
    title = {A fresh consensus in the making: Plural MA and bare nouns in Palenquero},
    booktitle = {Noun Phrases in Creole Languages: A Multi-faceted Approach},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {205-222},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175215}
}
@incollection{Schwegler2011a,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    editor = {Lefebvre, Claire},
    title = {Palenque(ro): the search for its African substrate.},
    booktitle = {Creoles, their Substrates, and Language Typology},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {225-249},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176437}
}
@incollection{Schwegler2011b,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    editor = {Manuel Diaz-Campos},
    title = {Palenque (Colombia): Multilingualism in an Extraordinary Social and Historical Context},
    booktitle = {Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics)},
    publisher = {Malden, MA: Blackwell},
    address = {Malden, MA},
    pages = {446-472},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176185},
    normalizededitorstring = {Diaz-Campos, Manuel}
}
@incollection{Schwegler2012,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin},
    editor = {Graciela Maglia and Armin Schwegler},
    title = {Sobre el origen africano de la lengua criolla de Palenque (Colombia)},
    booktitle = {Palenque (Colombia): oralidad, identidad y resistencia. Un enfoque interdisciplinario.},
    publisher = {Bogota: Instituto Caro y Cuervo y Universidad Javeriana},
    address = {Bogota},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176438},
    normalizededitorstring = {Maglia, Graciela AND Schwegler, Armin},
    note = {Unabridged Spanish version of 2011 "Palenque(ro): the search for its African substrate." Creoles, their substrates, and language typology, ed. Claire Lefebvre, pp. 225-249. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@incollection{SchweglerGreen2007,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin and Green, Kate},
    editor = {Holm, John and Patrick, Peter},
    title = {Palenquero (Creole Spanish)},
    booktitle = {Comparative creole syntax. Parallel outlines of 18 creole grammars},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 7},
    pages = {273-306},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175214}
}
@article{SchweglerMorton2003,
    author = {Schwegler, Armin and Morton, Thomas},
    title = {Vernacular Spanish in a microcosm: Kateyano in El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia)},
    journal = {Revista Internacional de Ling\"u\'istica Iberoamericana (RILI)},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {97-159},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175219}
}
@article{Schwenter1994,
    author = {Schwenter, Scott},
    title = {'Hot news' and the grammaticalization of perfects},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {32},
    pages = {995-1028},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {27302}
}
@article{Sebba1982,
    author = {Sebba, Mark},
    title = {Adjectives and Comparatives in Sranan},
    journal = {Amsterdam Creole Studies},
    volume = {4},
    pages = {1-22},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175422}
}
@incollection{Sebba1985,
    author = {Sebba, Mark},
    editor = {Boretzky, Norbert and Enninger, Werner and Stolz, Thomas},
    title = {Arguments for serial verbs},
    booktitle = {Akten des 1. Essener Kolloquiums \"uber "Kreolsprachen und Sprachkontakte"},
    publisher = {Bochum: Brockmeyer},
    address = {Bochum},
    pages = {115-133},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175750}
}
@article{Sebba1986,
    author = {Sebba, Mark},
    title = {Adjectives and copula in Sranan Tongo},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {109-122},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175617}
}
@book{Sebba1987,
    author = {Sebba, Mark},
    title = {The syntax of serial verbs. An investigation into serialisation in Sranan and other languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175425}
}
@book{Sebba1993,
    author = {Sebba, Mark},
    title = {London Jamaican.},
    publisher = {London: Longman},
    address = {London},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176435}
}
@article{Seuren1981,
    author = {Seuren, Pieter},
    title = {Tense and aspect in Sranan},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    volume = {19},
    pages = {1043-1076},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175424}
}
@article{Seuren1986,
    author = {Seuren, Pieter},
    title = {Adjectives as adjectives in Sranan: A reply to Sebba},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {123-134},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175619}
}
@article{Seuren1990,
    author = {Seuren, Pieter},
    title = {Still no serials in Seselwa: A reply to "Seselwa serialization and its significance" by Derek Bickerton},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {5},
    number = {2},
    pages = {271-292},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175690}
}
@incollection{Seuren1991,
    author = {Seuren, Pieter},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Huebner, Thom},
    title = {The definition of serial verbs},
    booktitle = {Development and structures of creole languages},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 9},
    pages = {193-205},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176062}
}
@book{Shanksetal1994,
    author = {Shanks, L. and Koanting, E. D. and Velantie C.T.},
    title = {A buku fu okanisi anga ingiisi wowtu},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: SIL},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175139},
    normalizedauthorstring = {C.T., Velantie AND Koanting, E. D. AND Shanks, L.},
    note = {it was republished in 2000 \& is also availabe through the SIL website}
}
@article{Shaw1897,
    author = {Shaw, Wilkinson J.},
    title = {Canton English},
    journal = {The New Review},
    volume = {16},
    pages = {548-555},
    year = {1897},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175368}
}
@phdthesis{Shilling1978,
    author = {Shilling, Alison},
    title = {Some non-standard features of Bahamian Dialect syntax.},
    school = {University of Hawaii},
    publisher = {Manoa: University of Hawaii},
    address = {Manoa},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176160},
    note = {Ph.D Dissertation, University of Hawaii}
}
@book{Shishkov1933,
    author = {Shishkov, Vja\v{c}eslav},
    title = {Ugr'um-reka.},
    publisher = {Moscow: Roman-gazeta},
    address = {Moscow},
    year = {1933},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176329},
    note = {Roman.}
}
@article{ShnukalMarchese1983,
    author = {Shnukal, A. and Marchese, L.},
    title = {Creolization of Nigerian Pidgin English: A progress report},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    volume = {4},
    pages = {17-26},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {161545}
}
@article{Shprintsyn1968,
    author = {Shprintsyn, Aleksandr Grigorievich (???????? ?.?.)},
    title = {On a Russian-Chinese dialect in the Far East (? ??????-????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????)},
    journal = {Strany i narody Vostoka},
    volume = {6},
    pages = {78-85},
    year = {1968},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175284}
}
@misc{Sidnell2000a,
    author = {Sidnell, Jack},
    editor = {Paper Presented at Meetings of the Society for Pidgin and Creole Languages, January 7-8, 2000},
    title = {Habitual and imperfective in Guyanese Creole: Arguments for a model of co-existent systems},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176111},
    normalizededitorstring = {Pidgin, Paper Presented at Meetings of the Society for}
}
@misc{Sidnell2000b,
    author = {Sidnell, Jack},
    title = {Aspect and grammaticalization in Guyanese Creole},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistic Society 2000 (BLS 26). Parasession on Aspect},
    pages = {457-467},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176112}
}
@article{Sidnell2002,
    author = {Sidnell, Jack},
    title = {Habitual and imperfective in Guyanese Creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {17},
    number = {2},
    pages = {151-189},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176067}
}
@article{Siegel1982,
    author = {Siegel, Jeff},
    title = {Plantation Pidgin Fijian},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    volume = {21},
    number = {1-2},
    pages = {1-72},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {138810}
}
@book{Siegel1987,
    author = {Siegel, Jeff},
    title = {Language contact in a plantation environment: A sociolinguistic history of Fiji},
    publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175140}
}
@article{Siegel1990,
    author = {Siegel, Jeff},
    title = {Pidgin English in Nauru},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {5},
    number = {2},
    pages = {157-186},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175677}
}
@incollection{Siegeletal2000,
    author = {Siegel, Jeff and Sandeman, Barbara and Corne, Chris},
    editor = {Siegel, Jeff},
    title = {Predicting substrate influence : tense-modality-aspect marking in Tayo},
    booktitle = {Processes of language contact : studies from Australia and the South Pacific},
    publisher = {Saint-Laurent: Fides},
    address = {Saint-Laurent},
    pages = {75-97},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176151}
}
@misc{SILonlineSaramaccandictionary,
    url = {http://www.sil.org/americas/suriname/Saramaccan/English/SaramEngDictIndex.html},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176338}
}
@incollection{Silva1990,
    author = {Silva, Izione S.},
    editor = {Singler, John V.},
    title = {Tense and aspect in Capeverdean Crioulo},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {143-168},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175789}
}
@article{Silverstein1972,
    author = {Silverstein, Michael},
