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spatial_transformer.py
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# Copyright 2017 The Sonnet Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ============================================================================
""""Implementation of Spatial Transformer networks core components."""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import abc
import itertools
# Dependency imports
import numpy as np
from six.moves import xrange # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
from sonnet.python.modules import base
from sonnet.python.modules import basic
import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
class GridWarper(base.AbstractModule):
"""Grid warper interface class.
An object implementing the `GridWarper` interface generates a reference grid
of feature points at construction time, and warps it via a parametric
transformation model, specified at run time by an input parameter Tensor.
Grid warpers must then implement a `create_features` function used to generate
the reference grid to be warped in the forward pass (according to a determined
warping model).
"""
def __init__(self, source_shape, output_shape, num_coeff, name, **kwargs):
"""Constructs a GridWarper module and initializes the source grid params.
`source_shape` and `output_shape` are used to define the size of the source
and output signal domains, as opposed to the shape of the respective
Tensors. For example, for an image of size `width=W` and `height=H`,
`{source,output}_shape=[H, W]`; for a volume of size `width=W`, `height=H`
and `depth=D`, `{source,output}_shape=[H, W, D]`.
Args:
source_shape: Iterable of integers determining the size of the source
signal domain.
output_shape: Iterable of integers determining the size of the destination
resampled signal domain.
num_coeff: Number of coefficients parametrizing the grid warp.
For example, a 2D affine transformation will be defined by the 6
parameters populating the corresponding 2x3 affine matrix.
name: Name of Module.
**kwargs: Extra kwargs to be forwarded to the `create_features` function,
instantiating the source grid parameters.
Raises:
Error: If `len(output_shape) > len(source_shape)`.
TypeError: If `output_shape` and `source_shape` are not both iterable.
"""
super(GridWarper, self).__init__(name=name)
self._source_shape = tuple(source_shape)
self._output_shape = tuple(output_shape)
if len(self._output_shape) > len(self._source_shape):
raise base.Error('Output domain dimensionality ({}) must be equal or '
'smaller than source domain dimensionality ({})'
.format(len(self._output_shape),
len(self._source_shape)))
self._num_coeff = num_coeff
self._psi = self._create_features(**kwargs)
@abc.abstractmethod
def _create_features(self, **kwargs):
"""Generates matrix of features, of size `[num_coeff, num_points]`."""
pass
@property
def n_coeff(self):
"""Returns number of coefficients of warping function."""
return self._n_coeff
@property
def psi(self):
"""Returns a list of features used to compute the grid warp."""
return self._psi
@property
def source_shape(self):
"""Returns a tuple containing the shape of the source signal."""
return self._source_shape
@property
def output_shape(self):
"""Returns a tuple containing the shape of the output grid."""
return self._output_shape
def _create_affine_features(output_shape, source_shape):
"""Generates n-dimensional homogenous coordinates for a given grid definition.
`source_shape` and `output_shape` are used to define the size of the source
and output signal domains, as opposed to the shape of the respective
Tensors. For example, for an image of size `width=W` and `height=H`,
`{source,output}_shape=[H, W]`; for a volume of size `width=W`, `height=H`
and `depth=D`, `{source,output}_shape=[H, W, D]`.
Args:
output_shape: Iterable of integers determining the shape of the grid to be
warped.
source_shape: Iterable of integers determining the domain of the signal to be
resampled.
Returns:
List of flattened numpy arrays of coordinates in range `[-1, 1]^N`, for
example:
```
[[x_0_0, .... , x_0_{n-1}],
....
[x_{M-1}_0, .... , x_{M-1}_{n-1}],
[x_{M}_0=0, .... , x_{M}_{n-1}=0],
...
[x_{N-1}_0=0, .... , x_{N-1}_{n-1}=0],
[1, ..., 1]]
```
where N is the dimensionality of the sampled space, M is the
dimensionality of the output space, i.e. 2 for images
and 3 for volumes, and n is the number of points in the output grid.
