zone.dart

// Copyright (c) 2013, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

part of dart.async;

typedef R ZoneCallback<R>();
typedef R ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T>(T arg);
typedef R ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.handleUncaughtError] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The [error] and [stackTrace] are the error and stack trace that
/// was uncaught in [zone].
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
///
/// If the uncaught error handler throws, the error will be passed
/// to `parent.handleUncaughtError`. If the thrown object is [error],
/// the throw is considered a re-throw and the original [stackTrace]
/// is retained. This allows an asynchronous error to leave the error zone.
typedef HandleUncaughtErrorHandler = void Function(Zone self,
    ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, Object error, StackTrace stackTrace);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.run] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The function [f] is the function which was passed to the
/// [Zone.run] of [zone].
///
/// The default behavior of [Zone.run] is
/// to call [f] in the current zone, [zone].
/// A custom handler can do things before, after or instead of
/// calling [f].
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef RunHandler = R Function<R>(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, R Function() f);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.runUnary] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The function [f] and value [arg] are the function and argument
/// which was passed to the [Zone.runUnary] of [zone].
///
/// The default behavior of [Zone.runUnary] is
/// to call [f] with argument [arg] in the current zone, [zone].
/// A custom handler can do things before, after or instead of
/// calling [f].
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef RunUnaryHandler = R Function<R, T>(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, R Function(T arg) f, T arg);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.runBinary] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The function [f] and values [arg1] and [arg2] are the function and arguments
/// which was passed to the [Zone.runBinary] of [zone].
///
/// The default behavior of [Zone.runUnary] is
/// to call [f] with arguments [arg1] and [arg2] in the current zone, [zone].
/// A custom handler can do things before, after or instead of
/// calling [f].
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef RunBinaryHandler = R Function<R, T1, T2>(Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent,
    Zone zone, R Function(T1 arg1, T2 arg2) f, T1 arg1, T2 arg2);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.registerCallback] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The function [f] is the function which was passed to the
/// [Zone.registerCallback] of [zone].
///
/// The handler should return either the function [f]
/// or another function replacing [f],
/// typically by wrapping [f] in a function
/// which does something extra before and after invoking [f]
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef RegisterCallbackHandler = ZoneCallback<R> Function<R>(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, R Function() f);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.registerUnaryCallback] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The function [f] is the function which was passed to the
/// which was passed to the [Zone.registerUnaryCallback] of [zone].
///
/// The handler should return either the function [f]
/// or another function replacing [f],
/// typically by wrapping [f] in a function
/// which does something extra before and after invoking [f]
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler = ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> Function<R, T>(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, R Function(T arg) f);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.registerBinaryCallback] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The function [f] is the function which was passed to the
/// which was passed to the [Zone.registerBinaryCallback] of [zone].
///
/// The handler should return either the function [f]
/// or another function replacing [f],
/// typically by wrapping [f] in a function
/// which does something extra before and after invoking [f]
typedef RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler
    = ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> Function<R, T1, T2>(Zone self,
        ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, R Function(T1 arg1, T2 arg2) f);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.errorCallback] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The [error] and [stackTrace] are the error and stack trace
/// passed to [Zone.errorCallback] of [zone].
///
/// The function should return either `null` if it doesn't want
/// to replace the original error and stack trace,
/// or an [AsyncError] containing a replacement error and stack trace
/// which will be used to replace the originals.
///
/// The error callback handler must not throw.
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef AsyncError? ErrorCallbackHandler(Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent,
    Zone zone, Object error, StackTrace? stackTrace);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.scheduleMicrotask] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The function [f] is the function which was
/// passed to [Zone.scheduleMicrotask] of [zone].
///
/// The custom handler can choose to replace the function [f]
/// with one that does something before, after or instead of calling [f],
/// and then call `parent.scheduleMicrotask(zone, replacement)`.
/// or it can implement its own microtask scheduling queue, which typically
/// still depends on `parent.scheduleMicrotask` to as a way to get started.
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef void ScheduleMicrotaskHandler(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, void f());

/// The type of a custom [Zone.createTimer] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The callback function [f] and [duration] are the ones which were
/// passed to [Zone.createTimer] of [zone]
/// (possibly through the [Timer] constructor).
///
/// The custom handler can choose to replace the function [f]
/// with one that does something before, after or instead of calling [f],
/// and then call `parent.createTimer(zone, replacement)`.
/// or it can implement its own timer queue, which typically
/// still depends on `parent.createTimer` to as a way to get started.
///
/// The function should return a [Timer] object which can be used
/// to inspect and control the scheduled timer callback.
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef Timer CreateTimerHandler(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, Duration duration, void f());

/// The type of a custom [Zone.createPeriodicTimer] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The callback function [f] and [period] are the ones which were
/// passed to [Zone.createPeriodicTimer] of [zone]
/// (possibly through the [Timer.periodic] constructor).
///
/// The custom handler can choose to replace the function [f]
/// with one that does something before, after or instead of calling [f],
/// and then call `parent.createTimer(zone, replacement)`.
/// or it can implement its own timer queue, which typically
/// still depends on `parent.createTimer` to as a way to get started.
///
/// The function should return a [Timer] object which can be used
/// to inspect and control the scheduled timer callbacks.
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef Timer CreatePeriodicTimerHandler(Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent,
    Zone zone, Duration period, void f(Timer timer));

/// The type of a custom [Zone.print] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The string [line] is the one which was passed to [Zone.print] of [zone],
/// (possibly through the global [print] function).
///
/// The custom handler can intercept print operations and
/// redirect them to other targets than the console.
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef void PrintHandler(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, String line);

/// The type of a custom [Zone.fork] implementation function.
///
/// Receives the [Zone] that the handler was registered on as [self],
/// a delegate forwarding to the handlers of [self]'s parent zone as [parent],
/// and the current zone where the error was uncaught as [zone],
/// which will have [self] as a parent zone.
///
/// The handler should create a new zone with [zone] as its
/// immediate parent zone.
///
/// The [specification] and [zoneValues] are the ones which were
/// passed to [Zone.fork] of [zone]. They specify the custom zone
/// handlers and zone variables that the new zone should have.
///
/// The custom handler can change the specification or zone
/// values before calling `parent.fork(zone, specification, zoneValues)`,
/// but it has to call the [parent]'s [ZoneDelegate.fork] in order
/// to create a valid [Zone] object.
///
/// The function must only access zone-related functionality through
/// [self], [parent] or [zone].
/// It should not depend on the current zone ([Zone.current]).
typedef Zone ForkHandler(Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone,
    ZoneSpecification? specification, Map<Object?, Object?>? zoneValues);

class _ZoneFunction<T extends Function> {
  final _Zone zone;
  final T function;
  const _ZoneFunction(this.zone, this.function);
}

/// A parameter object with custom zone function handlers for [Zone.fork].
///
/// A zone specification is a parameter object passed to [Zone.fork]
/// and any underlying [ForkHandler] custom implementations.
/// The individual handlers, if set to a non-null value,
/// will be the implementation of the corresponding [Zone] methods
/// for a forked zone created using this zone specification.
///
/// Handlers have the same signature as the same-named methods on [Zone],
/// but receive three additional arguments:
///
///   1. The zone the handlers are attached to (the "self" zone).
///      This is the zone created by [Zone.fork] where the handler is
///      passed as part of the zone delegation.
///   2. A [ZoneDelegate] to the parent zone.
///   3. The "current" zone at the time the request was made.
///      The self zone is always a parent zone of the current zone.
///
/// Handlers can either stop propagating the request (by simply not calling the
/// parent handler), or forward to the parent zone, potentially modifying the
/// arguments on the way.
abstract class ZoneSpecification {
  /// Creates a specification with the provided handlers.
  ///
  /// If the [handleUncaughtError] is provided, the new zone will be a new
  /// "error zone" which will prevent errors from flowing into other
  /// error zones (see [Zone.errorZone], [Zone.inSameErrorZone]).
  const factory ZoneSpecification(
      {HandleUncaughtErrorHandler? handleUncaughtError,
      RunHandler? run,
      RunUnaryHandler? runUnary,
      RunBinaryHandler? runBinary,
      RegisterCallbackHandler? registerCallback,
      RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler? registerUnaryCallback,
      RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler? registerBinaryCallback,
      ErrorCallbackHandler? errorCallback,
      ScheduleMicrotaskHandler? scheduleMicrotask,
      CreateTimerHandler? createTimer,
      CreatePeriodicTimerHandler? createPeriodicTimer,
      PrintHandler? print,
      ForkHandler? fork}) = _ZoneSpecification;