    title = {Chinook Jargon: Language contact and the problem of multilevel generative systems},
    journal = {Language},
    volume = {48},
    pages = {378-406},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176053}
}
@book{Simons1905,
    author = {Simons, R.},
    title = {Pitcairn Island},
    publisher = {London: Darling \& Son},
    address = {London},
    series = {Colonial Report 30},
    year = {1905},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175873}
}
@book{SimonsYoung1978,
    author = {Simons, Linda and Young, Hugh},
    title = {Pijin blong yumi: A guide to Solomon Islands Pijin},
    publisher = {Honiara: Solomon Islands Christian Association},
    address = {Honiara},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175664}
}
@book{SingaporeDepartmentofStatistics2000,
    author = {Singapore Department of Statistics},
    title = {Census of Population 2000 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics},
    publisher = {Singapore: Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Republic of Singapore},
    address = {Singapore},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176181},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Statistics, Singapore Department of}
}
@book{Singler1990,
    editor = {Singler, John},
    title = {Pidgin and Creole Tense-Mood-Aspect Systems},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {67624}
}
@article{Sippola2006,
    author = {Sippola, Eeva},
    title = {Hacia una descripci\'on del ternate\~no},
    journal = {Revista Internacional de Ling\"u\'istica Iberoamericana},
    volume = {1},
    number = {7},
    pages = {41-54},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175141}
}
@incollection{Sippola2010,
    author = {Sippola, Eeva},
    editor = {Migge, Bettina and Isabelle L\'eglise and Angela Bartens},
    title = {Chabacano for everyone? Chabacano language projects in Cavite City in comparison with other Chabacano communities},
    booktitle = {Creoles in Education: An appraisal of current programs and projects},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 36},
    pages = {55-80},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176251},
    normalizededitorstring = {Migge, Bettina AND L\'eglise, Isabelle AND Bartens, Angela}
}
@article{Smith1933,
    author = {Smith, William C.},
    title = {Pidgin English in Hawaii},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {8},
    number = {1},
    pages = {15-19},
    year = {1933},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176050}
}
@phdthesis{Smith1977,
    author = {Smith, Ian R.},
    booktitle = {Sri Lanka Portuguese Creole phonology},
    school = {Cornell University},
    publisher = {Cornell University},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175428},
    note = {Ph.D dissertation, Cornell University (Also: Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association)}
}
@book{Smith1978,
    author = {Smith, Ian},
    title = {Sri Lanka Portuguese phonology.},
    publisher = {Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association.},
    address = {Trivandrum},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176452},
    note = {Published version of Smith 1977}
}
@article{Smith1979a,
    author = {Smith, Ian R.},
    title = {Convergence in South Asia: a creole example.},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {48},
    pages = {193-222.},
    year = {1979},
    endpage = {222},
    glottolog_ref_id = {174694},
    numberofpages = {30},
    startpage = {193}
}
@book{Smith1979b,
    author = {Smith, Ian R.},
    title = {Substrata vs. universals in the formation of Sri Lanka Portuguese.},
    booktitle = {Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics no. 2},
    publisher = {Canberra: Pacific Linguistics},
    address = {Canberra},
    pages = {183-200.},
    year = {1979},
    endpage = {200},
    glottolog_ref_id = {91348},
    numberofpages = {18},
    startpage = {183}
}
@phdthesis{Smith1987,
    author = {Smith, Norval S.H.},
    booktitle = {The genesis of the creole languages of Surinam},
    school = {Universiteit van Amsterdam},
    publisher = {Universiteit van Amsterdam},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176204},
    note = {PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam}
}
@book{Smith1998,
    author = {Smith, Ian R.},
    title = {Introdu\c{c}\~ao},
    booktitle = {Dialecto Indo-Portugu\^es de Ceyl\~ao [Re-issue of a description of Sri Lanka Portuguese by Sabasti\~ao Rodolpho Dalgado (1900)]},
    publisher = {Lisbon: Comiss\~ao Nacional para as Comemora\c{c}\~oes dos Descobrimentos Portugu\^eses.},
    address = {Lisbon},
    pages = {11-37},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175431}
}
@misc{Smith2001,
    author = {Smith, Ian R.},
    title = {Dravidian negatives in Sourashtra and Sri Lanka Portuguese},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175432},
    note = {Paper presented at the Linguistic Society of America annual meeting, Washington, January 2001.}
}
@book{Smith2002,
    author = {Smith, Geoff P.},
    title = {Growing up with Tok Pisin. Contact, creolization, and change in Papua New Guinea's national language},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175993}
}
@article{Smith2008,
    author = {Smith, Geoff},
    title = {Chinese Pidgin English pronouns revisited},
    journal = {Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {63-76},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175354}
}
@article{SmithAdamson2006,
    author = {Smith, Norval and Liliane Adamson},
    title = {Tonal phenomena in Sranan},
    journal = {Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung},
    volume = {59},
    number = {2},
    pages = {211-218},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175407},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Adamson, Liliane AND Smith, Norval}
}
@book{SmithAma2005,
    author = {Smith, Ian and Ama, Morris T.},
    title = {Juba Arabic - English Dictionary / Kamuus ta Arabi Juba wa Ingliizi},
    publisher = {Kampala: Fountain Publishers},
    address = {Kampala},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {7984},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ama, Morris T. AND Smith, Ian}
}
@article{Smithetal1987,
    author = {Smith, Norval and Robertson, Ian E. and Williamson, Kay},
    title = {The Ijo element in Berbice Dutch},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    volume = {16},
    pages = {49-90},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176273},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Smith, Norval, Robertson, Ian E. AND Williamson, Kay}
}
@article{Solomon1980,
    author = {Solomon, Denis},
    title = {L'\'evolution des schwa fran\c{c}ais et anglais dans les syst\`emes accentuels cr\'eoles},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {3},
    number = {1},
    pages = {54-60},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175906}
}
@book{Solomon1993,
    author = {Solomon, Denis},
    title = {The Speech of Trinidad. A Reference Grammar},
    publisher = {St. Augustine: UWI, The School of Continuing Studies},
    address = {St. Augustine},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175288}
}
@book{SordamEersel1985,
    author = {Sordam, M. and Eersel, H.},
    title = {Sranantongo/Surinaamse taal},
    publisher = {Baarn: Bosch \& Keuning},
    address = {Baarn},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175835}
}
@incollection{Spears1990,
    author = {Spears, Arthur},
    editor = {Singler, J.},
    title = {Tense, mood and aspect in the Haitian Creole preverbal marker system},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and Creole Tense-Mood-Aspect Systems},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {119-142},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175790}
}
@article{Spears1997,
    author = {Spears, Arthur K.},
    title = {Vers un mod\`ele des syst\`emes temps-mode-aspect dans trois langues cr\'eoles : l'ha\"itien, le guadeloup\'een et le martiniquais},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {20},
    number = {2},
    pages = {85-91},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175956}
}
@misc{speculation,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175430},
    note = {Examples labelled speculation have been constructed by the linguist on the basis of parallel constructions in neighbouring languages. The implication is that if a native speaker were available, it is reasonable to expect they would approve this construction.}
}
@article{SPT1762,
    author = {SPT},
    editor = {Arends, Jacques and Margot van den Berg},
    title = {The Saramaka Peace Treaty in Sranan: An edition of the 1762 text (including a copy of the original manuscript)},
    journal = {Creolica. Revue du Groupe Europ\'een de Recherches en Langues Cr\'eoles},
    year = {1762},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176212},
    normalizededitorstring = {Arends, Jacques AND Berg, Margot van den},
    note = {http://www.creolica.net}
}
@book{Staudacher-Valliamee1992,
    author = {Staudacher-Valliam\'ee, Gillette},
    title = {Phonologie du cr\'eole r\'eunionnais: Unit\'e et diversit\'e},
    publisher = {Paris: Peeters},
    address = {Paris},
    series = {Sociolinguistique 6},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {69071}
}
@book{Staudacher2004,
    author = {Staudacher-Valliam\'ee, Gilette},
    title = {Grammaire du cr\'eole r\'eunionnais},
    publisher = {Paris: Sedes},
    address = {Paris},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {91948}
}
@article{Stefansson1909,
    author = {Vilhj\'almur Stef\'ansson},
    title = {The Eskimo Trade Jargon of Herschel Island},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    volume = {11},
    number = {2},
    pages = {217-232},
    year = {1909},
    glottolog_ref_id = {131698},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Stef\'ansson, Vilhj\'almur},
    note = {This is the first publication dedicated to an Eskimo Pidgin and it is the only linguistic publication dedicated to an Eskimo Pidgin that is based on primary fieldwork. All examples are first-hand. The pidgin is representative of Eskimo Pidgins in the Western American Arctic in general.}