When the dimensionality of `output_shape` is smaller that that of
`source_shape` the last rows before [1, ..., 1] will be filled with 0.
"""
ranges = [np.linspace(-1, 1, x, dtype=np.float32)
for x in reversed(output_shape)]
psi = [x.reshape(-1) for x in np.meshgrid(*ranges, indexing='xy')]
dim_gap = len(source_shape) - len(output_shape)
for _ in xrange(dim_gap):
psi.append(np.zeros_like(psi[0], dtype=np.float32))
psi.append(np.ones_like(psi[0], dtype=np.float32))
return psi
class AffineGridWarper(GridWarper):
"""Affine Grid Warper class.
The affine grid warper generates a reference grid of n-dimensional points
and warps it via an affine transormation model determined by an input
parameter Tensor. Some of the transformation parameters can be fixed at
construction time via an `AffineWarpConstraints` object.
"""
def __init__(self,
source_shape,
output_shape,
constraints=None,
name='affine_grid_warper'):
"""Constructs an AffineGridWarper.
`source_shape` and `output_shape` are used to define the size of the source
and output signal domains, as opposed to the shape of the respective
Tensors. For example, for an image of size `width=W` and `height=H`,
`{source,output}_shape=[H, W]`; for a volume of size `width=W`, `height=H`
and `depth=D`, `{source,output}_shape=[H, W, D]`.
Args:
source_shape: Iterable of integers determining the size of the source
signal domain.
output_shape: Iterable of integers determining the size of the destination
resampled signal domain.
constraints: Either a double list of shape `[N, N+1]` defining constraints
on the entries of a matrix defining an affine transformation in N
dimensions, or an `AffineWarpConstraints` object. If the double list is
passed, a numeric value bakes in a constraint on the corresponding
entry in the transformation matrix, whereas `None` implies that the
corresponding entry will be specified at run time.
name: Name of module.
Raises:
Error: If constraints fully define the affine transformation; or if
input grid shape and contraints have different dimensionality.
TypeError: If output_shape and source_shape are not both iterable.
"""
self._source_shape = tuple(source_shape)
self._output_shape = tuple(output_shape)
num_dim = len(source_shape)
if isinstance(constraints, AffineWarpConstraints):
self._constraints = constraints
elif constraints is None:
self._constraints = AffineWarpConstraints.no_constraints(num_dim)
else:
self._constraints = AffineWarpConstraints(constraints=constraints)
if self._constraints.num_free_params == 0:
raise base.Error('Transformation is fully constrained.')
if self._constraints.num_dim != num_dim:
raise base.Error('Incompatible set of constraints provided: '
'input grid shape and constraints have different '
'dimensionality.')
super(AffineGridWarper, self).__init__(source_shape=source_shape,
output_shape=output_shape,
num_coeff=6,
name=name,
constraints=self._constraints)
def _create_features(self, constraints):
"""Creates all the matrices needed to compute the output warped grids."""
affine_warp_constraints = constraints
if not isinstance(affine_warp_constraints, AffineWarpConstraints):
affine_warp_constraints = AffineWarpConstraints(affine_warp_constraints)
mask = affine_warp_constraints.mask
psi = _create_affine_features(output_shape=self._output_shape,
source_shape=self._source_shape)
scales = [(x - 1.0) * .5 for x in reversed(self._source_shape)]