  /// Creates a specification from [other] and provided handlers.
  ///
  /// The created zone specification has the handlers of [other]
  /// and any individually provided handlers.
  /// If a handler is provided both through [other] and individually,
  /// the individually provided handler overrides the one from [other].
  factory ZoneSpecification.from(ZoneSpecification other,
      {HandleUncaughtErrorHandler? handleUncaughtError,
      RunHandler? run,
      RunUnaryHandler? runUnary,
      RunBinaryHandler? runBinary,
      RegisterCallbackHandler? registerCallback,
      RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler? registerUnaryCallback,
      RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler? registerBinaryCallback,
      ErrorCallbackHandler? errorCallback,
      ScheduleMicrotaskHandler? scheduleMicrotask,
      CreateTimerHandler? createTimer,
      CreatePeriodicTimerHandler? createPeriodicTimer,
      PrintHandler? print,
      ForkHandler? fork}) {
    return new ZoneSpecification(
        handleUncaughtError: handleUncaughtError ?? other.handleUncaughtError,
        run: run ?? other.run,
        runUnary: runUnary ?? other.runUnary,
        runBinary: runBinary ?? other.runBinary,
        registerCallback: registerCallback ?? other.registerCallback,
        registerUnaryCallback:
            registerUnaryCallback ?? other.registerUnaryCallback,
        registerBinaryCallback:
            registerBinaryCallback ?? other.registerBinaryCallback,
        errorCallback: errorCallback ?? other.errorCallback,
        scheduleMicrotask: scheduleMicrotask ?? other.scheduleMicrotask,
        createTimer: createTimer ?? other.createTimer,
        createPeriodicTimer: createPeriodicTimer ?? other.createPeriodicTimer,
        print: print ?? other.print,
        fork: fork ?? other.fork);
  }

  /// A custom [Zone.handleUncaughtError] implementation for a new zone.
  HandleUncaughtErrorHandler? get handleUncaughtError;

  /// A custom [Zone.run] implementation for a new zone.
  RunHandler? get run;

  /// A custom [Zone.runUnary] implementation for a new zone.
  RunUnaryHandler? get runUnary;

  /// A custom [Zone.runBinary] implementation for a new zone.
  RunBinaryHandler? get runBinary;

  /// A custom [Zone.registerCallback] implementation for a new zone.
  RegisterCallbackHandler? get registerCallback;

  /// A custom [Zone.registerUnaryCallback] implementation for a new zone.
  RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler? get registerUnaryCallback;

  /// A custom [Zone.registerBinaryCallback] implementation for a new zone.
  RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler? get registerBinaryCallback;

  /// A custom [Zone.errorCallback] implementation for a new zone.
  ErrorCallbackHandler? get errorCallback;

  /// A custom [Zone.scheduleMicrotask] implementation for a new zone.
  ScheduleMicrotaskHandler? get scheduleMicrotask;

  /// A custom [Zone.createTimer] implementation for a new zone.
  CreateTimerHandler? get createTimer;

  /// A custom [Zone.createPeriodicTimer] implementation for a new zone.
  CreatePeriodicTimerHandler? get createPeriodicTimer;

  /// A custom [Zone.print] implementation for a new zone.
  PrintHandler? get print;

  /// A custom [Zone.handleUncaughtError] implementation for a new zone.
  ForkHandler? get fork;
}

/// Internal [ZoneSpecification] class.
///
/// The implementation wants to rely on the fact that the getters cannot change
/// dynamically. We thus require users to go through the redirecting
/// [ZoneSpecification] constructor which instantiates this class.
class _ZoneSpecification implements ZoneSpecification {
  const _ZoneSpecification(
      {this.handleUncaughtError,
      this.run,
      this.runUnary,
      this.runBinary,
      this.registerCallback,
      this.registerUnaryCallback,
      this.registerBinaryCallback,
      this.errorCallback,
      this.scheduleMicrotask,
      this.createTimer,
      this.createPeriodicTimer,
      this.print,
      this.fork});

  final HandleUncaughtErrorHandler? handleUncaughtError;
  final RunHandler? run;
  final RunUnaryHandler? runUnary;
  final RunBinaryHandler? runBinary;
  final RegisterCallbackHandler? registerCallback;
  final RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler? registerUnaryCallback;
  final RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler? registerBinaryCallback;
  final ErrorCallbackHandler? errorCallback;
  final ScheduleMicrotaskHandler? scheduleMicrotask;
  final CreateTimerHandler? createTimer;
  final CreatePeriodicTimerHandler? createPeriodicTimer;
  final PrintHandler? print;
  final ForkHandler? fork;
}

/// An adapted view of the parent zone.
///
/// This class allows the implementation of a zone method to invoke methods on
/// the parent zone while retaining knowledge of the originating zone.
///
/// Custom zones (created through [Zone.fork] or [runZoned]) can provide
/// implementations of most methods of zones. This is similar to overriding
/// methods on [Zone], except that this mechanism doesn't require subclassing.
///
/// A custom zone function (provided through a [ZoneSpecification]) typically
/// records or wraps its parameters and then delegates the operation to its
/// parent zone using the provided [ZoneDelegate].
///
/// While zones have access to their parent zone (through [Zone.parent]) it is
/// recommended to call the methods on the provided parent delegate for two
/// reasons:
/// 1. the delegate methods take an additional `zone` argument which is the
///   zone the action has been initiated in.
/// 2. delegate calls are more efficient, since the implementation knows how
///   to skip zones that would just delegate to their parents.
abstract class ZoneDelegate {
  // Invoke the [HandleUncaughtErrorHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  void handleUncaughtError(Zone zone, Object error, StackTrace stackTrace);

  // Invokes the [RunHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  R run<R>(Zone zone, R f());

  // Invokes the [RunUnaryHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  R runUnary<R, T>(Zone zone, R f(T arg), T arg);

  // Invokes the [RunBinaryHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  R runBinary<R, T1, T2>(Zone zone, R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2), T1 arg1, T2 arg2);

  // Invokes the [RegisterCallbackHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  ZoneCallback<R> registerCallback<R>(Zone zone, R f());

  // Invokes the [RegisterUnaryHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> registerUnaryCallback<R, T>(Zone zone, R f(T arg));

  // Invokes the [RegisterBinaryHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> registerBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(
      Zone zone, R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2));

  // Invokes the [ErrorCallbackHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  AsyncError? errorCallback(Zone zone, Object error, StackTrace? stackTrace);

  // Invokes the [ScheduleMicrotaskHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  void scheduleMicrotask(Zone zone, void f());

  // Invokes the [CreateTimerHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  Timer createTimer(Zone zone, Duration duration, void f());

  // Invokes the [CreatePeriodicTimerHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  Timer createPeriodicTimer(Zone zone, Duration period, void f(Timer timer));

  // Invokes the [PrintHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  void print(Zone zone, String line);