}
@book{Stein1982,
    author = {Stein, Peter},
    title = {Connaissance et emploi des langues \`a l'Ile Maurice},
    publisher = {Hamburg: Buske},
    address = {Hamburg},
    series = {Kreolische Bibliothek 2},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {80649}
}
@article{Stein1983,
    author = {Stein, Peter},
    title = {Connaissance et emploi des langues \`a l'\^Ile Maurice. Pr\'esentation d'une enqu\^ete men\'ee aupr\`es de 720 mauriciens},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {6},
    number = {2},
    pages = {79-114},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175912}
}
@article{Stein1993,
    author = {Stein, Peter},
    title = {La s\'erialisation verbale existe-t-elle dans le cr\'eole mauricien?},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {119-129},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175949}
}
@article{Steinkruger2007,
    author = {Steinkr\"uger, Patrick O.},
    title = {Notes on Ternate\~no (A Philippine Spanish Creole)},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {22},
    number = {2},
    pages = {367-377},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {158720}
}
@article{Stewart1919,
    author = {Stewart, Sadie E.},
    title = {Seven folk tales from the Sea Islands, South Carolina},
    journal = {Journal of American Folklore},
    volume = {32},
    pages = {394-396},
    year = {1919},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175607}
}
@incollection{Stewart2007,
    author = {Stewart, Michele},
    editor = {Marlyse Baptista and Jacqueline Gueron},
    title = {Aspects of the syntax and semantics of bare nouns in Jamaican Creole.},
    booktitle = {Noun phrases in creole languages: A multi-faceted approach.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam \& Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam \& Philadelphia},
    pages = {383-399},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176417},
    normalizededitorstring = {Baptista, Marlyse AND Gueron, Jacqueline}
}
@misc{StJorreLionnet1999,
    author = {St Jorre, Dani\`ele and Lionnet, Guy},
    booktitle = {Diksyonner kreol - franse. Dictionnaire cr\'eole seychellois - fran\c{c}ais},
    address = {Bamberg/Mah\'e},
    series = {Kreolische Bibliothek, 3},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175238},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Lionnet, Guy AND St Jorre, Dani\`ele},
    note = {[R\'e\'edition corrig\'ee et compl\'et\'ee (quelques milliers de mots nouveaux, un grand nombre de variantes...) du Dictionnaire de 1982.]}
}
@misc{StMarksGospel,
    glottolog_ref_id = {176453},
    note = {St. Mark's Kloosh Yiem or 'St. Mark's Gospel' was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1912, after the height of Chinook Jargon usage in the Northwest.}
}
@book{Stoddard1949,
    author = {Stoddard, Albert},
    title = {Animal tales told in the Gullah dialect},
    publisher = {Washington, DC: Library of Congress},
    address = {Washington, DC},
    year = {1949},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175608},
    note = {Record albums}
}
@book{Stolz1986,
    author = {Stolz, Thomas},
    title = {Gibt es das kreolische Sprachwandelmodell? : Vergleichende Grammatik des Negerholl\"andischen},
    publisher = {Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    series = {Europ\"aische Hochschulschriften: Reihe 21},
    volume = {46},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175400}
}
@incollection{Stolz1987,
    author = {Stolz, Thomas},
    editor = {Harris, M. and Ramat, P.},
    title = {The development of the AUX-category in pidgins and creoles: The case of the resultative-perfective and its relation to anteriority},
    booktitle = {Historical development of auxiliaries},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {291-315},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175845}
}
@incollection{Stolz1989,
    author = {Stolz, Thomas},
    editor = {Perl, Matthias},
    title = {Kri\^ol und sein Substrat: Evidenz aus dem TMA-System},
    booktitle = {Beitr\"age zur Afrolusitanistik und Kreolistik},
    publisher = {Bochum: Brockmeyer},
    address = {Bochum},
    pages = {81-91},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {183104}
}
@misc{SuewellyneWamytanpc2007,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175437},
    note = {personal communication, 2007-10-10}
}
@phdthesis{SwearingenDavis1997,
    author = {Swearingen Davis, Martha},
    booktitle = {A syntactic, semantic, and diachronic analysis of Palenquero -ba.},
    school = {Department of Linguistics},
    publisher = {Stanford University: Department of Linguistics},
    address = {Stanford University},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175223},
    note = {PhD dissertation, Stanford University}
}
@article{SwearingenDavis2000,
    author = {Swearingen Davis, Martha},
    title = {The past imperfect in Palenquero},
    journal = {Studies in Language},
    volume = {24},
    number = {3},
    pages = {565-581},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175222}
}
@phdthesis{Swolkien2012,
    author = {Swolkien de Sousa, Dominika},
    booktitle = {The Cape Verdean Creole of S\~ao Vicente: its genesis and structure.},
    school = {University of Coimbra},
    publisher = {Coimbra: University of Coimbra},
    address = {Coimbra},
    year = {2012},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175280},
    yearstring = {2012+}
}
@incollection{Syea1993,
    author = {Syea, A.},
    editor = {Byrne, Francis and Holm, John},
    title = {Null subject in Mauritian Creole and the pro-drop parameter},
    booktitle = {Atlantic meets Pacific: A global view of pidginization and creolization},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {91-102},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175819}
}
@incollection{Syea1996,
    author = {Syea, Anand},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    title = {The development of a marker of definiteness in Mauritian Creole},
    booktitle = {Changing meanings, changing functions. Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 2},
    pages = {171-186},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {180230}
}
@incollection{Syea1999,
    author = {Syea, Anand},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Bruyn, Adrienne},
    title = {Non-nominative subjects in early St Kitts Creole},
    booktitle = {St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles. The texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in perspective},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 4},
    pages = {237-254},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176005}
}
@incollection{Syea2007,
    author = {Syea, Anand},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Fon Sing, Guillaume},
    title = {The development of the noun phrase in Mauritian Creole and the mechanisms of language development},
    booktitle = {The making of Mauritian Creole},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 9},
    pages = {93-112},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175991}
}
@article{Syea2007a,
    author = {Syea, Anand},
    title = {Oblique subjects in contact languages and the nature of emergent grammars},
    journal = {Creolica},
    year = {2007},
    url = {http://www.creolica.net/article.php3?id_article=65},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176016}
}
@book{Sylvain1936-Reprints1979,
    author = {Sylvain, Suzanne},
    title = {Le cr\'eole ha\"itien. Morphologie et syntaxe},
    publisher = {Gen\`eve: Slatkine Reprints},
    address = {Gen\`eve},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175047},
    yearstring = {1979 [1936]}
}
@book{Taber1965,
    author = {Taber, Charles R. and Samarin, William J.},
    title = {A dictionary of Sango},
    publisher = {Hartford, CN: Hartford Seminary Foundation},
    address = {Hartford, CN},
    year = {1965},
    glottolog_ref_id = {81974},
    note = {The dictionary was prepared under my supervision with the same corpus as the one on which my grammar of 1967 was based. The work was financed with a grant from the Office of Education, USA, OE 4 14 003.}
}
@incollection{Tagliamonte1999,
    author = {Tagliamonte, Sali},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Bruyn, Adrienne},
    title = {Modelling an emergent grammar: Past temporal reference in St Kitts Creole in the 1780s},
    booktitle = {St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles. The texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in perspective},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 4},
    pages = {201-236},
    year = {1999},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176004}
}
@article{Tagliamonteetal1997,
    author = {Tagliamonte, Sali and Poplack, Shana and Eze, Ejike},
    title = {Plural marking patterns in Nigerian Pidgin English},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {12},
    number = {1},
    pages = {103-129},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175853},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Tagliamonte, Sali AND Eze, Ejike AND Poplack, Shana}
}
@article{TagliamontePoplack1993,
    author = {Tagliamonte, Sali A. and Poplack, Shana},
    title = {The zero-marked verb: Testing the creole hypothesis},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {8},
    number = {2},
    pages = {171-206},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175724}
}
@incollection{Talib1998,
    author = {Talib, Ismail S.},
    editor = {Alsagoff, Lubna and Bao Zhiming and Wendy Bokhorst-Heng and Anthea Fraser Gupta and Ho Chee Lick and Thiru Kandiah and Ismail S. Talib and Lionel Wee},
    title = {Singaporean literature in English},
    booktitle = {English in New Cultural Contexts: Reflections from Singapore},
    publisher = {Singapore: Oxford University Press},
    address = {Singapore},
    pages = {270-286},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176319},