offsets = scales
# Transforming a point x's i-th coordinate via an affine transformation
# is performed via the following dot product:
#
# x_i' = s_i * (T_i * x) + t_i (1)
#
# where Ti is the i-th row of an affine matrix, and the scalars s_i and t_i
# define a decentering and global scaling into the source space.
# In the AffineGridWarper some of the entries of Ti are provided via the
# input, some others are instead fixed, according to the constraints
# assigned in the constructor.
# In create_features the internal dot product (1) is accordingly broken down
# into two parts:
#
# x_i' = Ti[uncon_i] * x[uncon_i, :] + offset(con_var) (2)
#
# i.e. the sum of the dot product of the free parameters (coming
# from the input) indexed by uncond_i and an offset obtained by
# precomputing the fixed part of (1) according to the constraints.
# This step is implemented by analyzing row by row the constraints matrix
# and saving into a list the x[uncon_i] and offset(con_var) data matrices
# for each output dimension.
features = []
for row, scale in zip(mask, scales):
x_i = np.array([x for x, is_active in zip(psi, row) if is_active])
features.append(x_i * scale if len(x_i) else None)
for row_i, row in enumerate(mask):
x_i = None
s = scales[row_i]
for i, is_active in enumerate(row):
if is_active:
continue
# In principle a whole row of the affine matrix can be fully
# constrained. In that case the corresponding dot product between input
# parameters and grid coordinates doesn't need to be implemented in the
# computation graph since it can be precomputed.
# When a whole row if constrained, x_i - which is initialized to
# None - will still be None at the end do the loop when it is appended
# to the features list; this value is then used to detect this setup
# in the build function where the graph is assembled.
if x_i is None:
x_i = np.array(psi[i]) * affine_warp_constraints[row_i][i] * s
else:
x_i += np.array(psi[i]) * affine_warp_constraints[row_i][i] * s
features.append(x_i)
features += offsets
return features
def _build(self, inputs):
"""Assembles the module network and adds it to the graph.
The internal computation graph is assembled according to the set of
constraints provided at construction time.
Args:
inputs: Tensor containing a batch of transformation parameters.
Returns:
A batch of warped grids.
Raises:
Error: If the input tensor size is not consistent with the constraints
passed at construction time.
"""
input_shape = tf.shape(inputs)
input_dtype = inputs.dtype.as_numpy_dtype
batch_size = tf.expand_dims(input_shape[0], 0)
number_of_params = inputs.get_shape()[1]
if number_of_params != self._constraints.num_free_params:
raise base.Error('Input size is not consistent with constraint '
'definition: {} parameters expected, {} provided.'
.format(self._constraints.num_free_params,
number_of_params))
num_output_dimensions = len(self._psi) // 3
def get_input_slice(start, size):
"""Extracts a subset of columns from the input 2D Tensor."""
return basic.SliceByDim([1], [start], [size])(inputs)
warped_grid = []
var_index_offset = 0
number_of_points = np.prod(self._output_shape)
for i in xrange(num_output_dimensions):
if self._psi[i] is not None:
# The i-th output dimension is not fully specified by the constraints,
# the graph is setup to perform matrix multiplication in batch mode.
grid_coord = self._psi[i].astype(input_dtype)
num_active_vars = self._psi[i].shape[0]
active_vars = get_input_slice(var_index_offset, num_active_vars)
warped_coord = tf.matmul(active_vars, grid_coord)
warped_coord = tf.expand_dims(warped_coord, 1)
var_index_offset += num_active_vars
offset = self._psi[num_output_dimensions + i]
if offset is not None:
offset = offset.astype(input_dtype)
# Some entries in the i-th row of the affine matrix were constrained
# and the corresponding matrix multiplications have been precomputed.
tiling_params = tf.concat(
[
batch_size, tf.constant(
1, shape=(1,)), tf.ones_like(offset.shape)
],
0)
offset = offset.reshape((1, 1) + offset.shape)
warped_coord += tf.tile(offset, tiling_params)
else:
# The i-th output dimension is fully specified by the constraints, and
# the corresponding matrix multiplications have been precomputed.
warped_coord = self._psi[num_output_dimensions + i].astype(input_dtype)
tiling_params = tf.concat(
[
batch_size, tf.constant(
1, shape=(1,)), tf.ones_like(warped_coord.shape)
],
0)
warped_coord = warped_coord.reshape((1, 1) + warped_coord.shape)
warped_coord = tf.tile(warped_coord, tiling_params)
warped_coord += self._psi[i + 2 * num_output_dimensions]
