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etcd-release

This is a BOSH release for etcd.

Contents

Using Etcd

Etcd is a distributed key-value store. It uses the Raft consensus algorithm to manage fault tolerance. Etcd provides a JSON HTTP API for managing the key-value set. The client also provides an optional SSL-cert authentication mechanism.

Within CloudFoundry

The primary use case for Etcd within CloudFoundry is as a cache for information about where and how processes are running within the container runtime. It is also used, to a much lesser extent, as a discovery mechanism for some components.

Fault Tolerance and Data Durability

Etcd is a distributed computing system which conforms to the properties outlined in the CAP Theorem. The theorem outlines that such a system will have to make a tradeoff with regards to the guarantees of consistency, availability, and partition tolerance. In the default configuration, Etcd has a preference for availability and partition tolerance. This means that under a network partition, it is possible to read "stale" data from the cluster. This behavior only affects reads. Writes will still require quorum to commit. Etcd has an optional query parameter that can be provided when submitting read requests to force the read to be consistent. More information about the fault tolerance profile of Etcd can be found in the documentation. Etcd was also investigated using the Jepsen framework. The results for that investigation can be found here.

Deploying

In order to deploy etcd-release you must follow the standard steps for deploying software with BOSH.

We assume you have already deployed and targeted a BOSH director. For more instructions on how to do that please see the BOSH documentation.

1. Uploading a stemcell

Find the "BOSH Lite Warden" stemcell you wish to use. bosh.io provides a resource to find and download stemcells. Then run bosh upload stemcell STEMCELL_URL_OR_PATH_TO_DOWNLOADED_STEMCELL.

2. Creating a release

Run git submodule --init --recursive to clone all submodules within etcd-release if you have done so already.

From within the etcd-release directory run bosh create release --force to create a development release.

3. Uploading a release

Once you've created a development release run bosh upload release to upload your development release to the director.

4. Using a sample deployment manifest

We provide a set of sample deployment manifests that can be used as a starting point for creating your own manifest, but they should not be considered comprehensive. They are located in manifests/aws and manifests/bosh-lite.

5. Deploy

Run bosh -d OUTPUT_MANIFEST_PATH deploy.

Contributing

Contributor License Agreement

Contributors must sign the Contributor License Agreement before their contributions can be merged. Follow the directions here to complete that process.

Developer Workflow

Make sure that you are working against the develop branch. PRs submitted against other branches will need to be resubmitted with the correct branch targeted.

Before submitting a PR, make sure to run the test suites. Information about how to run the suites can be seen in the Running Tests section.

Running Tests

We have written a test suite that exercises spinning up single/multiple etcd instances, scaling them and perform rolling deploys. If you have already installed Go, you can run EATS_CONFIG=[config_file.json] ./scripts/test. The test script installs all dependancies and runs the full test suite. The EATS_CONFIG environment variable points to a configuration file which specifies the endpoint of the BOSH director and the path to your iaas_settings stub. An example config json for BOSH-lite would look like:

cat > integration_config.json << EOF
{
  "bosh":{
    "target": "https://192.168.50.4:25555",
    "username": "admin",
    "password": "admin",
    "director_ca_cert": "$GOPATH/src/github.com/cloudfoundry/bosh-lite/ca/certs/ca.crt"
  }
}
EOF
EATS_CONFIG=$PWD/integration_config.json ./scripts/test

The full set of config parameters is explained below:

  • bosh.target (required) Public BOSH IP address that will be used to host test environment
  • bosh.username (required) Username for the BOSH director login
  • bosh.password (required) Password for the BOSH director login
  • bosh.director_ca_cert BOSH Director CA Cert
  • aws.subnet Subnet ID for AWS deployments
  • aws.access_key_id Key ID for AWS deployments
  • aws.secret_access_key Secret Access Key for AWS deployments
  • aws.default_key_name Default Key Name for AWS deployments
  • aws.default_security_groups Security groups for AWS deployments
  • aws.region Region for AWS deployments
  • registry.host Host for the BOSH registry
  • registry.port Port for the BOSH registry
  • registry.username Username for the BOSH registry
  • registry.password Password for the BOSH registry

