apacheGH-39876: [C++] Thirdparty: Bump zlib to 1.3.1 (apache#39877)

### Rationale for this change

zlib 1.3.1 is the latest release.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Bump zlib to 1.3.1

### Are these changes tested?

Already has testing

### Are there any user-facing changes?

no

* Closes: apache#39876

Authored-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

cpp/thirdparty/versions.txt

@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ ARROW_UTF8PROC_BUILD_VERSION=v2.7.0
 ARROW_UTF8PROC_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=4bb121e297293c0fd55f08f83afab6d35d48f0af4ecc07523ad8ec99aa2b12a1
 ARROW_XSIMD_BUILD_VERSION=9.0.1
 ARROW_XSIMD_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=b1bb5f92167fd3a4f25749db0be7e61ed37e0a5d943490f3accdcd2cd2918cc0
-ARROW_ZLIB_BUILD_VERSION=1.3
-ARROW_ZLIB_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=ff0ba4c292013dbc27530b3a81e1f9a813cd39de01ca5e0f8bf355702efa593e
+ARROW_ZLIB_BUILD_VERSION=1.3.1
+ARROW_ZLIB_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=9a93b2b7dfdac77ceba5a558a580e74667dd6fede4585b91eefb60f03b72df23
 ARROW_ZSTD_BUILD_VERSION=1.5.5
 ARROW_ZSTD_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=9c4396cc829cfae319a6e2615202e82aad41372073482fce286fac78646d3ee4