    normalizededitorstring = {Wee, Lionel}
}
@article{Thiele1994,
    author = {Thiele, Petra},
    title = {Sobre a gramaticalizacao das per\'ifrases verbais repetitivas e incoativas nos crioulos de Cabo Verde e Pr\'incipe},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176084}
}
@book{Thomas1886,
    author = {Thomas, Julian},
    title = {Cannibals and Convicts: Notes of Personal Experiences in the Western Pacific.},
    publisher = {London: Cassells \& Co},
    address = {London},
    year = {1886},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175253}
}
@article{Thomason1983,
    author = {Thomason, Sarah G.},
    title = {Chinook Jargon in areal and historical context},
    journal = {Language},
    volume = {59},
    pages = {820-870},
    year = {1983},
    glottolog_ref_id = {58809}
}
@article{Thompson1958,
    author = {Thompson, Robert W.},
    title = {Pidgin languages \& Let's take Hongkong's word.},
    journal = {China Mail},
    volume = {1958, May 10 - October 18},
    year = {1958},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176358}
}
@article{Thompson1991,
    author = {Thompson, Roger M.},
    title = {Copula deletion in Spanish Foreigner Talk: Using questionnaires as a research tool},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {6},
    number = {1},
    pages = {89-106},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176100}
}
@book{Thornell1997,
    author = {Thornell, Christina},
    title = {The Sango Language and its Lexicon},
    publisher = {Lund: Lund University Press},
    address = {Lund},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {77511}
}
@article{ThurgoodThurgood1996,
    author = {Thurgood, Elzbieta and Thurgood, Graham},
    title = {Aspect, tense or aktionsart? The particle ja in Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {45-70},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175840}
}
@misc{TiFrereca1963,
    author = {Ti Fr\`ere},
    booktitle = {Ros\'eda},
    year = {1963},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176330},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Fr\`ere, Ti},
    note = {song},
    yearstring = {ca. 1963}
}
@misc{Tilden1831-32,
    author = {Tilden, Bryant P.},
    publisher = {Not known: Not known},
    address = {Not known},
    year = {1831},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175340},
    note = {Journal of fourth voyage to China, in ship Crusoe of Salem via Batavia, Singapore and Manila. Unpublished typescript},
    yearstring = {1831-32}
}
@misc{Tilden1833-34,
    author = {Tilden, Bryant P.},
    booktitle = {Fifth voyage to China, in brig Nabob, via Batavia 1833-34},
    year = {1833},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175362},
    yearstring = {1833-34}
}
@book{Tilden1834-46,
    author = {Tilden, Bryant P.},
    title = {Sixth voyage to China, in ship Surat 1834-36},
    publisher = {Not known: Not known},
    address = {Not known},
    year = {1834},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175348},
    yearstring = {1834-46}
}
@book{Tinelli1970,
    author = {Tinelli, Henri},
    title = {Generative phonology of Haitian Creole},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor: University of Michigan},
    address = {Ann Arbor},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175646},
    note = {dissertation}
}
@article{Tinelli1979,
    author = {Tinelli, Henri},
    title = {Afro-European syllabic patterns and structural stability in Romance and English creoles},
    journal = {Orbis},
    volume = {28},
    number = {2},
    pages = {267-276},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175839}
}
@book{Tinelli1981,
    author = {Tinelli, Henri},
    title = {Creole phonology},
    publisher = {The Hague: Mouton},
    address = {The Hague},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175765}
}
@misc{Todd1969,
    author = {Todd, Loreto},
    booktitle = {Pidgin English of West Cameroon},
    publisher = {Belfast: The Queen's University of Belfast},
    address = {Belfast},
    series = {Thesis},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175328}
}
@book{Todd1991,
    author = {Todd, Loreto},
    title = {Talk Pidgin. A structured course in West African Pidgin English},
    publisher = {Leeds: Tortoise Books},
    address = {Leeds},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {85878}
}
@book{Tong1862,
    author = {Tong, Ting-k\"u and Tong, King-sing},
    title = {The Chinese-English Instructor (6 vols.) ????},
    publisher = {Guangzhou: Not known},
    address = {Guangzhou},
    volume = {Vols. IV \& VI},
    year = {1862},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175339},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Tong, King-sing AND Tong, Ting-k\"u},
    note = {The author field in the original submission was: Tong Ting-k\"u or Tong, King-sing}
}
@incollection{Toreen1771,
    author = {Toreen, Olof},
    editor = {Osbeck, Peter},
    title = {A voyage to Suratte, China, \& c.},
    booktitle = {A voyage to China and the East Indies (2 vols)},
    publisher = {London: Benjamin White},
    address = {London},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {153-266},
    year = {1771},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175344}
}
@article{Tosco1995,
    author = {Tosco, Mauro},
    title = {A Pidgin Verbal System: the Case of Juba Arabic},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    volume = {37},
    number = {4},
    pages = {423-459},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {108425}
}
@incollection{TottieHarvie2000,
    author = {Tottie, Gunnel and Dawn Harvie},
    editor = {Shana Poplack},
    title = {It's all relative: relativization strategies in early African American English.},
    booktitle = {The English history of African American English},
    publisher = {Oxford: Blackwell Publishers},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {198-230},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176182},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Tottie, Gunnel AND Harvie, Dawn},
    normalizededitorstring = {Poplack, Shana}
}
@article{TouchardVeronique1993,
    author = {Touchard, Yvonne and V\'eronique, Daniel},
    title = {\`A propos d'une enqu\^ete sur pu et va en mauricien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {76-86},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175945}
}
@article{TraillFerraz1981,
    author = {Traill, A. and Ferraz, L.},
    title = {The interpretation of tone in Principense Creole},
    journal = {Studies in African Linguistics},
    volume = {12},
    number = {2},
    pages = {205-215},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175230},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ferraz, L. AND Traill, A.}
}
@article{Trapp1908,
    author = {Brother O.O. Trapp},
    title = {Die Isikula/Sprache in Natal, Suedafrika},
    journal = {Anthropos},
    volume = {3},
    pages = {508-511},
    year = {1908},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175473},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Trapp, Brother O.O.}
}
@incollection{Traugott1976,
    author = {Traugott, Elizabeth},
    editor = {Harrison, Debora S. and Trabasso, Tom},
    title = {Pidgins, creoles and the origin of vernacular Black English},
    booktitle = {Black English: A seminar},
    publisher = {Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum},
    address = {Hillsdale, NJ},
    pages = {57-93},
    year = {1976},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175751}
}
@book{Tryon1987,
    author = {Tryon, Darrell T.},
    title = {Bislama: An introduction to the national language of Vanuatu},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University},
    address = {Canberra},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {135345}
}
@inproceedings{Tryon1991,
    author = {Tryon, Darrell T.},
    editor = {Harlow, Ray},
    title = {Regionalisms and the history of Bislama},
    booktitle = {VICAL 2: Western Austronesian and contact languages},
    pages = {461-471},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175793},
    note = {(paper from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics)}
}
@book{Turner[1949]2002,
    author = {Turner, Lorenzo Dow},
    title = {Africanisms in the Gullah dialect},
    publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
    address = {Chicago},
    year = {1949},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175175},
    yearstring = {[1949] 2002}
}
@article{Urruty1950,
    author = {Urruty, J.},
    title = {Le patois cr\'eole \`a l'\^ile Maurice},
    journal = {Revue Guadeloup\'eenne},
    volume = {31-32},
    year = {1950},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175799},
    yearstring = {1950-1951}
}
@incollection{Valdman1977,
    author = {Valdman, Albert},
    editor = {Meisel, J\"urgen M.},
    title = {Cr\'eolisation sans pidgin: Le syst\`eme des d\'eterminants du nom dans les parlers franco-cr\'eoles},
    booktitle = {Langues en contact: pidgins, cr\'eoles / Languages in contact},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Narr},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    pages = {105-136},
    year = {1977},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175629}
}
@article{Valdman1978,
    author = {Valdman, Albert},
    title = {La structure phonologique des parlers franco-cr\'eoles de la zone cara\"ibe},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {13-34},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175794}
}
@book{Valdman1981,
    editor = {Valdman, Albert},
    title = {Haitian Creole - English - French dictionary},
    publisher = {Bloomington: Indiana University Creole Institute},
    address = {Bloomington},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175630}
}
@article{Valdman1987,
    author = {Valdman, Albert},
    title = {Le cycle vital cr\'eole et la standardisation du cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {10},
    number = {2},
    pages = {107-125},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175927}
}
@article{Valdman1996,
    author = {Valdman, Albert},