Running acceptance tests as an errand

The acceptance tests can also be run as a bosh errand. An example manifest is included to run against bosh-lite.

bosh upload stemcell https://bosh.io/d/stemcells/bosh-warden-boshlite-ubuntu-trusty-go_agent --skip-if-exists
bosh upload release https://bosh.io/d/github.com/cloudfoundry-incubator/consul-release
bosh upload release https://bosh.io/d/github.com/cppforlife/bosh-warden-cpi-release
bosh upload release https://bosh.io/d/github.com/cppforlife/turbulence-release
bosh create release --force
bosh upload release
bosh update cloud-config manifests/bosh-lite/cloud-config.yml
bosh -n -d manifests/bosh-lite/eats.yml deploy
bosh -d manifests/bosh-lite/eats.yml run errand acceptance-tests

Encryption

Encrypting Traffic

To force communication between clients and etcd to use SSL, enable the etcd.require_ssl manifest property to true.

To force communication between etcd nodes to use SSL, set the etcd.peer_require_ssl manifest property to true.

The instructions below detail how to create certificates. If SSL is required for client communication, the clients will also need copies of the certificates.

When either SSL option is enabled, communication to the etcd nodes is done by consul DNS addresses rather than by IP address. When SSL is disabled, IP addresses are used and consul is not a dependency.

Generating SSL Certificates

For generating SSL certificates, we recommend certstrap. An operator can follow the following steps to successfully generate the required certificates.

Most of these commands can be found in scripts/generate-certs

  1. Get certstrap

    go get github.com/square/certstrap
cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/square/certstrap
./build
cd bin

  2. Initialize a new certificate authority.

    $ ./certstrap init --common-name "etcdCA"
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): <hit enter for no password>

Enter same passphrase again: <hit enter for no password>

Created out/etcdCA.key
Created out/etcdCA.crt

    The manifest property properties.etcd.ca_cert should be set to the certificate in out/etcdCA.crt

  3. Create and sign a certificate for the etcd server.

    $ ./certstrap request-cert --common-name "etcd.service.consul" --domain "*.etcd.service.consul,etcd.service.consul"
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): <hit enter for no password>

Enter same passphrase again: <hit enter for no password>

Created out/etcd.service.consul.key
Created out/etcd.service.consul.csr

$ ./certstrap sign etcd.service.consul --CA etcdCA
Created out/etcd.service.consul.crt from out/etcd.service.consul.csr signed by out/etcdCA.key

    The manifest property properties.etcd.server_cert should be set to the certificate in out/etcd.service.consul.crt The manifest property properties.etcd.server_key should be set to the certificate in out/etcd.service.consul.key

  4. Create and sign a certificate for etcd clients.

    $ ./certstrap request-cert --common-name "clientName"
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): <hit enter for no password>

Enter same passphrase again: <hit enter for no password>

Created out/clientName.key
Created out/clientName.csr

$ ./certstrap sign clientName --CA etcdCA
Created out/clientName.crt from out/clientName.csr signed by out/etcdCA.key

    The manifest property properties.etcd.client_cert should be set to the certificate in out/clientName.crt The manifest property properties.etcd.client_key should be set to the certificate in out/clientName.key

  5. Initialize a new peer certificate authority. [optional]

    $ ./certstrap --depot-path peer init --common-name "peerCA"
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): <hit enter for no password>

Enter same passphrase again: <hit enter for no password>

Created peer/peerCA.key
Created peer/peerCA.crt

    The manifest property properties.etcd.peer_ca_cert should be set to the certificate in peer/peerCA.crt

  6. Create and sign a certificate for the etcd peers. [optional]

    $ ./certstrap --depot-path peer request-cert --common-name "etcd.service.consul" --domain "*.etcd.service.consul,etcd.service.consul"
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): <hit enter for no password>