# Need to help TF figuring out shape inference since tiling information
# is held in Tensors which are not known until run time.
warped_coord.set_shape([None, 1, number_of_points])
warped_grid.append(warped_coord)
# Reshape all the warped coordinates tensors to match the specified output
# shape and concatenate into a single matrix.
grid_shape = self._output_shape + (1,)
warped_grid = [basic.BatchReshape(grid_shape)(grid) for grid in warped_grid]
return tf.concat(warped_grid, len(grid_shape))
@property
def constraints(self):
return self._constraints
def inverse(self, name=None):
"""Returns a `sonnet` module to compute inverse affine transforms.
The function first assembles a network that given the constraints of the
current AffineGridWarper and a set of input parameters, retrieves the
coefficients of the corresponding inverse affine transform, then feeds its
output into a new AffineGridWarper setup to correctly warp the `output`
space into the `source` space.
Args:
name: Name of module implementing the inverse grid transformation.
Returns:
A `sonnet` module performing the inverse affine transform of a reference
grid of points via an AffineGridWarper module.
Raises:
tf.errors.UnimplementedError: If the function is called on a non 2D
instance of AffineGridWarper.
"""
if self._num_coeff != 6:
raise tf.errors.UnimplementedError('AffineGridWarper currently supports'
'inversion only for the 2D case.')
def _affine_grid_warper_inverse(inputs):
"""Assembles network to compute inverse affine transformation.
Each `inputs` row potentially contains [a, b, tx, c, d, ty]
corresponding to an affine matrix:
A = [a, b, tx],
[c, d, ty]
We want to generate a tensor containing the coefficients of the
corresponding inverse affine transformation in a constraints-aware
fashion.
Calling M:
M = [a, b]
[c, d]
the affine matrix for the inverse transform is:
A_in = [M^(-1), M^-1 * [-tx, -tx]^T]
where
M^(-1) = (ad - bc)^(-1) * [ d, -b]
[-c, a]
Args:
inputs: Tensor containing a batch of transformation parameters.
Returns:
A tensorflow graph performing the inverse affine transformation
parametrized by the input coefficients.
"""
batch_size = tf.expand_dims(tf.shape(inputs)[0], 0)
constant_shape = tf.concat([batch_size, tf.convert_to_tensor((1,))], 0)
index = iter(range(6))
def get_variable(constraint):
if constraint is None:
i = next(index)
return inputs[:, i:i+1]
else:
return tf.fill(constant_shape, tf.constant(constraint,
dtype=inputs.dtype))
constraints = itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.constraints)
a, b, tx, c, d, ty = (get_variable(constr) for constr in constraints)
det = a * d - b * c
a_inv = d / det
b_inv = -b / det
c_inv = -c / det
d_inv = a / det
m_inv = basic.BatchReshape(
[2, 2])(tf.concat([a_inv, b_inv, c_inv, d_inv], 1))
txy = tf.expand_dims(tf.concat([tx, ty], 1), 2)
txy_inv = basic.BatchFlatten()(tf.matmul(m_inv, txy))
tx_inv = txy_inv[:, 0:1]
ty_inv = txy_inv[:, 1:2]
inverse_gw_inputs = tf.concat(
[a_inv, b_inv, -tx_inv, c_inv, d_inv, -ty_inv], 1)
agw = AffineGridWarper(self.output_shape,
self.source_shape)
return agw(inverse_gw_inputs) # pylint: disable=not-callable
if name is None:
name = self.module_name + '_inverse'
return base.Module(_affine_grid_warper_inverse, name=name)
class AffineWarpConstraints(object):
"""Affine warp contraints class.
`AffineWarpConstraints` allow for very succinct definitions of constraints on
the values of entries in affine transform matrices.
