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fdd000236.xml
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fdd000236.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<fdd:FDD id="fdd000236" titleName="WARC, Web ARChive file format" shortName="WARC" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:fdd="http://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/schemas/fdd/v1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/schemas/fdd/v1 http://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/schemas/fdd/v1/fdd-v1-2.xsd">
<fdd:properties>
<fdd:gdfrGenreSelection>
<fdd:gdfrGenre>aggregate</fdd:gdfrGenre>
</fdd:gdfrGenreSelection>
<fdd:formatCategories>
<fdd:category>file-format</fdd:category>
</fdd:formatCategories>
<fdd:gdfrDomains>
<fdd:gdfrDomain>
<fdd:value>web-archive</fdd:value>
</fdd:gdfrDomain>
</fdd:gdfrDomains>
<fdd:updates>
<fdd:date>2024-04-29</fdd:date>
</fdd:updates>
<fdd:draftStatus>Partial</fdd:draftStatus>
</fdd:properties>
<fdd:identificationAndDescription>
<fdd:fullName>WARC (Web ARChive) file format</fdd:fullName>
<fdd:keywords>
<fdd:keyword>web harvesting</fdd:keyword>
<fdd:keyword>web capture</fdd:keyword>
<fdd:keyword>web archiving</fdd:keyword>
<fdd:keyword>container formats</fdd:keyword>
</fdd:keywords>
<fdd:description>
<p>The WARC (Web ARChive) format specifies a method for combining multiple digital resources into an aggregate archival file together with related information. The WARC format is a revision of the Internet Archive's ARC File Format [<fddLink id="fdd000235">ARC_IA</fddLink>] format that has traditionally been used to store "web crawls" as sequences of content blocks harvested from the World Wide Web. The WARC format generalizes the older format to better support the harvesting, access, and exchange needs of archiving organizations. Besides the primary content currently recorded, the revision accommodates related secondary content, such as assigned metadata, abbreviated duplicate detection events, later-date transformations, and segmentation of large resources.</p>
<p>A WARC format file is the concatenation of one or more WARC records. A WARC record consists of a record header followed by a record content block and two newlines; the header has mandatory named fields that document the date, type, and length of the record and support the convenient retrieval of each harvested resource (file). There are eight types of WARC record: 'warcinfo', 'response', 'resource', 'request', 'metadata', 'revisit', 'conversion', and 'continuation'. The content blocks in a WARC file may contain resources in any format; examples include the binary image or audiovisual files that may be embedded or linked to in HTML pages.</p>
</fdd:description>
<fdd:shortDescription>Web ARChive file format. ISO 28500:2009. Used by archival institutions to store content harvested by web crawls, for example via use of the Heritrix harvesting tool.</fdd:shortDescription>
<fdd:productionPhase>Used for web-accessible content in archived state, representing the final form disseminated in final state over the web to a user agent (web browser).</fdd:productionPhase>
<fdd:relationships>
<fdd:relationship>
<fdd:typeOfRelationship>May contain</fdd:typeOfRelationship>
<fdd:comment> Data of various types; see <a href="#notes">Notes</a> below</fdd:comment>
</fdd:relationship>
<fdd:relationship>
<fdd:typeOfRelationship>May have component</fdd:typeOfRelationship>
<fdd:relatedTo>
<fdd:id>fdd000590</fdd:id>
<fdd:shortName>CDX_Index</fdd:shortName>
<fdd:titleName>CDX Internet Archive Index File</fdd:titleName>
</fdd:relatedTo>
</fdd:relationship>
<fdd:relationship>
<fdd:typeOfRelationship>Has earlier version</fdd:typeOfRelationship>
<fdd:relatedTo>
<fdd:id>fdd000235</fdd:id>
<fdd:shortName>ARC_IA</fdd:shortName>
<fdd:titleName>Internet Archive ARC file format</fdd:titleName>
</fdd:relatedTo>
<fdd:comment> </fdd:comment>
</fdd:relationship>
</fdd:relationships>
</fdd:identificationAndDescription>
<fdd:localUse>
<fdd:experience>
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/web-archiving/about-this-program/">LC's web harvesting activities</a> capture web sites in the WARC format. LC also has web archives in the predecessor <fddLink id="fdd000235">ARC_IA</fddLink> format. </fdd:experience>
<fdd:preference>
<p>The Library of Congress Recommended Formats Statement (RFS) lists WARC as the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rfs/webarchives.html">Preferred format</a> for web archives. </p>
</fdd:preference>
</fdd:localUse>
<fdd:sustainabilityFactors>
<fdd:disclosure>
Open standard, publicly documented, developed under the auspices of the International Internet Preservation Consortium. Submitted in May 2005 as a work item through ISO TC46/SC4, it was approved as an International Standard in May 2009. ISO TC46/SC4/WG12, convened by the
Bibliothèque nationale de France, is the working group responsible for maintenance.</fdd:disclosure>
<fdd:documentation>
<a href="https://www.iso.org/standard/44717.html">ISO 28500:2009, Information and documentation -- WARC file
format</a> is available from ISO for purchase. The draft standard that was the basis for approval, ISO/DIS 28500, is at <a href="http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf">http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf</a>. </fdd:documentation>
<fdd:adoption>
The file format was designed to support the requirements of members of the <a href="https://netpreserve.org/about-us">International Internet Preservation Consortium</a>.
