MultiMedEval

MultiMedEval is a library to evaluate the performance of Vision-Language Models (VLM) on medical domain tasks. The goal is to have a set of benchmark with a unified evaluation scheme to facilitate the development and comparison of medical VLM. We include 24 tasks representing 10 different imaging modalities and some text-only tasks.

Tasks

Question Answering

Task	Description	Modality	Size
MedQA	Multiple choice questions on general medical knowledge	General medicine	1273
PubMedQA	Yes/no/maybe questions based on PubMed paper abstracts	General medicine	500
MedMCQA	Multiple choice questions on general medical knowledge	General medicine	4183

Visual Question Answering

Task	Description	Modality	Size
VQA-RAD	Open ended questions on radiology images	X-ray	451
Path-VQA	Open ended questions on pathology images	Pathology	6719
SLAKE	Open ended questions on radiology images	X-ray	1061

Report Comparison

Task	Description	Modality	Size
MIMIC-CXR-ReportGeneration	Generation of finding sections of radiology reports based on the radiology images	Chest X-ray	2347
MIMIC-III	Summarization of radiology reports	Text	13054

Natural Language Inference

Task	Description	Modality	Size
MedNLI	Natural Language Inference on medical sentences.	General medicine	1422

Image Classification

Task	Description	Modality	Size
MIMIC-CXR-ImageClassification	Classification of radiology images into 5 diseases	Chest X-ray	5159
VinDr-Mammo	Classification of mammography images into 5 BIRADS levels	Mammography	429
Pad-UFES-20	Classification of skin lesion images into 7 diseases	Dermatology	2298
CBIS-DDSM-Mass	Classification of masses in mammography images into "benign", "malignant" or "benign without callback"	Mammography	378
CBIS-DDSM-Calcification	Classification of calcification in mammography images into "benign", "malignant" or "benign without callback"	Mammography	326
MNIST-Oct	Image classification of Optical coherence tomography of the retina	OCT	1000
MNIST-Path	Image classification of pathology image	Pathology	7180
MNIST-Blood	Image classification of blood cell seen through a microscope	Microscopy	3421
MNIST-Breast	Image classification of mammography	Mammography	156
MNIST-Derma	Image classification of skin defect images	Dermatology	2005
MNIST-OrganC	Image classification of abdominal CT scan	CT	8216
MNIST-OrganS	Image classification of abdominal CT scan	CT	8827
MNIST-Pneumonia	Image classification of chest X-Rays	X-Ray	624
MNIST-Retina	Image classification of the retina taken with a fondus camera	Fondus Camera	400
MNIST-Tissue	Image classification of kidney cortex seen through a microscope	Microscopy	12820

Representation of the modalities, tasks and datasets in MultiMedEval

Setup

To install the library, you can use pip

pip install multimedeval

To run the benchmark on your model, you first need to create an instance of the MultiMedEval class.

from multimedeval import MultiMedEval, SetupParams, EvalParams
engine = MultiMedEval()

You then need to call the setup function of the engine. This will download the datasets if needed and prepare them for evaluation. You can specify where to store the data and which datasets you want to download.

setupParams = SetupParams(MedQA_dir="data/")
tasksReady = engine.setup(setupParams=setupParams)

Here we initialize the SetupParams dataclass with only the path for the MedQA dataset. If you omit to pass a directory for some of the datasets, they will be skipped during the evaluation. During the setup process, the script will need a Physionet username and password to download "VinDr-Mammo", "MIMIC-CXR" and "MIMIC-III". You also need to setup Kaggle on your machine before running the setup as the "CBIS-DDSM" is hosted on Kaggle. At the end of the setup process, you will see a summary of which tasks are ready and which didn't run properly and the function will return a summary in the form of a dictionary.

Usage

Implement the Batcher

The user must implement one Callable: batcher. It takes a batch of input and must return the answer. The batch is a list of inputs. Each input is a tuple of:

• a prompt in the form of a Hugginface-style conversation between a user and an assistant.
• a list of Pillow images. The number of images matches the number of tokens in the prompt and are ordered.