    title = {La diffusion dans la gen\`ese du cr\'eole louisianais},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {19},
    number = {1},
    pages = {72-92},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175953}
}
@article{Valdman2005,
    author = {Valdman},
    title = {Vers la standardisation du cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    journal = {Revue fran\c{c}aise de linguistique appliqu\'ee},
    volume = {X},
    number = {1},
    pages = {39-52},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176201}
}
@book{Valdmanetal1996,
    author = {Valdman, Albert and Pooser, Charles and Rozevel, Jean-Baptiste},
    title = {A learner's dictionary of Haitian Creole},
    publisher = {Bloomington, IN: Indiana University},
    address = {Bloomington, IN},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175057},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Pooser, Charles AND Valdman, Albert AND Rozevel, Jean-Baptiste}
}
@book{Valdmanetal1998,
    author = {Valdman, Albert and Klingler, Thomas A. and Marshall, Margot M. and Rotter, Kevin J.},
    title = {Dictionary of Louisiana Creole},
    publisher = {Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press},
    address = {Bloomington, IN},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175208},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Rotter, Kevin J. AND Klingler, Thomas A. AND Valdman, Albert AND Marshall, Margot M.}
}
@book{Valdmanetal2007,
    editor = {Valdman, Albert and Iskrova, Iskra and Hebblethwaite, Benjamin},
    title = {Haitian Creole-English bilingual dictionary},
    publisher = {Bloomington: Indiana University, Creole Institute},
    address = {Bloomington},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175067}
}
@incollection{ValdmanKlingler1997,
    author = {Valdman, Albert and Klingler, Thomas A.},
    editor = {Albert Valdman},
    title = {The structure of Louisiana Creole},
    booktitle = {French and Creole in Louisiana},
    publisher = {New York: Plenum Press},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {109-144},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176156},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Klingler, Thomas A. AND Valdman, Albert},
    normalizededitorstring = {Valdman, Albert}
}
@article{ValleDettoni2001,
    author = {Valle Dettoni, Rachel do},
    title = {A marcacao do genero gramatical no dialeto da Baixada Cuibana: primeiras reflexoes},
    journal = {Papia},
    volume = {11},
    pages = {58-63},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176091}
}
@mastersthesis{vandenBerg2000,
    author = {van den Berg, Margot},
    booktitle = {'Mi no sal tron tongo'. Early Sranan in Court Records, 1667-1767},
    school = {Radboud University},
    publisher = {Nijmegen: Radboud University},
    address = {Nijmegen},
    year = {2000},
    url = {http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176230},
    note = {MA thesis, downloadable from http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/vandenbergm (still accessible March 2010)}
}
@incollection{vandenBerg2003,
    author = {van den Berg, Margot},
    editor = {Plag, Ingo},
    title = {Early 18th century Sranan '-man'},
    booktitle = {Phonology and morphology of creole languages},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Niemeyer},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    series = {Linguistische Arbeiten 478},
    pages = {231-251},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176229}
}
@phdthesis{vandenBerg2007,
    author = {van den Berg, Margot},
    booktitle = {A grammar of Early Sranan},
    school = {University of Amsterdam},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176205},
    note = {PhD Dissertation, University of Amsterdam}
}
@article{vandenBerg2010,
    author = {van den Berg, Margot},
    editor = {Avram, Andrei},
    title = {Intensified! On reflexive expressions in Early Sranan},
    journal = {Revue Roumaine de Linguistique},
    volume = {54},
    number = {3-4},
    pages = {331-347},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176203}
}
@incollection{vanderVoort1994,
    author = {Voort, Hein van der},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter and Smith Norval},
    title = {Eskimo Pidgin},
    booktitle = {Pidgins and Creoles. An Introduction.},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    pages = {137-151},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176415},
    normalizededitorstring = {Muysken, Pieter AND Norval, Smith}
}
@incollection{vanderVoort1996,
    author = {van der Voort, Hein},
    editor = {Ernst H\aa{}kon Jahr and Ingvild Broch},
    title = {Eskimo Pidgin in West Greenland.},
    booktitle = {Language contact in the Arctic: Northern pidgins and contact languages},
    publisher = {Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin / New York},
    pages = {157-258},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {133506},
    normalizededitorstring = {Jahr, Ernst H\aa{}kon AND Broch, Ingvild}
}
@incollection{vanderVoort1997,
    author = {van der Voort, Hein},
    editor = {Spears, Arthur K. and Winford, Donald},
    title = {New light on Eskimo Pidgins},
    booktitle = {The structure and status of pidgins and creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Creole Language Library},
    volume = {19},
    pages = {373-394},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175157}
}
@incollection{vandeVate2008,
    author = {Marleen van de Vate},
    editor = {Peter Svenonius and Inna Tolskaya},
    title = {I m\'usu fu wo\'oko ta\'anga: Restructuring in Sa\'amaka},
    booktitle = {Tromso Working Papers on Language \& Linguistics: Nordlyd 35, special issue on Complex Predication},
    publisher = {Tromso: CASTL},
    address = {Tromso},
    pages = {189-212},
    year = {2008},
    url = {http://www.ub.uit.no/baser/nordlyd/},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175578},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Vate, Marleen van de},
    normalizededitorstring = {Svenonius, Peter AND Tolskaya, Inna},
    note = {Available at http://www.ub.uit.no/baser/nordlyd/}
}
@incollection{VanDiggelen1978,
    author = {Miep van Diggelen},
    editor = {Pieter Muysken},
    title = {Negro-Dutch},
    booktitle = {Amsterdam Creole Studies II},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    volume = {20},
    pages = {69-100},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175399},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Diggelen, Miep van},
    normalizededitorstring = {Muysken, Pieter}
}
@book{vanDykca1765,
    author = {van Dyk, Pieter},
    title = {Nieuwe en nooit bevoorens geziene onderwyzinge in het Bastert Engels, of Neeger Engels, zoo als het zelve in de Hollandsze colonien gebruikt word},
    publisher = {Frankfurt/Madrid: Iberoamericana},
    address = {Frankfurt/Madrid},
    year = {1765},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176210},
    note = {Reprinted in: Arends, Jacques \& Matthias Perl. 1995. Early Suriname Creole Texts. A collection of 18th-century Sranan and Saramaccan documents. Frankfurt/Madrid: Iberoamericana.},
    yearstring = {ca. 1765}
}
@book{vanMinde1997,
    author = {Don van Minde},
    title = {Malayu Ambong: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax},
    publisher = {Leiden: CNWS},
    address = {Leiden},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {108345},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Minde, Don van}
}
@incollection{VanPutte1985,
    author = {Van Putte, Florimon},
    editor = {Bennis, Hans and Beukema, Frits},
    title = {Taking government seriously},
    booktitle = {Linguistics in the Netherlands},
    publisher = {Dordrecht: Foris},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    pages = {145-155},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175462}
}
@article{VanPutteGarcia1990,
    author = {Van Putte, Florimon and Garc\'ia, Erica C.},
    title = {Where there is a message there is a way: ku versus null in Papiamentu},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {5},
    number = {2},
    pages = {187-222},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175681}
}
@book{VanRossemVanderVoort1996,
    author = {Rossem, Cefas van and Hein van der Voort},
    title = {Die Creol Taal: 250 years of Negerhollands texts},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {124370},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Rossem, Cefas van AND Voort, Hein van der}
}
@misc{VanuatuKaljoralSentasignage,
    author = {Meyerhoff, Miriam},
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175247},
    note = {Recorded during fieldwork June 1998, Vanuatu Cultural Center}
}
@misc{VanuatuWeeklyHebdomadaire,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175248},
    note = {Now defunct national newspaper. Published in all three official langauges: Bislama, French and English. Orthography not standardized. All examples from VWH reproduce original spelling. Data collected from VWH in 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998.}
}
@misc{VanuatuWeeklyHebdomadaire13June1998,
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176307}
}
@misc{VanuatuWeeklyHebdomadaire20June1998,
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176307}
}
@misc{VanuatuWeeklyHebdomadaire27June1998,
    year = {1998},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176307}
}
@misc{VanuatuWeeklyHebdomadaire29Nov1997,
    pages = {6},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176305},
    numberofpages = {6}
}
@incollection{Veenstra1993,
    author = {Veenstra, Tonjes},
    editor = {Adone, Dany and Plag, Ingo},
    title = {The acquisition of functional categories: The creole way},
    booktitle = {Creolization and language change},
    publisher = {T\"ubingen: Niemeyer},
    address = {T\"ubingen},
    pages = {99-115},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175579}
}
@book{Veenstra1996,
    author = {Veenstra, Tonjes},
    title = {Serial verbs in Saramaccan: Predication and creole genesis},
