weak.dart

// Copyright (c) 2012, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

part of dart.core;

// Examples can assume:
// class DBConnection {
//   DBConnection._();
//   factory DBConnection.connect() => DBConnection._();
//   void close() {}
// }

/// An [Expando] allows adding new properties to objects.
///
/// Does not work on numbers, strings, booleans, records, `null`,
/// `dart:ffi` pointers, `dart:ffi` structs, or `dart:ffi` unions.
///
/// An `Expando` does not hold on to the added property value after an object
/// becomes inaccessible.
///
/// Since you can always create a new number that is identical to an existing
/// number, it means that an expando property on a number could never be
/// released. To avoid this, expando properties cannot be added to numbers.
/// The same argument applies to strings, booleans and `null`, which also have
/// literals that evaluate to identical values when they occur more than once.
/// In addition, expando properties can not be added to records because
/// records do not have a well-defined persistent identity.
///
/// There is no restriction on other classes, even for compile time constant
/// objects. Be careful if adding expando properties to compile time constants,
/// since they will stay alive forever.
final class Expando<T extends Object> {
  /// The name of the this [Expando] as passed to the constructor.
  ///
  /// If no name was passed to the constructor, the value is the `null` value.
  final String? name;

  /// Creates a new [Expando]. The optional name is only used for
  /// debugging purposes and creating two different [Expando]s with the
  /// same name yields two [Expando]s that work on different properties
  /// of the objects they are used on.
  external Expando([String? name]);

  /// Expando toString method override.
  String toString() => "Expando:$name";

  /// Gets the value of this [Expando]'s property on the given object.
  ///
  /// If the object hasn't been expanded, the result is the `null` value.
  ///
  /// The object must not be a number, a string, a boolean, a record, `null`,
  /// a `dart:ffi` pointer, a `dart:ffi` struct, or a `dart:ffi` union.
  external T? operator [](Object object);

  /// Sets this [Expando]'s property value on the given object to [value].
  ///
  /// Properties can effectively be removed again
  /// by setting their value to `null`.
  ///
  /// The object must not be a number, a string, a boolean, a record, `null`,
  /// a `dart:ffi` pointer, a `dart:ffi` struct, or a `dart:ffi` union.
  external void operator []=(Object object, T? value);
}

/// A weak reference to a Dart object.
///
/// A _weak_ reference to the [target] object which may be cleared
/// (set to reference `null` instead) at any time
/// when there is no other way for the program to access the target object.
///
/// _Being the target of a weak reference does not keep an object
/// from being garbage collected._
///
/// There are no guarantees that a weak reference will ever be cleared
/// even if all references to its target are weak references.
///
/// Not all objects are supported as targets for weak references.
/// The [WeakReference] constructor will reject any object that is not
/// supported as an [Expando] key.
///
/// Use-cases like caching can benefit from using weak references. Example:
///
/// ```dart
/// /// [CachedComputation] caches the computation result, weakly holding
/// /// on to the cache.
/// ///
/// /// If nothing else in the program is holding on the result, and the
/// /// garbage collector runs, the cache is purged, freeing the memory.
/// ///
/// /// Until the cache is purged, the computation will not run again on
/// /// a subsequent request.
/// ///
/// /// Example use:
/// /// ```
/// /// final cached = CachedComputation(
/// ///     () => jsonDecode(someJsonSource) as Object);
/// /// print(cached.result); // Executes computation.
/// /// print(cached.result); // Most likely uses cache.
/// /// ```
/// class CachedComputation<R extends Object> {
///   final R Function() computation;
///
///   WeakReference<R>? _cache;
///
///   CachedComputation(this.computation);
///
///   R get result {
///     final cachedResult = _cache?.target;
///     if (cachedResult != null) {
///       return cachedResult;
///     }
///
///     final result = computation();
///
///     // WeakReferences do not support nulls, bools, numbers, and strings.
///     if (result is! bool && result is! num && result is! String) {
///       _cache = WeakReference(result);
///     }
///
///     return result;
///   }
/// }
/// ```
@Since("2.17")
abstract final class WeakReference<T extends Object> {
  /// Creates a [WeakReference] pointing to the given [target].
  ///
  /// The [target] must be an object supported as an [Expando] key,
  /// which means [target] cannot be a number, a string, a boolean, a record,
  /// the `null` value, or certain other types of special objects.
  external factory WeakReference(T target);

  /// The current object weakly referenced by [this], if any.
  ///
  /// The value is either the object supplied in the constructor,
  /// or `null` if the weak reference has been cleared.
  T? get target;
}

