port dbt/common code into dbt-common

[colin-rogers-dbt]

Acceptance Criteria

• copy over the contents of dbt/common from dbt-core to dbt-common
• copy over the tests related to dbt/common
• initial pyproject.toml
• point dbt-core to github main of dbt-common
  • remove dbt/common from dbt-core
• point first party adapters to github main of dbt-common

Blocked on:

• [CT-3522] Remove usage of dbt.exceptions from dbt/common dbt-core#9332
• [CT-3524] Remove usage of dbt.adapters.factory in dbt/common dbt-core#9334
• [CT-3425] Move common events only used in core to core dbt-core#9152
• [CT-3526] Remove import of dbt.adapters.events.types and dbt.events.types from dbt/common dbt-core#9337