    publisher = {Dordrecht: ICG Printing},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {40882}
}
@incollection{Veenstra1996b,
    author = {Veenstra, Tonjes},
    editor = {Baker, Philip and Syea, Anand},
    title = {Grammaticalized verbs in Saramaccan: The interplay between syntax and semantics},
    booktitle = {Changing meanings, changing functions. Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages},
    publisher = {London: University of Westminster Press},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 2},
    pages = {95-112},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175996}
}
@incollection{Veenstra2003,
    author = {Veenstra, Tonjes},
    editor = {Alexiadou, Artemis and Agnostopoulo, Elena and Everaert, Martin},
    title = {Unaccusativity in Saramaccan: the Syntax of Resultatives},
    booktitle = {The unaccusativity puzzle},
    publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
    address = {Oxford},
    series = {Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics},
    pages = {269-287},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175580}
}
@book{Veiga1982,
    author = {Veiga, Manuel},
    title = {Diskrison strutural di lingua kabuverdianu},
    publisher = {Praia: Institutu Kabuverdianu di Livru},
    address = {Praia},
    year = {1982},
    glottolog_ref_id = {23862}
}
@book{Veiga1987,
    author = {Veiga, Manuel},
    title = {Odju d'Agu},
    publisher = {Praia: Instituto Caboverdiano do Livro},
    address = {Praia},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175525}
}
@book{Velupillai2003a,
    author = {Velupillai, Viveka Lalitha},
    title = {Hawai'i Creole English: A typological analysis of the tense-mood-aspect system},
    publisher = {Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan},
    address = {Basingstoke},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {57748}
}
@incollection{Velupillai2003b,
    author = {Velupillai, Viveka},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia},
    title = {The absence of reduplication in Hawai'i Creole English},
    booktitle = {Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages},
    publisher = {London: Battlebridge},
    address = {London},
    series = {Westminster Creolistics Series 8},
    pages = {245-249},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175186}
}
@article{Verhaar1991,
    author = {Verhaar, John W. M.},
    title = {The function of i in Tok Pisin},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {6},
    number = {2},
    pages = {231-266},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175716}
}
@book{Verhaar1995,
    author = {Verhaar, John W. M.},
    title = {Toward a reference grammar of Tok Pisin: An experiment in corpus linguistics},
    publisher = {Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    series = {Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {128623}
}
@article{Vernet1980,
    author = {Vernet, Pierre},
    title = {Le cr\'eole ha\"itien face \`a son introduction en salle de classe: Le champ s\'emantique du corps humain},
    journal = {Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {45-55},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175647}
}
@article{Veronique1993,
    author = {V\'eronique, Daniel},
    title = {Effacements d'actants dans les \'enonc\'es en mauricien},
    journal = {Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {16},
    number = {1},
    pages = {130-142},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175393}
}
@article{Veronique2000,
    author = {V\'eronique, Daniel},
    title = {Note sur les 'adjectifs' dans quelques cr\'eoles fran\c{c}ais},
    journal = {Langages},
    volume = {138},
    pages = {61-69},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175379}
}
@misc{VIanneyWamytanJosianeDecoirepc2006,
    author = {VIanney Wamytan Josiane Decoire},
    year = {2006},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175438},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Decoire, VIanney Wamytan Josiane}
}
@misc{VibarNavarro2006,
    author = {Vibar, Arwin and Navarro, Toribio},
    title = {Update on Ternate Chabacano},
    year = {2006},
    url = {http://web.kssp.upd.edu.ph/linguistics/plc2006/papers.html},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175145},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Navarro, Toribio AND Vibar, Arwin},
    note = {9th Philippine Linguistics Congress (25-27 January 2006). University of the Philippines. Manila. Paper available online http://web.kssp.upd.edu.ph/linguistics/plc2006/papers.html.}
}
@article{Vinet1990,
    author = {Vinet, Marie-Th\'er\`ese},
    title = {Observations th\'eoriques sur les expl\'etifs: Le cas du cr\'eole ha\"itien},
    journal = {Revue Qu\'eb\'ecoise de Linguistique},
    volume = {20},
    pages = {195-214},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175806}
}
@misc{Virahsawmy,
    author = {Virahsawmy, Dev},
    title = {Linconnsing Finalay},
    url = {http://www.dev-virahsawmy.org/polankteatLF.html},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175388},
    note = {Website address: http://www.dev-virahsawmy.org/polankteatLF.html}
}
@book{Voorhoeve1953,
    author = {Voorhoeve, Jan},
    title = {Voorstudies tot een beschrijving van het Sranan Tongo (Negerengels van Suriname)},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche U. M.},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1953},
    glottolog_ref_id = {92358}
}
@article{Voorhoeve1957,
    author = {Voorhoeve, Jan},
    title = {The verbal system in Sranan},
    journal = {Lingua},
    volume = {6},
    pages = {374-396},
    year = {1957},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175423}
}
@article{Voorhoeve1961,
    author = {Voorhoeve, Jan},
    title = {Le ton et la grammaire dans le Saramaccan},
    journal = {Word},
    volume = {17},
    pages = {146-163},
    year = {1961},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175576}
}
@book{Voorhoeve1962,
    author = {Voorhoeve, Jan},
    title = {Sranan syntax},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: Noord-Holland},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    year = {1962},
    glottolog_ref_id = {17523}
}
@incollection{Vos-deJesus1989,
    author = {Vos-de Jesus, Magalise M.},
    editor = {n.n.},
    title = {The multifunctional marker "nan" in Papiamentu},
    booktitle = {Homenahe na Raul Romer},
    publisher = {Willemstad: I.L.A., Departement van Onderwijs},
    address = {Willemstad},
    pages = {81-86},
    year = {1989},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175493}
}
@article{Vrubel1931,
    author = {Vrubel, Sergej},
    title = {Russko-kitaiskije jazykovje skreshchenija. Russian-Chinese language mixing},
    journal = {Kul'tura i pis 'mennost' vostoka},
    volume = {7},
    number = {8},
    pages = {131-139},
    year = {1931},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176364}
}
@article{Waite1981,
    author = {Waite, Jeffrey},
    title = {Predicate marker combinations in Isle de France Creole},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {24},
    pages = {13-26},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175820}
}
@article{Waite1986,
    author = {Waite, Jeffrey},
    title = {Remarks on tense and aspect in Isle de France creole},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    volume = {29},
    pages = {147-158},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {83208}
}
@book{Walsh1978,
    author = {Walsh, D. S.},
    title = {Tok Pisin syntax: The east Austronesian factor},
    booktitle = {Papers in pidgin and creole linguistics No. 1},
    publisher = {Canberra: Australian National University Press},
    address = {Canberra},
    series = {Pacific Linguistics A-54},
    pages = {185-197},
    year = {1978},
    glottolog_ref_id = {157520}
}
@article{Washabaugh1975,
    author = {Washabaugh, William},
    title = {On the development of complementizers in creolization},
    journal = {Working Papers on Language Universals},
    publisher = {Stanford University},
    volume = {17},
    pages = {109-140},
    year = {1975},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176035}
}
@incollection{Washabaugh1980,
    author = {Washabaugh, William},
    editor = {Day, Richard},
    title = {From preposition to complementizer in Caribbean English creole},
    booktitle = {Issues in English Creoles: Papers from the 1975 Hawaii conference},
    publisher = {Heidelberg: Groos},
    address = {Heidelberg},
    pages = {97-109},
    year = {1980},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176036}
}
@book{WatsonOla1984,
    author = {Watson, Richard L. and Ola, Luis B.},
    title = {Juba Arabic for beginners},
    publisher = {Juba: Summer Institute of Linguistics},
    address = {Juba},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175196}
}
@incollection{Wee2004,
    author = {Wee, Lionel},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa},
    title = {Reduplication and discourse particles},
    booktitle = {Singapore English: A grammatical description},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Varieties of English around the world G33},
    pages = {105-126},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176255}
}
@article{Wee2010a,
    author = {Wee, Lionel},
    title = {'Burdens' and 'handicaps' in Singapore's language policy: On the limits of language management},
    journal = {Language Policy},
    volume = {9},
    number = {2},
    pages = {97-114},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176318}
}
@article{Wee2010b,
    author = {Wee, Lionel},
    title = {Metadiscursive convergence in the Singlish debate},
    journal = {Language and Communication},
    volume = {31},
    number = {1},
    pages = {75-85},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176317}
}
@incollection{WeeAnsaldo2004,
    author = {Wee, Lionel and Ansaldo, Umberto},
    editor = {Lim, Lisa},
    title = {Nouns and noun phrases},
    booktitle = {Singapore English: A grammatical description},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    series = {Varieties of English around the world G33},