  // Invokes the [ForkHandler] of the zone with a current zone.
  Zone fork(Zone zone, ZoneSpecification? specification, Map? zoneValues);
}

/// A zone represents an environment that remains stable across asynchronous
/// calls.
///
/// Code is always executed in the context of a zone, available as
/// [Zone.current]. The initial `main` function runs in the context of the
/// default zone ([Zone.root]). Code can be run in a different zone using either
/// [runZoned], to create a new zone, or [Zone.run] to run code in the context of
/// an existing zone which was created earlier using [Zone.fork].
///
/// Developers can create a new zone that overrides some of the functionality of
/// an existing zone. For example, custom zones can replace or modify the
/// behavior of `print`, timers, microtasks or how uncaught errors are handled.
///
/// The [Zone] class is not subclassable, but users can provide custom zones by
/// forking an existing zone (usually [Zone.current]) with a [ZoneSpecification].
/// This is similar to creating a new class that extends the base `Zone` class
/// and that overrides some methods, except without actually creating a new
/// class. Instead the overriding methods are provided as functions that
/// explicitly take the equivalent of their own class, the "super" class and the
/// `this` object as parameters.
///
/// Asynchronous callbacks always run in the context of the zone where they were
/// scheduled. This is implemented using two steps:
/// 1. the callback is first registered using one of [registerCallback],
///   [registerUnaryCallback], or [registerBinaryCallback]. This allows the zone
///   to record that a callback exists and potentially modify it (by returning a
///   different callback). The code doing the registration (e.g., `Future.then`)
///   also remembers the current zone so that it can later run the callback in
///   that zone.
/// 2. At a later point the registered callback is run in the remembered zone,
///    using one of [run], [runUnary] or [runBinary].
///
/// This is all handled internally by the platform code and most users don't need
/// to worry about it. However, developers of new asynchronous operations,
/// provided by the underlying system, must follow the protocol to be zone
/// compatible.
///
/// For convenience, zones provide [bindCallback] (and the corresponding
/// [bindUnaryCallback] and [bindBinaryCallback]) to make it easier to respect
/// the zone contract: these functions first invoke the corresponding `register`
/// functions and then wrap the returned function so that it runs in the current
/// zone when it is later asynchronously invoked.
///
/// Similarly, zones provide [bindCallbackGuarded] (and the corresponding
/// [bindUnaryCallbackGuarded] and [bindBinaryCallbackGuarded]), when the
/// callback should be invoked through [Zone.runGuarded].
abstract class Zone {
  // Private constructor so that it is not possible instantiate a Zone class.
  Zone._();

  /// The root zone.
  ///
  /// All isolate entry functions (`main` or spawned functions) start running in
  /// the root zone (that is, [Zone.current] is identical to [Zone.root] when the
  /// entry function is called). If no custom zone is created, the rest of the
  /// program always runs in the root zone.
  ///
  /// The root zone implements the default behavior of all zone operations.
  /// Many methods, like [registerCallback] do the bare minimum required of the
  /// function, and are only provided as a hook for custom zones. Others, like
  /// [scheduleMicrotask], interact with the underlying system to implement the
  /// desired behavior.
  static const Zone root = _rootZone;

  /// The currently running zone.
  static _Zone _current = _rootZone;

  /// The zone that is currently active.
  static Zone get current => _current;

  /// Handles uncaught asynchronous errors.
  ///
  /// There are two kind of asynchronous errors that are handled by this
  /// function:
  /// 1. Uncaught errors that were thrown in asynchronous callbacks, for example,
  ///   a `throw` in the function passed to [Timer.run].
  /// 2. Asynchronous errors that are pushed through [Future] and [Stream]
  ///   chains, but for which nobody registered an error handler.
  ///   Most asynchronous classes, like [Future] or [Stream] push errors to their
  ///   listeners. Errors are propagated this way until either a listener handles
  ///   the error (for example with [Future.catchError]), or no listener is
  ///   available anymore. In the latter case, futures and streams invoke the
  ///   zone's [handleUncaughtError].
  ///
  /// By default, when handled by the root zone, uncaught asynchronous errors are
  /// treated like uncaught synchronous exceptions.
  void handleUncaughtError(Object error, StackTrace stackTrace);

  /// The parent zone of the this zone.
  ///
  /// Is `null` if `this` is the [root] zone.
  ///
  /// Zones are created by [fork] on an existing zone, or by [runZoned] which
  /// forks the [current] zone. The new zone's parent zone is the zone it was
  /// forked from.
  Zone? get parent;

  /// The error zone is responsible for dealing with uncaught errors.
  ///
  /// This is the closest parent zone of this zone that provides a
  /// [handleUncaughtError] method.
  ///
  /// Asynchronous errors never cross zone boundaries between zones with
  /// different error handlers.
  ///
  /// Example:
  /// ```dart
  /// import 'dart:async';
  ///
  /// main() {
  ///   var future;
  ///   runZoned(() {
  ///     // The asynchronous error is caught by the custom zone which prints
  ///     // 'asynchronous error'.
  ///     future = Future.error("asynchronous error");
  ///   }, onError: (e) { print(e); });  // Creates a zone with an error handler.
  ///   // The following `catchError` handler is never invoked, because the
  ///   // custom zone created by the call to `runZoned` provides an
  ///   // error handler.
  ///   future.catchError((e) { throw "is never reached"; });
  /// }
  /// ```
  ///
  /// Note that errors cannot enter a child zone with a different error handler
  /// either:
  /// ```dart
  /// import 'dart:async';
  ///
  /// main() {
  ///   runZoned(() {
  ///     // The following asynchronous error is *not* caught by the `catchError`
  ///     // in the nested zone, since errors are not to cross zone boundaries
  ///     // with different error handlers.
  ///     // Instead the error is handled by the current error handler,
  ///     // printing "Caught by outer zone: asynchronous error".
  ///     var future = Future.error("asynchronous error");
  ///     runZoned(() {
  ///       future.catchError((e) { throw "is never reached"; });
  ///     }, onError: (e) { throw "is never reached"; });
  ///   }, onError: (e) { print("Caught by outer zone: $e"); });
  /// }
  /// ```
  Zone get errorZone;

  /// Whether this zone and [otherZone] are in the same error zone.
  ///
  /// Two zones are in the same error zone if they have the same [errorZone].
  bool inSameErrorZone(Zone otherZone);

  /// Creates a new zone as a child zone of this zone.
  ///
  /// The new zone uses the closures in the given [specification] to override
  /// the current's zone behavior. All specification entries that are `null`
  /// inherit the behavior from the parent zone (`this`).
  ///
  /// The new zone inherits the stored values (accessed through [operator []])
  /// of this zone and updates them with values from [zoneValues], which either
  /// adds new values or overrides existing ones.
  ///
  /// Note that the fork operation is interceptable. A zone can thus change
  /// the zone specification (or zone values), giving the forking zone full
  /// control over the child zone.
  Zone fork(
      {ZoneSpecification? specification, Map<Object?, Object?>? zoneValues});

  /// Executes [action] in this zone.
  ///
  /// By default (as implemented in the [root] zone), runs [action]
  /// with [current] set to this zone.
  ///
  /// If [action] throws, the synchronous exception is not caught by the zone's
  /// error handler. Use [runGuarded] to achieve that.
  ///
  /// Since the root zone is the only zone that can modify the value of
  /// [current], custom zones intercepting run should always delegate to their
  /// parent zone. They may take actions before and after the call.
  R run<R>(R action());

  /// Executes the given [action] with [argument] in this zone.
  ///
  /// As [run] except that [action] is called with one [argument] instead of
  /// none.
  R runUnary<R, T>(R action(T argument), T argument);

