RESTful service written in Python/Flask for calculating mechanical properties of bicycle wheels, and simulating deformation and spoke tensions under external loads.
The server accepts a single JSON object using the POST method. The request object must contain a wheel object, and any combination of optional calculation requests. The request object has the following format:
{
wheel: {...} # Required
tension: {...} # Optional: calculate spoke tensions under the given loads
deformation: {...} # Optional: calculate deformation under the given loads
stiffness: {...} # Optional: calculate stiffnesses
mass: {...} # Optional: calculate mass and inertia properties
}
The server responds with a JSON object with the results of the requested calculations, or descriptions of any errors.
The wheel object defines the properties of the wheel. It has the following format:
wheel: {
hub: { # Required: Properties of the hub
diameter: <m> # Hub flange diameter (same on both sides)
width_ds: <m> # Lateral distance from rim to drive-side hub flange
width_nds: <m> # Lateral distance from rim to non-drive-side hub flange
},
rim: {...} # Required: Properties of the rim
spokes: {...} # Optional: Properties of the spokes (required if spokes_ds and spokes_nds are omitted)
spokes_ds: {...} # Optional: Properties of the drive-side spokes (required if spokes is omitted)
spokes_nds: {...} # Optional: Properties of the non-drive-side spokes (required if spokes is omitted)
}
The rim object has the following format:
rim: {
radius: <m> # Required: Radius of the rim (at its shear center)
young_mod: <Pa> # Required: Young's modulus of the rim material
shear_mod: <Pa> # Required: Shear modulus of the rim material
density: <kg/m^3> # Optional (default 0): Density of the rim material
section_type: "general" # Required: Rim cross-section type (currently only "general" is supported)
section_params: {...} # Required: Rim cross-section properties
}
In the future, other cross-section types may be available. Currently, the section_params object must specify all the section stiffness constants:
section_params: {
area: <m^2> # Required: Cross-sectional area
I_rad: <m^4> # Required: Second moment of area for radial bending
I_lat: <m^4> # Required: Second moment of area for lateral bending
J_tor: <m^4> # Required: Torsion constant
I_warp: <m^6> # Optional (default 0): Warping constant
}
The spokes, spokes_ds, or spokes_nds objects have the following identical format:
<spokes | spokes_ds | spokes_nds>: {
num: <integer> # Required: Number of spokes
num_cross: <integer> # Required: Number of crossings in spoke pattern (e.g. 3)
diameter: <m> # Required: Spoke diameter
offset: <m> # Optional (default 0): Lateral offset of the spoke nipple from rim centerline (positive=towards hub flange)
young_mod: <Pa> # Required: Young's modulus of the spoke material
density: <kg/m^3> # Optional (default 0): Density of the spoke material
}
Include the tension request object to calculate the new spoke tensions in a wheel subject to external forces. The request has the following form:
tension: {
forces: [ # Required: List of force objects
{location: <radians>, f_rad: <N>} # A single radial force
{location: <radians>, f_lat: <N>, f_tan: <N>} # OR use any combination of f_lat, f_rad, f_tan, and m_tor
{location: <radians>, magnitude: [<N>, <N>, <N>, <N-m>]} # OR specify a force vector (plus torque)
...
],
spokes: [<list of spoke indices, starting at 0>] # Optional: List of spokes to calculate results for
spokes_range: [<start>, <stop>, <step>] # Optional: Range of spokes to calculate results for
}
The response has the following form:
tension: {
success: <true | false> # Whether calculation was successful
error: 'String' # Optional: Description of error if one occurred
spokes: [...] # List of spoke indices for which results have been calculated
tension: [<N>...] # List of spoke tensions in the deformed wheel
tension_initial: [<N>...] # List of initial spoke tensions in the undeformed wheel
tension_change: [<N>...] # List of changes in spoke tension. Equivalent to tension - tension_initial
}
Any number of force objects may be supplied, either in dictionary format or in vector format. In dictionary format, any combination of f_rad, f_lat, f_tan, and m_tor may be supplied in units of Newtons (for forces) or Newton-meters for m_tor. E.g.,
{location: 0, f_rad: 50, f_lat: -10}
defines a radial force of 50 Newtons and a lateral force of -10 Newtons, both applied at 0 radians (the "bottom" of the wheel). In vector format, the magnitude object defines a force vector in [f_lat, f_rad, f_tan, m_tor] format. If the vector length is less than 4, the remaining forces will be zero. E.g.,
[location: 3.1415, magnitude: [10, 5]}
defines a lateral force of 10 Newtons and a radial force of 5 Newtons, both applied at 3.1415 radians (the "top" of the wheel).