Enter same passphrase again: <hit enter for no password>

Created peer/etcd.service.consul.key
Created peer/etcd.service.consul.csr

$ ./certstrap --depot-path peer sign etcd.service.consul --CA peerCA
Created peer/etcd.service.consul.crt from peer/etcd.service.consul.csr signed by peer/peerCA.key

    The manifest property properties.etcd.peer_cert should be set to the certificate in peer/etcd.service.consul.crt The manifest property properties.etcd.peer_key should be set to the certificate in peer/etcd.service.consul.key

Custom SSL Certificate Generation

If you already have a CA, or wish to use your own names for clients and servers, please note that the common-names "etcdCA" and "clientName" are placeholders and can be renamed provided that all clients client certificate. The server certificate must have the common name etcd.service.consul and must specify etcd.service.consul and *.etcd.service.consul as Subject Alternative Names (SANs).

Rotating Certificates and Keys

Perform the steps below to rotate your SSL certificates, keys, and certificate authorities.

Append the CA certificate to the ca_cert/peer_ca_cert fields of your manifest file. Do not remove any existing CA certificates. Deploy Cloud Foundry using your updated manifest.

properties:
  ...
  etcd:
    ...
    ca_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old CA Certificate           #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New CA Certificate           #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    peer_ca_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old Peer CA Certificate      #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Peer CA Certificate      #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    client_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old Client Certificate       #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    client_key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old Client Key               #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    server_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old Server Certificate       #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    server_key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old Server Key               #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    peer_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old Peer Certificate         #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    peer_key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old Peer Key                 #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Replace the old server, client, and peer certificates and keys with the new certificates and keys. Deploy Cloud Foundry using your updated manifest.

properties:
  ...
  etcd:
    ...
    ca_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old CA Certificate           #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New CA Certificate           #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    peer_ca_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your Old Peer CA Certificate      #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Peer CA Certificate      #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    client_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Client Certificate       #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    client_key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Client Key               #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    server_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Server Certificate       #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    server_key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Server Key               #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    peer_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Peer Certificate         #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    peer_key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Peer Key                 #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Remove all of your old CA Certificates. Deploy Cloud Foundry using your updated manifest.

properties:
  ...
  etcd:
    ...
    ca_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New CA Certificate           #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    peer_ca_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Peer CA Certificate      #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    client_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Client Certificate       #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    client_key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Client Key               #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    server_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Server Certificate       #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    server_key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Server Key               #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    peer_cert: |
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Peer Certificate         #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    peer_key: |
      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
      ###########################################################
      #######           Your New Peer Key                 #######
      ###########################################################
      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Done.

Failure Recovery

TLS Certificate Issues

A common source of failure is TLS certification configuration. If you have a failed deploy and see errors related to certificates, authorities, "crypto", etc. it's a good idea to confirm that:

  • all etcd-related certificates and keys in your manifest are correctly PEM-encoded;
  • certificates match their corresponding keys;
  • certificates have been signed by the appropriate CA certificate; and
  • the YAML syntax of your manifest is correct.

Failed Deploys, Upgrades, Split-Brain Scenarios, etc.

In the event that the etcd cluster ends up in a bad state that is difficult to debug, you have the option of stopping etcd on each node, removing its data store, and then restarting the process:

monit stop etcd (on all nodes in etcd cluster)
rm -rf /var/vcap/store/etcd/* (on all nodes in etcd cluster)
monit start etcd (one-by-one on each node in etcd cluster)

There are often more graceful ways to solve specific issues, but it is hard to document all of the possible failure modes and recovery steps. As long as your etcd cluster does not contain critical data that cannot be repopulated, this option is safe and will probably get you unstuck. If you are debugging an etcd server cluster in the context of a Cloud Foundry and/or Diego deployment, it should be safe to follow the above steps.