    pages = {57-74},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176256},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ansaldo, Umberto AND Wee, Lionel}
}
@article{Weldon2003,
    author = {Weldon, Tracy L.},
    title = {Copula variability in Gullah},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    volume = {15},
    pages = {37-72},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175176}
}
@incollection{Weldon2004,
    author = {Weldon, Tracey L.},
    editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W.},
    title = {Gullah: Phonology},
    booktitle = {A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1.},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {393-406},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176446}
}
@article{Weldon2007,
    author = {Weldon, Tracey},
    title = {Gullah negation: A variable analysis},
    journal = {American Speech},
    volume = {82},
    number = {4},
    pages = {341-366},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176176}
}
@book{Wellens2005,
    author = {Wellens, Ineke},
    title = {The Nubi Language of Uganda: an Arabic Creole in Africa},
    publisher = {Leiden: Brill},
    address = {Leiden},
    year = {2005},
    glottolog_ref_id = {75454},
    note = {keep}
}
@article{Wessels1986,
    author = {Wessels, Bernardi},
    title = {Fanakalo: Lingua franca of the mining community},
    journal = {Mining Survey},
    series = {Chamber of Mines of South Africa PRD Series No. 294},
    volume = {1},
    number = {4},
    pages = {26-35},
    year = {1986},
    glottolog_ref_id = {109014}
}
@book{Weygandt1798,
    author = {Weygandt, G.C.},
    title = {Gemeenzaame leerwyze om het Basterd of Neger-Engelsch op een gemakkelyke wyze te leeren verstaan en spreeken},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: W.W. Beeldsnyder},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {1798},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176213}
}
@book{Whidden1993,
    author = {Whidden, Lynn},
    title = {Metis songs: Visiting was the metis way},
    publisher = {Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Gabriel Dumont Institute},
    address = {Saskatoon, Saskatchewan},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176238}
}
@misc{Whiddennd,
    author = {Whidden, Lynn},
    title = {The songs of their fathers},
    year = {1993},
    url = {http://www.ecclectica.ca/issues/2003/2/whidden.asp},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176239},
    note = {Published online: http://www.ecclectica.ca/issues/2003/2/whidden.asp},
    yearstring = {n.d.}
}
@book{Whinnom1956,
    author = {Whinnom, Keith},
    title = {Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands},
    publisher = {Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press},
    address = {Hong Kong},
    year = {1956},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175542}
}
@book{Willens2010,
    author = {Willens, Liliane},
    title = {Stateless in Shanghai.},
    publisher = {Hong Kong: China Economic Review Publishing.},
    address = {Hong Kong},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176426}
}
@article{Williams1971,
    author = {Williams, Wayne},
    title = {Serial verb constructions in Krio},
    journal = {Studies in African Linguistics},
    volume = {2},
    pages = {47-65},
    year = {1971},
    glottolog_ref_id = {108148}
}
@phdthesis{Williams1987,
    author = {Williams, Jeffrey P.},
    title = {Anglo-Caribbean English: A study of its sociolinguistic history and the development of its aspectual markers},
    school = {University of Texas},
    publisher = {Austin: University of Texas},
    address = {Austin},
    year = {1987},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176125},
    note = {PhD dissertation}
}
@article{Williams1988,
    author = {Williams, Jeffrey P.},
    title = {The development of aspectual markers in Anglo-Carribean English},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {245-264},
    year = {1988},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176099}
}
@article{Williams2004,
    author = {Williams, Jeffrey P.},
    title = {Ecky-becky: Evidence of Scots echo word morphology in Barbadian English},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {19},
    number = {1},
    pages = {163-170},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176070}
}
@incollection{Wilner1984,
    author = {Wilner, John},
    editor = {Pet, Willem},
    title = {A sketch of Sranan Tongo},
    booktitle = {Papers on Sranan Tongo},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: Instituut voor Taalwetenschap},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    series = {Languages of the Guianas 7},
    pages = {8-123},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {53942}
}
@book{Wilner1992,
    author = {Wilner, John},
    title = {Wortubuku ini Sranan Tongo (Sranan Tongo - English Dictionary)},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: Summer Institute of Linguistics},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {50992}
}
@book{Wilner1994,
    editor = {Wilner, John},
    title = {Wortubuku fu Sranan Tongo, 3rd trial edition},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: Summer Institute of Linguistics},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {142084}
}
@book{Wilner2007,
    author = {Wilner, John},
    title = {Wortubuku fu Sranan Tongo},
    publisher = {Paramaribo: SIL International},
    address = {Paramaribo},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175406}
}
@book{Wilson1962,
    author = {Wilson, W. A. A.},
    title = {The Crioulo of Guin\'e},
    publisher = {Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press},
    address = {Johannesburg},
    year = {1962},
    glottolog_ref_id = {94907}
}
@article{Wiltshire1939,
    author = {Wiltshire, A. R. L.},
    title = {The local dialects of Norfolk and Pitcairn Islands},
    journal = {Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society},
    volume = {25},
    number = {4},
    pages = {331-337},
    year = {1939},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175874}
}
@article{Winer1984,
    author = {Winer, Lise},
    title = {Early Trinidadian English Creole: The Spectator texts},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    volume = {5},
    number = {2},
    pages = {181-210},
    year = {1984},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175822}
}
@book{Winer1993,
    author = {Winer, Lise},
    title = {Trinidad and Tobago},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Varieties of English around the world T6},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175505}
}
@article{Winer1994,
    author = {Winer, Lise},
    title = {Language varieties in early Trinidadian novels, 1838-1907},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    volume = {15},
    pages = {225-248},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175823}
}
@article{Winer1995,
    author = {Winer, Lise},
    title = {Penny Cuts: Differentiation of creole varieties in Trinidad, 1904-1906},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {10},
    number = {1},
    pages = {127-155},
    year = {1995},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175732}
}
@book{Winer2009,
    author = {Winer, Lise},
    title = {Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad \& Tobago},
    publisher = {Montreal: McGill Queens University Press},
    address = {Montreal},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {80023},
    note = {Winer, Lise (2009), Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad \& Tobago. Montreal: McGill Queens University Press.}
}
@misc{Winford,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    editor = {McWhorter, John},
    title = {Tense/aspect in Sranan and the creole prototype},
    booktitle = {Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176106}
}
@article{Winford1985,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    title = {The syntax of fi complements in Caribbean English Creole},
    journal = {Language},
    volume = {61},
    number = {3},
    pages = {588-624},
    year = {1985},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176037}
}
@misc{Winford1990a,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    editor = {Joseph, Brian and Zwicky, Arnold},
    title = {Serial verb constructions and motion events in Caribbean English creoles},
    series = {Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics 39},
    pages = {109-148},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176038}
}
@article{Winford1990b,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    title = {Copula variability, accountability, and the concept of "polylectal" grammars},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {5},
    number = {2},
    pages = {223-252},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175685}
}
@book{Winford1993,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    title = {Predication in Caribbean English Creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    series = {Creole Language Library 10},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175821}
}
@article{Winford1994,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    title = {Variability in the use of perfect have in Trinidadian English: A problem of categorial and semantic mismatch},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    volume = {5},
    pages = {141-187},
    year = {1994},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176123}
}
@article{Winford1996,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    title = {Common ground and creole TMA},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {11},
    number = {1},
    pages = {71-84},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175900}
}
@article{Winford1997,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    title = {Property items and predication in Sranan},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {12},
    number = {2},
    pages = {237-302},
    year = {1997},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175417}