"""
def __init__(self, constraints=((None,) * 3,) * 2):
"""Creates a constraint definition for an affine transformation.
Args:
constraints: A doubly-nested iterable of shape `[N, N+1]` defining
constraints on the entries of a matrix that represents an affine
transformation in `N` dimensions. A numeric value bakes in a constraint
on the corresponding entry in the transformation matrix, whereas `None`
implies that the corresponding entry will be specified at run time.
Raises:
TypeError: If `constraints` is not a nested iterable.
ValueError: If the double iterable `constraints` has inconsistent
dimensions.
"""
try:
self._constraints = tuple(tuple(x) for x in constraints)
except TypeError:
raise TypeError('constraints must be a nested iterable.')
# Number of rows
self._num_dim = len(self._constraints)
expected_num_cols = self._num_dim + 1
if any(len(x) != expected_num_cols for x in self._constraints):
raise ValueError('The input list must define a Nx(N+1) matrix of '
'contraints.')
def _calc_mask(self):
"""Computes a boolean mask from the user defined constraints."""
mask = []
for row in self._constraints:
mask.append(tuple(x is None for x in row))
return tuple(mask)
def _calc_num_free_params(self):
"""Computes number of non constrained parameters."""
return sum(row.count(None) for row in self._constraints)
@property
def num_free_params(self):
return self._calc_num_free_params()
@property
def mask(self):
return self._calc_mask()
@property
def constraints(self):
return self._constraints
@property
def num_dim(self):
return self._num_dim
def __getitem__(self, i):
"""Returns the list of constraints for the i-th row of the affine matrix."""
return self._constraints[i]
def _combine(self, x, y):
"""Combines two constraints, raising an error if they are not compatible."""
if x is None or y is None:
return x or y
if x != y:
raise ValueError('Incompatible set of constraints provided.')
return x
def __and__(self, rhs):
"""Combines two sets of constraints into a coherent single set."""
return self.combine_with(rhs)
def combine_with(self, additional_constraints):
"""Combines two sets of constraints into a coherent single set."""
x = additional_constraints
if not isinstance(additional_constraints, AffineWarpConstraints):
x = AffineWarpConstraints(additional_constraints)
new_constraints = []
for left, right in zip(self._constraints, x.constraints):
new_constraints.append([self._combine(x, y) for x, y in zip(left, right)])
return AffineWarpConstraints(new_constraints)
# Collection of utlities to initialize an AffineGridWarper in 2D and 3D.
@classmethod
def no_constraints(cls, num_dim=2):
"""Empty set of constraints for a num_dim-ensional affine transform."""
return cls(((None,) * (num_dim + 1),) * num_dim)
@classmethod
def translation_2d(cls, x=None, y=None):
"""Assign contraints on translation components of affine transform in 2d."""
return cls([[None, None, x],
[None, None, y]])
@classmethod
def translation_3d(cls, x=None, y=None, z=None):
"""Assign contraints on translation components of affine transform in 3d."""
return cls([[None, None, None, x],
[None, None, None, y],
[None, None, None, z]])
@classmethod
def scale_2d(cls, x=None, y=None):
"""Assigns contraints on scaling components of affine transform in 2d."""
return cls([[x, None, None],
[None, y, None]])
@classmethod
def scale_3d(cls, x=None, y=None, z=None):
"""Assigns contraints on scaling components of affine transform in 3d."""
return cls([[x, None, None, None],
[None, y, None, None],
[None, None, z, None]])
@classmethod
def shear_2d(cls, x=None, y=None):
"""Assigns contraints on shear components of affine transform in 2d."""
return cls([[None, x, None],
[y, None, None]])
@classmethod
def no_shear_2d(cls):
return cls.shear_2d(x=0, y=0)
@classmethod
def no_shear_3d(cls):
"""Assigns contraints on shear components of affine transform in 3d."""
return cls([[None, 0, 0, None],
[0, None, 0, None],
[0, 0, None, None]])