  /// Executes the given [action] with [argument1] and [argument2] in this
  /// zone.
  ///
  /// As [run] except that [action] is called with two arguments instead of none.
  R runBinary<R, T1, T2>(
      R action(T1 argument1, T2 argument2), T1 argument1, T2 argument2);

  /// Executes the given [action] in this zone and catches synchronous
  /// errors.
  ///
  /// This function is equivalent to:
  /// ```dart
  /// try {
  ///   this.run(action);
  /// } catch (e, s) {
  ///   this.handleUncaughtError(e, s);
  /// }
  /// ```
  ///
  /// See [run].
  void runGuarded(void action());

  /// Executes the given [action] with [argument] in this zone and
  /// catches synchronous errors.
  ///
  /// See [runGuarded].
  void runUnaryGuarded<T>(void action(T argument), T argument);

  /// Executes the given [action] with [argument1] and [argument2] in this
  /// zone and catches synchronous errors.
  ///
  /// See [runGuarded].
  void runBinaryGuarded<T1, T2>(
      void action(T1 argument1, T2 argument2), T1 argument1, T2 argument2);

  /// Registers the given callback in this zone.
  ///
  /// When implementing an asynchronous primitive that uses callbacks, the
  /// callback must be registered using [registerCallback] at the point where the
  /// user provides the callback. This allows zones to record other information
  /// that they need at the same time, perhaps even wrapping the callback, so
  /// that the callback is prepared when it is later run in the same zones
  /// (using [run]). For example, a zone may decide
  /// to store the stack trace (at the time of the registration) with the
  /// callback.
  ///
  /// Returns the callback that should be used in place of the provided
  /// [callback]. Frequently zones simply return the original callback.
  ///
  /// Custom zones may intercept this operation. The default implementation in
  /// [Zone.root] returns the original callback unchanged.
  ZoneCallback<R> registerCallback<R>(R callback());

  /// Registers the given callback in this zone.
  ///
  /// Similar to [registerCallback] but with a unary callback.
  ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> registerUnaryCallback<R, T>(R callback(T arg));

  /// Registers the given callback in this zone.
  ///
  /// Similar to [registerCallback] but with a binary callback.
  ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> registerBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(
      R callback(T1 arg1, T2 arg2));

  /// Registers the provided [callback] and returns a function that will
  /// execute in this zone.
  ///
  /// Equivalent to:
  /// ```dart
  /// ZoneCallback registered = this.registerCallback(callback);
  /// return () => this.run(registered);
  /// ```
  ZoneCallback<R> bindCallback<R>(R callback());

  /// Registers the provided [callback] and returns a function that will
  /// execute in this zone.
  ///
  /// Equivalent to:
  /// ```dart
  /// ZoneCallback registered = this.registerUnaryCallback(callback);
  /// return (arg) => this.runUnary(registered, arg);
  /// ```
  ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> bindUnaryCallback<R, T>(R callback(T argument));

  /// Registers the provided [callback] and returns a function that will
  /// execute in this zone.
  ///
  /// Equivalent to:
  /// ```dart
  /// ZoneCallback registered = registerBinaryCallback(callback);
  /// return (arg1, arg2) => this.runBinary(registered, arg1, arg2);
  /// ```
  ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> bindBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(
      R callback(T1 argument1, T2 argument2));

  /// Registers the provided [callback] and returns a function that will
  /// execute in this zone.
  ///
  /// When the function executes, errors are caught and treated as uncaught
  /// errors.
  ///
  /// Equivalent to:
  /// ```dart
  /// ZoneCallback registered = this.registerCallback(callback);
  /// return () => this.runGuarded(registered);
  /// ```
  void Function() bindCallbackGuarded(void Function() callback);

  /// Registers the provided [callback] and returns a function that will
  /// execute in this zone.
  ///
  /// When the function executes, errors are caught and treated as uncaught
  /// errors.
  ///
  /// Equivalent to:
  /// ```dart
  /// ZoneCallback registered = this.registerUnaryCallback(callback);
  /// return (arg) => this.runUnaryGuarded(registered, arg);
  /// ```
  void Function(T) bindUnaryCallbackGuarded<T>(void callback(T argument));

  ///  Registers the provided [callback] and returns a function that will
  ///  execute in this zone.
  ///
  ///  Equivalent to:
  /// ```dart
  ///  ZoneCallback registered = registerBinaryCallback(callback);
  ///  return (arg1, arg2) => this.runBinaryGuarded(registered, arg1, arg2);
  /// ```
  void Function(T1, T2) bindBinaryCallbackGuarded<T1, T2>(
      void callback(T1 argument1, T2 argument2));

  /// Intercepts errors when added programmatically to a [Future] or [Stream].
  ///
  /// When calling [Completer.completeError], [StreamController.addError],
  /// or some [Future] constructors, the current zone is allowed to intercept
  /// and replace the error.
  ///
  /// Future constructors invoke this function when the error is received
  /// directly, for example with [Future.error], or when the error is caught
  /// synchronously, for example with [Future.sync].
  ///
  /// There is no guarantee that an error is only sent through [errorCallback]
  /// once. Libraries that use intermediate controllers or completers might
  /// end up invoking [errorCallback] multiple times.
  ///
  /// Returns `null` if no replacement is desired. Otherwise returns an instance
  /// of [AsyncError] holding the new pair of error and stack trace.
  ///
  /// Custom zones may intercept this operation.
  ///
  /// Implementations of a new asynchronous primitive that converts synchronous
  /// errors to asynchronous errors rarely need to invoke [errorCallback], since
  /// errors are usually reported through future completers or stream
  /// controllers.
  AsyncError? errorCallback(Object error, StackTrace? stackTrace);

  /// Runs [callback] asynchronously in this zone.
  ///
  /// The global `scheduleMicrotask` delegates to the [current] zone's
  /// [scheduleMicrotask]. The root zone's implementation interacts with the
  /// underlying system to schedule the given callback as a microtask.
  ///
  /// Custom zones may intercept this operation (for example to wrap the given
  /// [callback]), or to implement their own microtask scheduler.
  /// In the latter case, they will usually still use the parent zone's
  /// [ZoneDelegate.scheduleMicrotask] to attach themselves to the existing
  /// event loop.
  void scheduleMicrotask(void Function() callback);

  /// Creates a [Timer] where the callback is executed in this zone.
  Timer createTimer(Duration duration, void Function() callback);

  /// Creates a periodic [Timer] where the callback is executed in this zone.
  Timer createPeriodicTimer(Duration period, void callback(Timer timer));

  /// Prints the given [line].
  ///
  /// The global `print` function delegates to the current zone's [print]
  /// function which makes it possible to intercept printing.
  ///
  /// Example:
  /// ```dart
  /// import 'dart:async';
  ///
  /// main() {
  ///   runZoned(() {
  ///     // Ends up printing: "Intercepted: in zone".
  ///     print("in zone");
  ///   }, zoneSpecification: new ZoneSpecification(
  ///       print: (Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, String line) {
  ///     parent.print(zone, "Intercepted: $line");
  ///   }));
  /// }
  /// ```
  void print(String line);

  /// Call to enter the [Zone].
  ///
  /// The previous current zone is returned.
  static _Zone _enter(_Zone zone) {
    assert(!identical(zone, _current));
    _Zone previous = _current;
    _current = zone;
    return previous;
  }

  /// Call to leave the [Zone].
  ///
  /// The previous [Zone] must be provided as `previous`.
  static void _leave(_Zone previous) {
    assert(previous != null);
    Zone._current = previous;
  }

  /// Retrieves the zone-value associated with [key].
  ///
  /// If this zone does not contain the value looks up the same key in the
  /// parent zone. If the [key] is not found returns `null`.
  ///
  /// Any object can be used as key, as long as it has compatible `operator ==`
  /// and `hashCode` implementations.
  /// By controlling access to the key, a zone can grant or deny access to the
  /// zone value.
  dynamic operator [](Object? key);
}

class _ZoneDelegate implements ZoneDelegate {
  final _Zone _delegationTarget;