[
    (
        [
            {"role": "user", "content": "This is a question with an image <img>."}, 
            {"role": "assistant", "content": "This is the answer."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "This is a question with an image <img>."}, 
        ], 
        [PIL.Image(), PIL.Image()]
    ),
    (
        [
            {"role": "user", "content": "This is a question without images."},
            {"role": "assistant", "content": "This is the answer."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "This is a question without images."}, 
        ], 
        []
    ),

]

Here is an example of a batcher without any logic:

def batcher(prompts) -> list[str]:
    return ["Answer" for _ in prompts]

A function is the simplest example of a Callable but the batcher can also be implemented as a Callable class (i.e. a class implementing the __call__ method). Doing it this way allows to initialize the model in the __init__ function of the class. We give an example for the Mistral model (a language-only model).

class batcherMistral:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.model: MistralModel = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("mistralai/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.1")
        self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("mistralai/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.1")
        self.tokenizer.pad_token = self.tokenizer.eos_token

    def __call__(self, prompts):
        model_inputs = [self.tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages[0], return_tensors="pt", tokenize=False) for messages in prompts]
        model_inputs = self.tokenizer(model_inputs, padding="max_length", truncation=True, max_length=1024, return_tensors="pt")

        generated_ids = self.model.generate(**model_inputs, max_new_tokens=200, do_sample=True, pad_token_id=self.tokenizer.pad_token_id)

        # Remove the first 1024 tokens (prompt)
        generated_ids = generated_ids[:, model_inputs["input_ids"].shape[1] :]

        answers = self.tokenizer.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)
        return answers

Run the benchmark

To run the benchmark, call the eval method of the MultiMedEval class with the list of tasks to benchmark on, the batcher to ealuate and the evaluation parameters. If the list is empty, all the tasks will be benchmarked.

evalParams = EvalParams(batch_size=128)
results = engine.eval(["MedQA", "VQA-RAD"], batcher, evalParams=evalParams)

MultiMedEval parameters

The SetupParams class takes a path for each dataset:

• MedQA_dir: will be used in Huggingface's load_dataset as cache_dir
• PubMedQA_dir: will be used in Huggingface's load_dataset as cache_dir
• MedMCQA_dir: will be used in Huggingface's load_dataset as cache_dir
• VQA_RAD_dir: will be used in Huggingface's load_dataset as cache_dir
• Path_VQA_dir: will be used in Huggingface's load_dataset as cache_dir
• SLAKE_dir: the dataset is currently hosted on Google Drive which can be an issue on some systems.
• MIMIC_III_dir: path for the (physionet) MIMIC-III dataset.
• MedNLI_dir: will be used in Huggingface's load_dataset as cache_dir
• MIMIC_CXR_dir: path for the (physionet) MIMIC-CXR dataset.
• VinDr_Mammo_dir: path for the (physionet) VinDr-Mammo dataset.
• Pad_UFES_20_dir
• CBIS_DDSM_dir: dataset hosted on Kaggle. Kaggle must be set up on the system (see this)
• MNIST_Oct_dir
• MNIST_Path_dir
• MNIST_Blood_dir
• MNIST_Breast_dir
• MNIST_Derma_dir
• MNIST_OrganC_dir
• MNIST_OrganS_dir
• MNIST_Pneumonia_dir
• MNIST_Retina_dir
• MNIST_Tissue_dir
• CheXBert_dir: path for the CheXBert model checkpoint
• physionet_username: physionet username to download MIMIC and VinDr-Mammo
• physionet_password: password for the physionet account

The EvalParams class takes the following arguments:

• batch_size: The size of the batches sent to the user's batcher Callable.
• run_name: The name to use for the folder where the output will be stored.
• fewshot: A boolean indicating whether the evaluation is few-shot.
• num_workers: The number of workers for the dataloader.
• device: The device to run the evaluation on.
• tensorBoardWriter: The tensorboard writer to use for logging.
• tensorboardStep: The global step for logging to tensorboard.

Additional tasks

To add a new task to the list of already implemented ones, create a folder named MultiMedEvalAdditionalDatasets and a subfolder with the name of your dataset.

Inside your dataset folder, create a json file that follows the following template for a VQA dataset:

{
    "taskType": "VQA",
    "modality": "Radiology",
    "samples": [
        {"question": "Question 1", "answer": "Answer 1", "images": ["image1.png", "image2.png"]},
        {"question": "Question 2", "answer": "Answer 2", "images": ["image1.png"]},
    ]
}

And for a QA dataset:

{
    "taskType": "QA",
    "modality": "Pathology",
    "samples": [
        {"question": "Question 1", "answer": "Answer 1", "options": ["Option 1", "Option 2"], "images": ["image1.png", "image2.png"]},
        {"question": "Question 2", "answer": "Answer 2", "options": ["Option 1", "Option 2"], "images": ["image1.png"]},
    ]
}

Note that in both cases the images key is optional. If the taskType is VQA, the metrics computed will be BLEU-1, accuracy for closed and open questions, recall and recall for open questions as well as F1. For the QA taskType, the tool will report the accuracy (by comparing the answer to every option using BLEU).

Reference

@misc{royer2024multimedeval,
      title={MultiMedEval: A Benchmark and a Toolkit for Evaluating Medical Vision-Language Models}, 
      author={Corentin Royer and Bjoern Menze and Anjany Sekuboyina},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.09262},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}