}
@incollection{Winford2000a,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    editor = {McWhorter, John},
    title = {Tense and aspect in Sranan and the creole prototype},
    booktitle = {Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles},
    publisher = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins},
    address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
    pages = {383-442},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175420}
}
@article{Winford2000b,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    title = {Irrealis in Sranan: Mood and modality in a radical creole},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {15},
    number = {1},
    pages = {63-125},
    year = {2000},
    glottolog_ref_id = {179580}
}
@article{Winford2001,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    title = {On the typology of creole TMA systems},
    journal = {Society for Caribbean Linguistics Occasional Paper},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2001},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176113}
}
@incollection{Winford2002,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    editor = {Gilbert, Glenn},
    title = {Creoles in the context of contact linguistics},
    booktitle = {Pidgin and creole linguistics in the 21st century},
    publisher = {New York: Peter Lang},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {287-354},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175418}
}
@incollection{Winford2008,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    editor = {Kouwenberg, Silvia and Singler, John},
    title = {Atlantic creole syntax},
    booktitle = {The handbook of pidgin and creole studies},
    publisher = {Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell},
    address = {Malden, MA},
    pages = {19-47},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175426}
}
@article{WinfordMigge2007,
    author = {Winford, Donald and Migge, Bettina},
    title = {Substrate influence on the emergence of the TMA systems of the Surinamese creoles},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {22},
    number = {1},
    pages = {73-99},
    year = {2007},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175147}
}
@incollection{WinfordMigge2008,
    author = {Winford, Donald and Migge, Bettina},
    editor = {Schneider, Edgar W.},
    title = {Surinamese Creole: Morphology and syntax},
    booktitle = {Varieties of English, Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {693-731},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175419}
}
@misc{Winfordnd,
    author = {Winford, Donald},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175411},
    note = {transcripts},
    yearstring = {n.d.}
}
@article{Wise1990,
    author = {Wise, Hilary},
    title = {L'apport g\'en\'etique dans la formation des langues cr\'eoles : Quelques indices phonologiques},
    journal = {\'Etudes Cr\'eoles},
    volume = {13},
    number = {1},
    pages = {57-66},
    year = {1990},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175935}
}
@book{WolframThomas2002,
    author = {Wolfram, Walt and Erik R. Thomas},
    title = {The Development of African American English.},
    publisher = {Malden, MA: Blackwell},
    address = {Malden, MA},
    year = {2002},
    glottolog_ref_id = {152864},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Thomas, Erik R. AND Wolfram, Walt}
}
@book{Wood1970,
    author = {Wood, Richard E.},
    title = {Papiamentu: Dutch contributions},
    publisher = {Bloomington, IN: Indiana University},
    address = {Bloomington, IN},
    series = {Indiana University Dissertation},
    year = {1970},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176391},
    note = {Ph. D. Dissertation, distributed by University Microfilms, Indiana University}
}
@article{Wood1972,
    author = {Wood, Richard E.},
    title = {The hispanization of a creole language: Papiamentu},
    journal = {Hispania},
    volume = {55},
    number = {4},
    pages = {857-864},
    year = {1972},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176392}
}
@incollection{Woolford1979,
    author = {Woolford, Ellen},
    editor = {Hill, Kenneth C.},
    title = {The developing complementizer system of Tok Pisin},
    booktitle = {Syntactic change in progress. The genesis of language},
    publisher = {Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma},
    address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
    pages = {108-124},
    year = {1979},
    glottolog_ref_id = {10648}
}
@incollection{Woolford1981,
    author = {Woolford, Ellen},
    editor = {Muysken, Pieter},
    title = {The developing complementizer system in Tok Pisin},
    booktitle = {Generative studies on creole languages},
    publisher = {Dordrecht: Foris},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    pages = {125-139},
    year = {1981},
    glottolog_ref_id = {141499}
}
@article{Wurm1992,
    author = {Wurm, Stephen A.},
    title = {Some contact languages and pidgin and creole languages in the Siberian region},
    journal = {Language Sciences},
    volume = {14},
    number = {3},
    pages = {249-285},
    year = {1992},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175155},
    note = {Section on Eskimo Pidgin on p.275-282, mainly based on Stef\'ansson's (1909) article on the Herschel Island Trade Jargon.}
}
@phdthesis{Yakpo2009,
    author = {Yakpo, Kofi},
    booktitle = {A grammar of Pichi},
    school = {Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen},
    publisher = {Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen},
    address = {Nijmegen},
    year = {2009},
    url = {http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/y/yakpo_k/gramofpi.pdf},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175259},
    note = {PhD dissertation, Radboud University of Nijmegen (http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/y/yakpo_k/gramofpi.pdf)}
}
@misc{Yamanaka1993,
    author = {Yamanaka, Lois-Ann},
    title = {Saturday night at the Pahala Theatre},
    publisher = {Honolulu: Bamboo Ridge Press},
    address = {Honolulu},
    year = {1993},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175187}
}
@article{Yang1873,
    author = {Yang, Shaoping (???)},
    title = {Bie qin zhu zhi ci (?????).},
    journal = {Shen Bao (??).},
    volume = {1873, March 3, 5, 13 \& 17},
    year = {1873},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176428}
}
@article{Youssef2003,
    author = {Youssef, Valerie},
    title = {How perfect is perfective marking? An analysis of terminological problems in the description of some tense-aspect categories in creoles},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    volume = {18},
    number = {1},
    pages = {81-105},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176068}
}
@incollection{YoussefJames2004,
    author = {Youssef, Valerie and James, Winford},
    editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. and Burridge, Kate and Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive},
    title = {The creoles of Trinidad and Tobago: Phonology},
    booktitle = {A handbook of varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Vol. 1: Phonology.},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {508-524},
    year = {2004},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176336}
}
@incollection{YoussefJames2008,
    author = {Youssef, Valerie and James, Winford},
    editor = {Schneider, Edgar W.},
    title = {The creoles of Trinidad and Tobago: phonology},
    booktitle = {Varieties of English. Vol 2: The Americans and the Carribean},
    publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {320-338},
    year = {2008},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176465}
}
@mastersthesis{YowSinCheung2011,
    author = {Yow-Sin-Cheung, Susanne},
    booktitle = {La standardisation du cr\'eole mauricien et le r\^ole de la communication virtuelle.},
    school = {Uni Freiburg},
    publisher = {Freiburg: University of Freiburg},
    address = {Freiburg},
    year = {2011},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176466},
    note = {Master thesis}
}
@misc{Yvo2000,
    glottolog_ref_id = {175573},
    note = {Yvo was interviewed during field work conducted on the island of Brava in 2000.}
}
@book{Zabel1906,
    author = {Zabel, Rudolf},
    title = {Meine Hochzeitsreise durch Korea wahrend des Russisch-japanischen Krieges},
    publisher = {Altenburg: Stephan Geibel Verlag},
    address = {Altenburg},
    year = {1906},
    glottolog_ref_id = {175346}
}
@book{Zaharani1991,
    author = {Zaharani B. Ahmad},
    title = {The phonology and morphology of the Perak Dialect.},
    publisher = {Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka},
    address = {Kuala Lumpur},
    pages = {313},
    year = {1991},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176449},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Ahmad, Zaharani B.},
    numberofpages = {313}
}
@book{Zamora2010,
    author = {Zamora Segorbe, Armando},
    title = {Gramatica Descriptiva del F\'a d'Amb\^o},
    publisher = {Barcelona: CEIBA ediciones},
    address = {Barcelona},
    year = {2010},
    glottolog_ref_id = {39353}
}
@unpublished{ZenkJohnson2003,
    author = {Zenk, Henry B. and Tony A. Johnson},
    title = {Chinuk-Wawa, as our elders teach us to speak it},
    year = {2003},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176322},
    normalizedauthorstring = {Johnson, Tony A. AND Zenk, Henry B.},
    note = {Unpublished manuscript received from authors}
}
@book{Zhang2009,
    author = {Zhang, Zhenjiang},
    title = {Language and Society in Early Hong Kong (1841-1884).},
    publisher = {Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Press},
    address = {Guangzhou},
    year = {2009},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176359}
}
@book{Zhou1996,
    author = {Zhou, Zhenhe},
    title = {Sui wu ya zi lu (?????).},
    publisher = {Beijing: Joint Publishing},
    address = {Beijing},
    year = {1996},
    glottolog_ref_id = {176361}
}