  _ZoneDelegate(this._delegationTarget);

  void handleUncaughtError(Zone zone, Object error, StackTrace stackTrace) {
    _delegationTarget._processUncaughtError(zone, error, stackTrace);
  }

  R run<R>(Zone zone, R f()) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._run;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    var handler = implementation.function as RunHandler;
    return handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, f);
  }

  R runUnary<R, T>(Zone zone, R f(T arg), T arg) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._runUnary;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    var handler = implementation.function as RunUnaryHandler;
    return handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, f, arg);
  }

  R runBinary<R, T1, T2>(Zone zone, R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2), T1 arg1, T2 arg2) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._runBinary;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    var handler = implementation.function as RunBinaryHandler;
    return handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, f, arg1, arg2);
  }

  ZoneCallback<R> registerCallback<R>(Zone zone, R f()) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._registerCallback;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    var handler = implementation.function as RegisterCallbackHandler;
    return handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, f);
  }

  ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> registerUnaryCallback<R, T>(Zone zone, R f(T arg)) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._registerUnaryCallback;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    var handler = implementation.function as RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler;
    return handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, f);
  }

  ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> registerBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(
      Zone zone, R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._registerBinaryCallback;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    var handler = implementation.function as RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler;
    return handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, f);
  }

  AsyncError? errorCallback(Zone zone, Object error, StackTrace? stackTrace) {
    checkNotNullable(error, "error");
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._errorCallback;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    if (identical(implZone, _rootZone)) return null;
    ErrorCallbackHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, error, stackTrace);
  }

  void scheduleMicrotask(Zone zone, f()) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._scheduleMicrotask;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    ScheduleMicrotaskHandler handler = implementation.function;
    handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, f);
  }

  Timer createTimer(Zone zone, Duration duration, void f()) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._createTimer;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    CreateTimerHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, duration, f);
  }

  Timer createPeriodicTimer(Zone zone, Duration period, void f(Timer timer)) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._createPeriodicTimer;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    CreatePeriodicTimerHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, period, f);
  }

  void print(Zone zone, String line) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._print;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    PrintHandler handler = implementation.function;
    handler(implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, line);
  }

  Zone fork(Zone zone, ZoneSpecification? specification,
      Map<Object?, Object?>? zoneValues) {
    var implementation = _delegationTarget._fork;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    ForkHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(
        implZone, implZone._parentDelegate, zone, specification, zoneValues);
  }
}

/// Base class for Zone implementations.
abstract class _Zone implements Zone {
  const _Zone();

  // TODO(floitsch): the types of the `_ZoneFunction`s should have a type for
  // all fields.
  _ZoneFunction<RunHandler> get _run;
  _ZoneFunction<RunUnaryHandler> get _runUnary;
  _ZoneFunction<RunBinaryHandler> get _runBinary;
  _ZoneFunction<RegisterCallbackHandler> get _registerCallback;
  _ZoneFunction<RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler> get _registerUnaryCallback;
  _ZoneFunction<RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler> get _registerBinaryCallback;
  _ZoneFunction<ErrorCallbackHandler> get _errorCallback;
  _ZoneFunction<ScheduleMicrotaskHandler> get _scheduleMicrotask;
  _ZoneFunction<CreateTimerHandler> get _createTimer;
  _ZoneFunction<CreatePeriodicTimerHandler> get _createPeriodicTimer;
  _ZoneFunction<PrintHandler> get _print;
  _ZoneFunction<ForkHandler> get _fork;
  _ZoneFunction<HandleUncaughtErrorHandler> get _handleUncaughtError;
  // Parent zone. Only `null` for the root zone.
  _Zone? get parent;
  ZoneDelegate get _delegate;
  ZoneDelegate get _parentDelegate;
  Map<Object?, Object?> get _map;

  bool inSameErrorZone(Zone otherZone) {
    return identical(this, otherZone) ||
        identical(errorZone, otherZone.errorZone);
  }

  void _processUncaughtError(Zone zone, Object error, StackTrace stackTrace) {
    var implementation = _handleUncaughtError;
    _Zone implZone = implementation.zone;
    if (identical(implZone, _rootZone)) {
      _rootHandleError(error, stackTrace);
      return;
    }
    HandleUncaughtErrorHandler handler = implementation.function;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implZone._parentDelegate;
    _Zone parentZone = implZone.parent!; // Not null for non-root zones.
    _Zone currentZone = Zone._current;
    try {
      Zone._current = parentZone;
      handler(implZone, parentDelegate, zone, error, stackTrace);
      Zone._current = currentZone;
    } catch (e, s) {
      Zone._current = currentZone;
      parentZone._processUncaughtError(
          implZone, e, identical(error, e) ? stackTrace : s);
    }
  }
}

class _CustomZone extends _Zone {
  // The actual zone and implementation of each of these
  // inheritable zone functions.
  // TODO(floitsch): the types of the `_ZoneFunction`s should have a type for
  // all fields, but we can't use generic function types as type arguments.
  _ZoneFunction<RunHandler> _run;
  _ZoneFunction<RunUnaryHandler> _runUnary;
  _ZoneFunction<RunBinaryHandler> _runBinary;
  _ZoneFunction<RegisterCallbackHandler> _registerCallback;
  _ZoneFunction<RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler> _registerUnaryCallback;
  _ZoneFunction<RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler> _registerBinaryCallback;
  _ZoneFunction<ErrorCallbackHandler> _errorCallback;
  _ZoneFunction<ScheduleMicrotaskHandler> _scheduleMicrotask;
  _ZoneFunction<CreateTimerHandler> _createTimer;
  _ZoneFunction<CreatePeriodicTimerHandler> _createPeriodicTimer;
  _ZoneFunction<PrintHandler> _print;
  _ZoneFunction<ForkHandler> _fork;
  _ZoneFunction<HandleUncaughtErrorHandler> _handleUncaughtError;

  // A cached delegate to this zone.
  ZoneDelegate? _delegateCache;

  /// The parent zone.
  final _Zone parent;

  /// The zone's scoped value declaration map.
  ///
  /// This is always a [HashMap].
  final Map<Object?, Object?> _map;

  ZoneDelegate get _delegate => _delegateCache ??= _ZoneDelegate(this);
  ZoneDelegate get _parentDelegate => parent._delegate;