/// A finalizer which can be attached to Dart objects.
///
/// A finalizer can create attachments between
/// the finalizer and any number of Dart values,
/// by calling [attach] with the value, along with a
/// _finalization token_ and an optional _attach key_,
/// which are part of the attachment.
///
/// When a Dart value becomes inaccessible to the program,
/// any finalizer that currently has an attachment to
/// the value *may* have its callback function called
/// with the attachment's finalization token.
///
/// Example:
/// ```dart
/// class Database {
///   // Keeps the finalizer itself reachable, otherwise it might be disposed
///   // before the finalizer callback gets a chance to run.
///   static final Finalizer<DBConnection> _finalizer =
///       Finalizer((connection) => connection.close());
///
///   final DBConnection _connection;
///
///   Database._fromConnection(this._connection);
///
///   factory Database.connect() {
///     // Wraps the connection in a nice user API,
///     // *and* closes connection if the user forgets to.
///     final connection = DBConnection.connect();
///     final wrapper = Database._fromConnection(connection);
///     // Get finalizer callback when `wrapper` is no longer reachable.
///     _finalizer.attach(wrapper, connection, detach: wrapper);
///     return wrapper;
///   }
///
///   void close() {
///     // User requested close.
///     _connection.close();
///     // Detach from finalizer, no longer needed.
///     _finalizer.detach(this);
///   }
///
///   // Some useful methods.
/// }
/// ```
/// This example has an example of an external resource that needs clean-up.
/// The finalizer is used to clean up an external connection when the
/// user of the API no longer has access to that connection.
/// The example uses the same object as attached object and detach key,
/// which is a useful approach when each attached object can be detached
/// individually. Being a detachment key doesn't keep an object alive.
///
/// No promises are made that the callback will ever be called.
/// The only thing that is guaranteed is that if a finalizer's callback
/// is called with a specific finalization token as argument,
/// then at least one value with an attachment to the finalizer
/// that has that finalization token,
/// is no longer accessible to the program.
///
/// If the finalizer *itself* becomes unreachable,
/// it's allowed to be garbage collected
/// and then it won't trigger any further callbacks.
/// Always make sure to keep the finalizer itself reachable while it's needed.
///
/// If multiple finalizers are attached to a single object,
/// or the same finalizer is attached multiple times to an object,
/// and that object becomes inaccessible to the program,
/// then any number (including zero) of those attachments may trigger
/// their associated finalizer's callback.
/// It will not necessarily be all or none of them.
///
/// Finalization callbacks will happen as *events*.
/// They will not happen during execution of other code,
/// and not as a microtask,
/// but as high-level events similar to timer events.
///
/// Finalization callbacks must not throw.
///
/// When running on the Dart native runtime, and the callback is a native
/// function rather than a Dart function, use `dart:ffi`'s [NativeFinalizer]
/// instead.
@Since("2.17")
abstract final class Finalizer<T> {
  /// Creates a finalizer with the given finalization callback.
  ///
  /// The [callback] is bound to the current zone
  /// when the [Finalizer] is created, and will run in that zone when called.
  external factory Finalizer(void Function(T) callback);

  /// Attaches this finalizer to [value].
  ///
  /// When [value] is no longer accessible to the program,
  /// while still having an attachment to this finalizer,
  /// the callback of this finalizer *may* be called
  /// with [finalizationToken] as argument.
  /// The callback may be called at most once per active attachment,
  /// ones which have not been detached by calling [Finalizer.detach].
  ///
  /// If a non-`null` [detach] value is provided, that object can be
  /// passed to [Finalizer.detach] to remove the attachment again.
  ///
  /// The [value] and [detach] arguments do not count towards those
  /// objects being accessible to the program.
  /// Both must be objects supported as an [Expando] key.
  /// They may be the *same* object.
  ///
  /// Example:
  /// ```dart
  /// class Database {
  ///   // Keeps the finalizer itself reachable, otherwise it might be disposed
  ///   // before the finalizer callback gets a chance to run.
  ///   static final Finalizer<DBConnection> _finalizer =
  ///       Finalizer((connection) => connection.close());
  ///
  ///   factory Database.connect() {
  ///     // Wraps the connection in a nice user API,
  ///     // *and* closes connection if the user forgets to.
  ///     final connection = DBConnection.connect();
  ///     final wrapper = Database._fromConnection();
  ///     // Get finalizer callback when `wrapper` is no longer reachable.
  ///     _finalizer.attach(wrapper, connection, detach: wrapper);
  ///     return wrapper;
  ///   }
  ///
  ///   Database._fromConnection();
  ///
  ///   // Some useful methods.
  /// }
  /// ```
  ///
  /// Multiple objects may be attached using the same finalization token,
  /// and the finalizer can be attached multiple times to the same object
  /// with different, or the same, finalization token.
  void attach(Object value, T finalizationToken, {Object? detach});

  /// Detaches this finalizer from values attached with [detach].
  ///
  /// Each attachment between this finalizer and a value,
  /// which was created by calling [attach] with the [detach] object as
  /// `detach` argument, is removed.
  ///
  /// If the finalizer was attached multiple times to the same value
  /// with different detachment keys,
  /// only those attachments which used [detach] are removed.
  ///
  /// After detaching, an attachment won't cause any callbacks to happen
  /// if the object become inaccessible.
  ///
  /// Example:
  /// ```dart
  /// class Database {
  ///   // Keeps the finalizer itself reachable, otherwise it might be disposed
  ///   // before the finalizer callback gets a chance to run.
  ///   static final Finalizer<DBConnection> _finalizer =
  ///       Finalizer((connection) => connection.close());
  ///
  ///   final DBConnection _connection;
  ///
  ///   Database._fromConnection(this._connection);
  ///
  ///   void close() {
  ///     // User requested close.
  ///     _connection.close();
  ///     // Detach from finalizer, no longer needed.
  ///     // Was attached using this object as `detach` token.
  ///     _finalizer.detach(this);
  ///   }
  ///
  ///   // Some useful methods.
  /// }
  /// ```
  void detach(Object detach);
}