apacheGH-38737: [Java] Fix JDBC caching of SqlInfo values (apache#38739)

### Rationale for this change
The cache of SqlInfo properties that ArrowDatabaseMetaData maintains isn't populated in a thread-safe way. This can cause JDBC applications trying to retrieve several properties from DatabaseMetaData to encounter missing properties when they shouldn't.

### What changes are included in this PR?
- Changed the checking for the cache being populated to be based on an AtomicBoolean marking that the cache is fully populated, rather than just checking if the cache is empty.
- Avoid having multiple threads call getSqlInfo() if they see that the cache is empty concurrently.

### Are these changes tested?
Verified existing unit tests.

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No.
* Closes: apache#38737

Authored-by: James Duong <james.duong@improving.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>

java/flight/flight-sql-jdbc-core/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/driver/jdbc/ArrowDatabaseMetadata.java

@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
 import java.sql.SQLException;
 import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.EnumMap;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ public class ArrowDatabaseMetadata extends AvaticaDatabaseMetaData {
           Field.notNullable("IS_AUTOINCREMENT", Types.MinorType.VARCHAR.getType()),
           Field.notNullable("IS_GENERATEDCOLUMN", Types.MinorType.VARCHAR.getType())
       ));
-  private final Map<SqlInfo, Object> cachedSqlInfo =
-      Collections.synchronizedMap(new EnumMap<>(SqlInfo.class));
+  private final AtomicBoolean isCachePopulated = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+  private final Map<SqlInfo, Object> cachedSqlInfo = new EnumMap<>(SqlInfo.class);
   private static final Map<Integer, Integer> sqlTypesToFlightEnumConvertTypes = new HashMap<>();
 
   static {
@@ -729,10 +729,15 @@ private <T> T getSqlInfoAndCacheIfCacheIsEmpty(final SqlInfo sqlInfoCommand,
                                                  final Class<T> desiredType)
       throws SQLException {
     final ArrowFlightConnection connection = getConnection();
-    if (cachedSqlInfo.isEmpty()) {
-      final FlightInfo sqlInfo = connection.getClientHandler().getSqlInfo();
+    if (!isCachePopulated.get()) {
+      // Lock-and-populate the cache. Only issue the call to getSqlInfo() once,
+      // populate the cache, then mark it as populated.
+      // Note that multiple callers from separate threads can see that the cache is not populated, but only
+      // one thread will try to populate the cache. Other threads will see the cache is non-empty when acquiring
+      // the lock on the cache and skip population.
       synchronized (cachedSqlInfo) {
         if (cachedSqlInfo.isEmpty()) {
+          final FlightInfo sqlInfo = connection.getClientHandler().getSqlInfo();
           try (final ResultSet resultSet =
                    ArrowFlightJdbcFlightStreamResultSet.fromFlightInfo(
                        connection, sqlInfo, null)) {
@@ -741,6 +746,7 @@ private <T> T getSqlInfoAndCacheIfCacheIsEmpty(final SqlInfo sqlInfoCommand,
                   resultSet.getObject("value"));
             }
           }
+          isCachePopulated.set(true);
         }
       }
     }

java/flight/flight-sql-jdbc-core/src/test/java/org/apache/arrow/driver/jdbc/utils/MockFlightSqlProducer.java

@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ public final class MockFlightSqlProducer implements FlightSqlProducer {
 
   private final Map<String, Integer> actionTypeCounter = new HashMap<>();
 
-  private static FlightInfo getFightInfoExportedAndImportedKeys(final Message message,
-                                                                final FlightDescriptor descriptor) {
+  private static FlightInfo getFlightInfoExportedAndImportedKeys(final Message message,
+                                                                 final FlightDescriptor descriptor) {
     return getFlightInfo(message, Schemas.GET_IMPORTED_KEYS_SCHEMA, descriptor);
   }
 
@@ -529,22 +529,22 @@ public void getStreamPrimaryKeys(final CommandGetPrimaryKeys commandGetPrimaryKe
   public FlightInfo getFlightInfoExportedKeys(final CommandGetExportedKeys commandGetExportedKeys,
                                               final CallContext callContext,
                                               final FlightDescriptor flightDescriptor) {
-    return getFightInfoExportedAndImportedKeys(commandGetExportedKeys, flightDescriptor);
+    return getFlightInfoExportedAndImportedKeys(commandGetExportedKeys, flightDescriptor);
   }
 
   @Override
   public FlightInfo getFlightInfoImportedKeys(final CommandGetImportedKeys commandGetImportedKeys,
                                               final CallContext callContext,
                                               final FlightDescriptor flightDescriptor) {
-    return getFightInfoExportedAndImportedKeys(commandGetImportedKeys, flightDescriptor);
+    return getFlightInfoExportedAndImportedKeys(commandGetImportedKeys, flightDescriptor);
   }
 
   @Override
   public FlightInfo getFlightInfoCrossReference(
       final CommandGetCrossReference commandGetCrossReference,
       final CallContext callContext,
       final FlightDescriptor flightDescriptor) {
-    return getFightInfoExportedAndImportedKeys(commandGetCrossReference, flightDescriptor);
+    return getFlightInfoExportedAndImportedKeys(commandGetCrossReference, flightDescriptor);
   }
 
   @Override