  _CustomZone(this.parent, ZoneSpecification specification, this._map)
      : _run = parent._run,
        _runUnary = parent._runUnary,
        _runBinary = parent._runBinary,
        _registerCallback = parent._registerCallback,
        _registerUnaryCallback = parent._registerUnaryCallback,
        _registerBinaryCallback = parent._registerBinaryCallback,
        _errorCallback = parent._errorCallback,
        _scheduleMicrotask = parent._scheduleMicrotask,
        _createTimer = parent._createTimer,
        _createPeriodicTimer = parent._createPeriodicTimer,
        _print = parent._print,
        _fork = parent._fork,
        _handleUncaughtError = parent._handleUncaughtError {
    // The root zone will have implementations of all parts of the
    // specification, so it will never try to access the (null) parent.
    // All other zones have a non-null parent.
    var run = specification.run;
    if (run != null) {
      _run = _ZoneFunction<RunHandler>(this, run);
    }
    var runUnary = specification.runUnary;
    if (runUnary != null) {
      _runUnary = _ZoneFunction<RunUnaryHandler>(this, runUnary);
    }
    var runBinary = specification.runBinary;
    if (runBinary != null) {
      _runBinary = _ZoneFunction<RunBinaryHandler>(this, runBinary);
    }
    var registerCallback = specification.registerCallback;
    if (registerCallback != null) {
      _registerCallback =
          _ZoneFunction<RegisterCallbackHandler>(this, registerCallback);
    }
    var registerUnaryCallback = specification.registerUnaryCallback;
    if (registerUnaryCallback != null) {
      _registerUnaryCallback = _ZoneFunction<RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler>(
          this, registerUnaryCallback);
    }
    var registerBinaryCallback = specification.registerBinaryCallback;
    if (registerBinaryCallback != null) {
      _registerBinaryCallback = _ZoneFunction<RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler>(
          this, registerBinaryCallback);
    }
    var errorCallback = specification.errorCallback;
    if (errorCallback != null) {
      _errorCallback = _ZoneFunction<ErrorCallbackHandler>(this, errorCallback);
    }
    var scheduleMicrotask = specification.scheduleMicrotask;
    if (scheduleMicrotask != null) {
      _scheduleMicrotask =
          _ZoneFunction<ScheduleMicrotaskHandler>(this, scheduleMicrotask);
    }
    var createTimer = specification.createTimer;
    if (createTimer != null) {
      _createTimer = _ZoneFunction<CreateTimerHandler>(this, createTimer);
    }
    var createPeriodicTimer = specification.createPeriodicTimer;
    if (createPeriodicTimer != null) {
      _createPeriodicTimer =
          _ZoneFunction<CreatePeriodicTimerHandler>(this, createPeriodicTimer);
    }
    var print = specification.print;
    if (print != null) {
      _print = _ZoneFunction<PrintHandler>(this, print);
    }
    var fork = specification.fork;
    if (fork != null) {
      _fork = _ZoneFunction<ForkHandler>(this, fork);
    }
    var handleUncaughtError = specification.handleUncaughtError;
    if (handleUncaughtError != null) {
      _handleUncaughtError =
          _ZoneFunction<HandleUncaughtErrorHandler>(this, handleUncaughtError);
    }
  }

  /// The closest error-handling zone.
  ///
  /// Returns this zone if it has an error-handler. Otherwise returns the
  /// parent's error-zone.
  Zone get errorZone => _handleUncaughtError.zone;

  void runGuarded(void f()) {
    try {
      run(f);
    } catch (e, s) {
      handleUncaughtError(e, s);
    }
  }

  void runUnaryGuarded<T>(void f(T arg), T arg) {
    try {
      runUnary(f, arg);
    } catch (e, s) {
      handleUncaughtError(e, s);
    }
  }

  void runBinaryGuarded<T1, T2>(void f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2), T1 arg1, T2 arg2) {
    try {
      runBinary(f, arg1, arg2);
    } catch (e, s) {
      handleUncaughtError(e, s);
    }
  }

  ZoneCallback<R> bindCallback<R>(R f()) {
    var registered = registerCallback(f);
    return () => this.run(registered);
  }

  ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> bindUnaryCallback<R, T>(R f(T arg)) {
    var registered = registerUnaryCallback(f);
    return (arg) => this.runUnary(registered, arg);
  }

  ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> bindBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(
      R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)) {
    var registered = registerBinaryCallback(f);
    return (arg1, arg2) => this.runBinary(registered, arg1, arg2);
  }

  void Function() bindCallbackGuarded(void f()) {
    var registered = registerCallback(f);
    return () => this.runGuarded(registered);
  }

  void Function(T) bindUnaryCallbackGuarded<T>(void f(T arg)) {
    var registered = registerUnaryCallback(f);
    return (arg) => this.runUnaryGuarded(registered, arg);
  }

  void Function(T1, T2) bindBinaryCallbackGuarded<T1, T2>(
      void f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)) {
    var registered = registerBinaryCallback(f);
    return (arg1, arg2) => this.runBinaryGuarded(registered, arg1, arg2);
  }

  dynamic operator [](Object? key) {
    var result = _map[key];
    if (result != null || _map.containsKey(key)) return result;
    // If we are not the root zone, look up in the parent zone.
    if (parent != null) {
      // We do not optimize for repeatedly looking up a key which isn't
      // there. That would require storing the key and keeping it alive.
      // Copying the key/value from the parent does not keep any new values
      // alive.
      var value = parent[key];
      if (value != null) {
        _map[key] = value;
      }
      return value;
    }
    assert(this == _rootZone);
    return null;
  }

  // Methods that can be customized by the zone specification.

  void handleUncaughtError(Object error, StackTrace stackTrace) {
    _processUncaughtError(this, error, stackTrace);
  }

  Zone fork(
      {ZoneSpecification? specification, Map<Object?, Object?>? zoneValues}) {
    var implementation = this._fork;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    ForkHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(
        implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, specification, zoneValues);
  }

  R run<R>(R f()) {
    var implementation = this._run;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    var handler = implementation.function as RunHandler;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, f);
  }

  R runUnary<R, T>(R f(T arg), T arg) {
    var implementation = this._runUnary;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    var handler = implementation.function as RunUnaryHandler;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, f, arg);
  }

  R runBinary<R, T1, T2>(R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2), T1 arg1, T2 arg2) {
    var implementation = this._runBinary;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    var handler = implementation.function as RunBinaryHandler;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, f, arg1, arg2);
  }

  ZoneCallback<R> registerCallback<R>(R callback()) {
    var implementation = this._registerCallback;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    var handler = implementation.function as RegisterCallbackHandler;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, callback);
  }

  ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> registerUnaryCallback<R, T>(R callback(T arg)) {
    var implementation = this._registerUnaryCallback;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    var handler = implementation.function as RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, callback);
  }

  ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> registerBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(
      R callback(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)) {
    var implementation = this._registerBinaryCallback;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    var handler = implementation.function as RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, callback);
  }

  AsyncError? errorCallback(Object error, StackTrace? stackTrace) {
    checkNotNullable(error, "error");
    var implementation = this._errorCallback;
    final _Zone implementationZone = implementation.zone;
    if (identical(implementationZone, _rootZone)) return null;
    final ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementationZone._parentDelegate;
    ErrorCallbackHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(implementationZone, parentDelegate, this, error, stackTrace);
  }

  void scheduleMicrotask(void f()) {
    var implementation = this._scheduleMicrotask;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    ScheduleMicrotaskHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, f);
  }

  Timer createTimer(Duration duration, void f()) {
    var implementation = this._createTimer;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    CreateTimerHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, duration, f);
  }

  Timer createPeriodicTimer(Duration duration, void f(Timer timer)) {
    var implementation = this._createPeriodicTimer;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    CreatePeriodicTimerHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, duration, f);
  }

  void print(String line) {
    var implementation = this._print;
    ZoneDelegate parentDelegate = implementation.zone._parentDelegate;
    PrintHandler handler = implementation.function;
    return handler(implementation.zone, parentDelegate, this, line);
  }
}

void _rootHandleUncaughtError(Zone? self, ZoneDelegate? parent, Zone zone,
    Object error, StackTrace stackTrace) {
  _rootHandleError(error, stackTrace);
}

void _rootHandleError(Object error, StackTrace stackTrace) {
  _schedulePriorityAsyncCallback(() {
    Error.throwWithStackTrace(error, stackTrace);
  });
}

R _rootRun<R>(Zone? self, ZoneDelegate? parent, Zone zone, R f()) {
  if (identical(Zone._current, zone)) return f();

  if (zone is! _Zone) {
    throw ArgumentError.value(zone, "zone", "Can only run in platform zones");
  }

  _Zone old = Zone._enter(zone);
  try {
    return f();
  } finally {
    Zone._leave(old);
  }
}

R _rootRunUnary<R, T>(
    Zone? self, ZoneDelegate? parent, Zone zone, R f(T arg), T arg) {
  if (identical(Zone._current, zone)) return f(arg);

  if (zone is! _Zone) {
    throw ArgumentError.value(zone, "zone", "Can only run in platform zones");
  }