Optionally specify certain spokes to calculate results for. If both spokes and spokes_range are omitted, the default is all spokes. The spokes object defines a list of spoke indices, in any order. The index of the first spoke is 0. The spokes_range object defines a range of spokes with a index, index, and . The index is omitted. E.g.,
spokes_range: [0, 10, 2]
will calculate results for spokes [0, 2, 4, 6, 8], but not 10. If the <step> parameter is omitted, it will default to a step of 1.
Include the deformation request object to calculate the distortion of the rim when the wheel is subject to external forces. The request has the following form:
deformation: {
forces: [...] # Same format as in the tension request object
theta: [<radians>...] # Optional: List of angular positions at which to calculate the deformation
theta_range: [<start>, <stop>, <number>] # Optional: Range of angular positions
}
The response has the following form:
deformation: {
success: <true | false> # Whether calculation was successful
error: 'String' # Optional: Description of error if one occurred
theta: [<radians>...] # List of angular positions where results are given
def_lat: [<m>...] # Lateral deflection of the rim, in meters
def_rad: [<m>...] # Radial deflection of the rim, in meters
def_tan: [<m>...] # Tagential deflection of the rim, in meters
def_tor: [<m>...] # Torsional 'twist' of the rim around its own axis, in radians
}
Optionally specify specific points on the rim, by angular coordinate, at which to calculate the deformation. If neither is specified, the default is 100 equally-spaced points around the rim. The theta object defines a list of coordinates, in any order. The theta_range object defines a range of <num> equally-spaced points between (and including) <start> and <stop>. If <num> is omitted it will default to 100.
Include the stiffness request object to calculate the principle stiffnesses of the wheel. The request object has no parameters. Simply supply an empty object.
The response has the following form:
stiffness: {
success: <true | false> # Whether calculation was successful
error: 'String' # Optional: Description of error if one occurred
radial_stiffness: <N/m> # Radial stiffness at theta=0
lateral_stiffness: <N/m> # Lateral stiffness at theta=0
torsional_stiffness: <N/rad> # Torsional (wind-up) stiffness at theta=0
}
Each stiffness is calculated by applying a single force at theta=0 with unit magnitude in the respective direction and calculating the deformation in that same direction. Therefore, the torsional stiffness is approximately, but not exactly, equal to the wind-up stiffness that would be expected when a force is applied at two points (e.g. during braking with rim brakes).
Include the mass request object to calculate the mass and rotational inertia of the wheel and individual components. The request object has no parameters.
The response has the following form:
mass: {
mass: <kg>, # Mass of the wheel (minus hub) in kilograms
mass_rim: <kg>, # Mass of the rim
mass_spokes: <kg>, # Mass of the spokes (equivalent to mass - mass_rim)
mass_rotational: <kg>, # Effective rotating mass of the wheel in kilograms
inertia: <kg-m^2>, # Rotational inertia of the wheel in kilogram meters squared
inertia_rim: <kg-m^2>, # Rotational inertia of the rim
inertia_spokes: <kg-m^2> # Rotational inertia of the spokes (equivalent to inertia - inertia_rim)
}
The effective rotating mass is the mass which is felt when accelerating the bicycle. It is equal to the mass of an object which would require the same energy to bring to a constant velocity V as would be required to bring a rolling bicycle wheel to a constant center-of-mass velocity V, with no slipping. The effective rotating mass of a wheel has theoretical minimum of 1.333*mass and a theoretical maximum of 2*mass, assuming that the spokes do not taper towards the rim and the rim rolls on its circumference.
Include the buckling_tension request object to calculate the critical buckling tension. The request object has the following form:
buckling_tension: {
approx: <linear | quadratic | small_mu> # (Optional, default=linear)
}
The optional argument approx specifies which equation should be used to calculate the buckling tension.
linearuses Eqn. (4.4) from reference [1]quadraticuses Eqn. (4.3) from reference [1]small_muuses Eqn. (4.10) from reference [1]
The response has the following form:
buckling_tension: {
success: <true | false> # Whether calculation was successful
error: 'String' # Optional: Description of error if one occurred
approx: <linear | quadratic | small_mu> # The approximation used
buckling_tension: <N> # The critical tension in Newtons
buckling_mode: <number> # The critical buckling mode number
}
If the small_mu approximation is used, the buckling_mode need not be an integer.
[1] Matthew Ford, Reinventing the Wheel: Stress Analysis, Stability, and Optimization of the Bicycle Wheel, Ph.D. Thesis, Northwestern University (2018)