  _Zone old = Zone._enter(zone);
  try {
    return f(arg);
  } finally {
    Zone._leave(old);
  }
}

R _rootRunBinary<R, T1, T2>(Zone? self, ZoneDelegate? parent, Zone zone,
    R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2), T1 arg1, T2 arg2) {
  if (identical(Zone._current, zone)) return f(arg1, arg2);

  if (zone is! _Zone) {
    throw ArgumentError.value(zone, "zone", "Can only run in platform zones");
  }

  _Zone old = Zone._enter(zone);
  try {
    return f(arg1, arg2);
  } finally {
    Zone._leave(old);
  }
}

ZoneCallback<R> _rootRegisterCallback<R>(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, R f()) {
  return f;
}

ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> _rootRegisterUnaryCallback<R, T>(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, R f(T arg)) {
  return f;
}

ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> _rootRegisterBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(
    Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)) {
  return f;
}

AsyncError? _rootErrorCallback(Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone,
        Object error, StackTrace? stackTrace) =>
    null;

void _rootScheduleMicrotask(
    Zone? self, ZoneDelegate? parent, Zone zone, void f()) {
  if (!identical(_rootZone, zone)) {
    bool hasErrorHandler = !_rootZone.inSameErrorZone(zone);
    if (hasErrorHandler) {
      f = zone.bindCallbackGuarded(f);
    } else {
      f = zone.bindCallback(f);
    }
  }
  _scheduleAsyncCallback(f);
}

Timer _rootCreateTimer(Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone,
    Duration duration, void Function() callback) {
  if (!identical(_rootZone, zone)) {
    callback = zone.bindCallback(callback);
  }
  return Timer._createTimer(duration, callback);
}

Timer _rootCreatePeriodicTimer(Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone,
    Duration duration, void callback(Timer timer)) {
  if (!identical(_rootZone, zone)) {
    callback = zone.bindUnaryCallback<void, Timer>(callback);
  }
  return Timer._createPeriodicTimer(duration, callback);
}

void _rootPrint(Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent, Zone zone, String line) {
  printToConsole(line);
}

void _printToZone(String line) {
  Zone.current.print(line);
}

Zone _rootFork(Zone? self, ZoneDelegate? parent, Zone zone,
    ZoneSpecification? specification, Map<Object?, Object?>? zoneValues) {
  if (zone is! _Zone) {
    throw ArgumentError.value(zone, "zone", "Can only fork a platform zone");
  }
  // TODO(floitsch): it would be nice if we could get rid of this hack.
  // Change the static zoneOrDirectPrint function to go through zones
  // from now on.
  printToZone = _printToZone;

  if (specification == null) {
    specification = const ZoneSpecification();
  } else if (specification is! _ZoneSpecification) {
    specification = ZoneSpecification.from(specification);
  }
  Map<Object?, Object?> valueMap;
  if (zoneValues == null) {
    valueMap = zone._map;
  } else {
    valueMap = HashMap<Object?, Object?>.from(zoneValues);
  }
  if (specification == null)
    throw "unreachable"; // TODO(lrn): Remove when type promotion works.
  return _CustomZone(zone, specification, valueMap);
}

class _RootZone extends _Zone {
  const _RootZone();

  _ZoneFunction<RunHandler> get _run =>
      const _ZoneFunction<RunHandler>(_rootZone, _rootRun);
  _ZoneFunction<RunUnaryHandler> get _runUnary =>
      const _ZoneFunction<RunUnaryHandler>(_rootZone, _rootRunUnary);
  _ZoneFunction<RunBinaryHandler> get _runBinary =>
      const _ZoneFunction<RunBinaryHandler>(_rootZone, _rootRunBinary);
  _ZoneFunction<RegisterCallbackHandler> get _registerCallback =>
      const _ZoneFunction<RegisterCallbackHandler>(
          _rootZone, _rootRegisterCallback);
  _ZoneFunction<RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler> get _registerUnaryCallback =>
      const _ZoneFunction<RegisterUnaryCallbackHandler>(
          _rootZone, _rootRegisterUnaryCallback);
  _ZoneFunction<RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler> get _registerBinaryCallback =>
      const _ZoneFunction<RegisterBinaryCallbackHandler>(
          _rootZone, _rootRegisterBinaryCallback);
  _ZoneFunction<ErrorCallbackHandler> get _errorCallback =>
      const _ZoneFunction<ErrorCallbackHandler>(_rootZone, _rootErrorCallback);
  _ZoneFunction<ScheduleMicrotaskHandler> get _scheduleMicrotask =>
      const _ZoneFunction<ScheduleMicrotaskHandler>(
          _rootZone, _rootScheduleMicrotask);
  _ZoneFunction<CreateTimerHandler> get _createTimer =>
      const _ZoneFunction<CreateTimerHandler>(_rootZone, _rootCreateTimer);
  _ZoneFunction<CreatePeriodicTimerHandler> get _createPeriodicTimer =>
      const _ZoneFunction<CreatePeriodicTimerHandler>(
          _rootZone, _rootCreatePeriodicTimer);
  _ZoneFunction<PrintHandler> get _print =>
      const _ZoneFunction<PrintHandler>(_rootZone, _rootPrint);
  _ZoneFunction<ForkHandler> get _fork =>
      const _ZoneFunction<ForkHandler>(_rootZone, _rootFork);
  _ZoneFunction<HandleUncaughtErrorHandler> get _handleUncaughtError =>
      const _ZoneFunction<HandleUncaughtErrorHandler>(
          _rootZone, _rootHandleUncaughtError);

  // The parent zone.
  _Zone? get parent => null;

  /// The zone's scoped value declaration map.
  ///
  /// This is always a [HashMap].
  Map<Object?, Object?> get _map => _rootMap;

  static final _rootMap = HashMap();

  static ZoneDelegate? _rootDelegate;

  ZoneDelegate get _delegate => _rootDelegate ??= new _ZoneDelegate(this);
  // It's a lie, but the root zone never uses the parent delegate.
  ZoneDelegate get _parentDelegate => _delegate;

  /// The closest error-handling zone.
  ///
  /// Returns `this` if `this` has an error-handler. Otherwise returns the
  /// parent's error-zone.
  Zone get errorZone => this;

  // Zone interface.

  void runGuarded(void f()) {
    try {
      if (identical(_rootZone, Zone._current)) {
        f();
        return;
      }
      _rootRun(null, null, this, f);
    } catch (e, s) {
      handleUncaughtError(e, s);
    }
  }

  void runUnaryGuarded<T>(void f(T arg), T arg) {
    try {
      if (identical(_rootZone, Zone._current)) {
        f(arg);
        return;
      }
      _rootRunUnary(null, null, this, f, arg);
    } catch (e, s) {
      handleUncaughtError(e, s);
    }
  }

  void runBinaryGuarded<T1, T2>(void f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2), T1 arg1, T2 arg2) {
    try {
      if (identical(_rootZone, Zone._current)) {
        f(arg1, arg2);
        return;
      }
      _rootRunBinary(null, null, this, f, arg1, arg2);
    } catch (e, s) {
      handleUncaughtError(e, s);
    }
  }

  ZoneCallback<R> bindCallback<R>(R f()) {
    return () => this.run<R>(f);
  }

  ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> bindUnaryCallback<R, T>(R f(T arg)) {
    return (arg) => this.runUnary<R, T>(f, arg);
  }

  ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> bindBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(
      R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)) {
    return (arg1, arg2) => this.runBinary<R, T1, T2>(f, arg1, arg2);
  }

  void Function() bindCallbackGuarded(void f()) {
    return () => this.runGuarded(f);
  }

  void Function(T) bindUnaryCallbackGuarded<T>(void f(T arg)) {
    return (arg) => this.runUnaryGuarded(f, arg);
  }

  void Function(T1, T2) bindBinaryCallbackGuarded<T1, T2>(
      void f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)) {
    return (arg1, arg2) => this.runBinaryGuarded(f, arg1, arg2);
  }

  dynamic operator [](Object? key) => null;

  // Methods that can be customized by the zone specification.

  void handleUncaughtError(Object error, StackTrace stackTrace) {
    _rootHandleError(error, stackTrace);
  }

  Zone fork(
      {ZoneSpecification? specification, Map<Object?, Object?>? zoneValues}) {
    return _rootFork(null, null, this, specification, zoneValues);
  }

  R run<R>(R f()) {
    if (identical(Zone._current, _rootZone)) return f();
    return _rootRun(null, null, this, f);
  }

  @pragma("vm:recognized", "other")
  R runUnary<R, T>(R f(T arg), T arg) {
    if (identical(Zone._current, _rootZone)) return f(arg);
    return _rootRunUnary(null, null, this, f, arg);
  }

  R runBinary<R, T1, T2>(R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2), T1 arg1, T2 arg2) {
    if (identical(Zone._current, _rootZone)) return f(arg1, arg2);
    return _rootRunBinary(null, null, this, f, arg1, arg2);
  }

  ZoneCallback<R> registerCallback<R>(R f()) => f;

  ZoneUnaryCallback<R, T> registerUnaryCallback<R, T>(R f(T arg)) => f;

  ZoneBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2> registerBinaryCallback<R, T1, T2>(
          R f(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)) =>
      f;

  AsyncError? errorCallback(Object error, StackTrace? stackTrace) => null;

  void scheduleMicrotask(void f()) {
    _rootScheduleMicrotask(null, null, this, f);
  }

  Timer createTimer(Duration duration, void f()) {
    return Timer._createTimer(duration, f);
  }

  Timer createPeriodicTimer(Duration duration, void f(Timer timer)) {
    return Timer._createPeriodicTimer(duration, f);
  }

  void print(String line) {
    printToConsole(line);
  }
}

const _Zone _rootZone = const _RootZone();

/// Runs [body] in its own zone.
///
/// Creates a new zone using [Zone.fork] based on [zoneSpecification] and
/// [zoneValues], then runs [body] in that zone and returns the result.
///
/// If [onError] is provided, it must have one of the types
/// * `void Function(Object)`
/// * `void Function(Object, StackTrace)`
/// and the [onError] handler is used *both* to handle asynchronous errors
/// by overriding [ZoneSpecification.handleUncaughtError] in [zoneSpecification],
/// if any, *and* to handle errors thrown synchronously by the call to [body].
///
/// If an error occurs synchronously in [body],
/// then throwing in the [onError] handler
/// makes the call to `runZone` throw that error,
/// and otherwise the call to `runZoned` attempt to return `null`.
///
/// If the zone specification has a `handleUncaughtError` value or the [onError]
/// parameter is provided, the zone becomes an error-zone.
///
/// Errors will never cross error-zone boundaries by themselves.
/// Errors that try to cross error-zone boundaries are considered uncaught in
/// their originating error zone.
/// ```dart
/// var future = Future.value(499);
/// runZoned(() {
///   var future2 = future.then((_) { throw "error in first error-zone"; });
///   runZoned(() {
///     var future3 = future2.catchError((e) { print("Never reached!"); });
///   }, onError: (e, s) { print("unused error handler"); });
/// }, onError: (e, s) { print("catches error of first error-zone."); });
/// ```
/// Example:
/// ```dart
/// runZoned(() {
///   Future(() { throw "asynchronous error"; });
/// }, onError: (e, s) => print(e));  // Will print "asynchronous error".
/// ```
/// It is possible to manually pass an error from one error zone to another
/// by re-throwing it in the new zone. If [onError] throws, that error will
/// occur in the original zone where [runZoned] was called.
R runZoned<R>(R body(),
    {Map<Object?, Object?>? zoneValues,
    ZoneSpecification? zoneSpecification,
    @Deprecated("Use runZonedGuarded instead") Function? onError}) {
  checkNotNullable(body, "body");
  if (onError != null) {
    // TODO: Remove this when code have been migrated off using [onError].
    if (onError is! void Function(Object, StackTrace)) {
      if (onError is void Function(Object)) {
        var originalOnError = onError;
        onError = (Object error, StackTrace stack) => originalOnError(error);
      } else {
        throw ArgumentError.value(onError, "onError",
            "Must be Function(Object) or Function(Object, StackTrace)");
      }
    }
    return runZonedGuarded(body, onError,
        zoneSpecification: zoneSpecification, zoneValues: zoneValues) as R;
  }
  return _runZoned<R>(body, zoneValues, zoneSpecification);
}

/// Runs [body] in its own error zone.
///
/// Creates a new zone using [Zone.fork] based on [zoneSpecification] and
/// [zoneValues], then runs [body] in that zone and returns the result.
///
/// The [onError] function is used *both* to handle asynchronous errors
/// by overriding [ZoneSpecification.handleUncaughtError] in [zoneSpecification],
/// if any, *and* to handle errors thrown synchronously by the call to [body].
///
/// If an error occurs synchronously in [body],
/// then throwing in the [onError] handler
/// makes the call to `runZonedGuarded` throw that error,
/// and otherwise the call to `runZonedGuarded` returns `null`.
///
/// The zone will always be an error-zone.
///
/// Errors will never cross error-zone boundaries by themselves.
/// Errors that try to cross error-zone boundaries are considered uncaught in
/// their originating error zone.
/// ```dart
/// var future = Future.value(499);
/// runZonedGuarded(() {
///   var future2 = future.then((_) { throw "error in first error-zone"; });
///   runZonedGuarded(() {
///     var future3 = future2.catchError((e) { print("Never reached!"); });
///   }, (e, s) { print("unused error handler"); });
/// }, (e, s) { print("catches error of first error-zone."); });
/// ```
/// Example:
/// ```dart
/// runZonedGuarded(() {
///   Future(() { throw "asynchronous error"; });
/// }, (e, s) => print(e));  // Will print "asynchronous error".
/// ```
/// It is possible to manually pass an error from one error zone to another
/// by re-throwing it in the new zone. If [onError] throws, that error will
/// occur in the original zone where [runZoned] was called.
@Since("2.8")
R? runZonedGuarded<R>(R body(), void onError(Object error, StackTrace stack),
    {Map<Object?, Object?>? zoneValues, ZoneSpecification? zoneSpecification}) {
  checkNotNullable(body, "body");
  checkNotNullable(onError, "onError");
  _Zone parentZone = Zone._current;
  HandleUncaughtErrorHandler errorHandler = (Zone self, ZoneDelegate parent,
      Zone zone, Object error, StackTrace stackTrace) {
    try {
      parentZone.runBinary(onError, error, stackTrace);
    } catch (e, s) {
      if (identical(e, error)) {
        parent.handleUncaughtError(zone, error, stackTrace);
      } else {
        parent.handleUncaughtError(zone, e, s);
      }
    }
  };
  if (zoneSpecification == null) {
    zoneSpecification =
        new ZoneSpecification(handleUncaughtError: errorHandler);
  } else {
    zoneSpecification = ZoneSpecification.from(zoneSpecification,
        handleUncaughtError: errorHandler);
  }
  try {
    return _runZoned<R>(body, zoneValues, zoneSpecification);
  } catch (error, stackTrace) {
    onError(error, stackTrace);
  }
  return null;
}

/// Runs [body] in a new zone based on [zoneValues] and [specification].
R _runZoned<R>(R body(), Map<Object?, Object?>? zoneValues,
        ZoneSpecification? specification) =>
    Zone.current
        .fork(specification: specification, zoneValues: zoneValues)
        .run<R>(body);