</fdd:adoption>
<fdd:licensingAndPatents>
None.
</fdd:licensingAndPatents>
<fdd:transparency>The WARC wrapper is transparent. Contained data harvested from the Web may be in any format. Transparency varies by format.
</fdd:transparency>
<fdd:selfDocumentation>
<p>In the WARC files containing the actual archived "documents" (html, gif, jpeg, ps, etc.) each document is preceded by basic information about the document.</p>
<p>
<b>Accessibility Features</b>
</p>
<p>No specific features in the file format. Instead, accessibility support for web content is supported through adherence to the W3C's <a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)</a> which defines <a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/glance/">structures and good practice</a> to make web content perceivable (such as text alternatives and captions), operable (such as keyboard navigation), understandable (predictable behavior) and robust (maximize compatibility with current and future user tools). These are then captured by the WARC file as part of the web archiving process.</p>
</fdd:selfDocumentation>
<fdd:externalDependencies>
User access depends on large-scale indexing of a corpus.
</fdd:externalDependencies>
<fdd:techProtection>
None.
</fdd:techProtection>
</fdd:sustainabilityFactors>
<fdd:qualityAndFunctionalityFactors>
<fdd:webArchiveQF>
<fdd:normalWeb>Supported through Internet Archive's <a href="http://www.archive.org/web/web.php">Wayback Machine</a> or equivalent tool.</fdd:normalWeb>
<fdd:docHarvest>Allows for substantial information about the time of harvesting, the IP address of the harvesting machine, Internet Media Type (MIME type) and response code for the harvest transaction, the purpose of harvesting, etc.</fdd:docHarvest>
<fdd:efficiency>Excellent for efficient bulk harvesting and efficient indexing for access by URL and date. The structured record headers can be extracted and stored separately for efficient indexing. WARC supports duplicate elimination and compression to reduce file sizes for storage, transmission, and indexing after harvesting. </fdd:efficiency>
<fdd:stewardship>WARC was developed as an extension to ARC in part to provide better capabilities for managing Web archives for the long term. See <a href="../content/webarch_quality.shtml">Web Sites and Pages: Quality and Functionality Factors</a>.</fdd:stewardship>
</fdd:webArchiveQF>
</fdd:qualityAndFunctionalityFactors>
<fdd:fileTypeSignifiers>
<fdd:signifiersGroup>
<fdd:filenameExtension>
<fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:sigValue>warc</fdd:sigValue>
</fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:note>WARC files are not typically transmitted to users or used in ways that depend on recognition by file type.</fdd:note>
</fdd:filenameExtension>
<fdd:internetMediaType>
<fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:sigValue>application/warc</fdd:sigValue>
</fdd:sigValues>
</fdd:internetMediaType>
<fdd:other>
<fdd:tag>Other</fdd:tag>
<fdd:values>
<fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:sigValue> NF00439</fdd:sigValue>
</fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:note>See NARA File Format Preservation Plan ID <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/lod/dpframework/id/NF00439.ttl">https://www.archives.gov/files/lod/dpframework/id/NF00439.ttl</a> for Web ARChive (WARC) 1.0.</fdd:note>
</fdd:values>
</fdd:other>
<fdd:other>
<fdd:tag>Other</fdd:tag>
<fdd:values>
<fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:sigValue> NF00623</fdd:sigValue>
</fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:note>See NARA File Format Preservation Plan ID <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/lod/dpframework/id/NF00623.ttl">https://www.archives.gov/files/lod/dpframework/id/NF00623.ttl</a> for Web ARChive (WARC) 1.1.</fdd:note>
</fdd:values>
</fdd:other>
<fdd:other>
<fdd:tag>Pronom PUID</fdd:tag>
<fdd:values>
<fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:sigValue>fmt/289</fdd:sigValue>
</fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:note>See <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PRONOM/fmt/289">http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PRONOM/fmt/289</a>.</fdd:note>
</fdd:values>
</fdd:other>
<fdd:other>
<fdd:tag>Pronom PUID</fdd:tag>
<fdd:values>
<fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:sigValue>fmt/1355</fdd:sigValue>
</fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:note>See <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PRONOM/fmt/289">http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PRONOM/fmt/1355</a> for WARC 1.0.</fdd:note>
</fdd:values>
</fdd:other>
<fdd:other>
<fdd:tag>Pronom PUID</fdd:tag>
<fdd:values>
<fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:sigValue>fmt/1281</fdd:sigValue>
</fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:note>See <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PRONOM/fmt/289">http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PRONOM/fmt/1281</a> for WARC 1.1.</fdd:note>
</fdd:values>
</fdd:other>
<fdd:other>
<fdd:tag>Wikidata Title ID</fdd:tag>
<fdd:values>
<fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:sigValue>Q7978505</fdd:sigValue>
</fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:note>See <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978505">https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978505</a>.
</fdd:note>
</fdd:values>
</fdd:other>
<fdd:other>
<fdd:tag>Wikidata Title ID</fdd:tag>
<fdd:values>
<fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:sigValue>Q84037847</fdd:sigValue>
</fdd:sigValues>
<fdd:note>See <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84037847">https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84037847</a> for WARC 1.1.
</fdd:note>
</fdd:values>
</fdd:other>
</fdd:signifiersGroup>
</fdd:fileTypeSignifiers>
<fdd:notes>
<fdd:general>The WARC file format is a revision and generalization of the ARC format used by the Internet Archive to store information blocks harvested by web crawlers.</fdd:general>
<fdd:history>An HTML version of WARC File Format (Version 0.9) is at <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126133358/https://archive-access.sourceforge.net/warc/warc_file_format-0.9.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20231126133358/https://archive-access.sourceforge.net/warc/warc_file_format-0.9.html</a> (link via Internet Archive). Subsequent drafts are also available at <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126133358/http://archive-access.sourceforge.net/warc/">https://web.archive.org/web/20231126133358/http://archive-access.sourceforge.net/warc/</a> (link via Internet Archives) in various formats.</fdd:history>
</fdd:notes>
<fdd:formatSpecifications>
<fdd:urls>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://web.archive.org/web/20231126133358/http://archive-access.sourceforge.net/warc/warc_file_format-0.9.html</link>
<tag>WARC File Format (Version 0.9)</tag>
<comment>The final version and an earlier draft of the ISO 28500 standard are listed below. Link via Internet Archive</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
</fdd:urls>
<fdd:citations>
<fdd:citation>
<fdd:specReference>
<specRefDetail rel="snum">ISO 28500:2009</specRefDetail>, <specRefDetail rel="stitle">Information and documentation -- WARC file format</specRefDetail>. (<a href="https://www.iso.org/standard/44717.html">https://www.iso.org/standard/44717.html</a>). The published standard from ISO.</fdd:specReference>
</fdd:citation>
<fdd:citation>
<fdd:specReference>
<specRefDetail rel="snum">ISO/DIS 28500</specRefDetail>: <specRefDetail rel="stitle">Information and documentation — The WARC File Format.</specRefDetail> (<a href="http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf">http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf</a>). The Draft International Standard that was the basis for voting and approval.</fdd:specReference>
</fdd:citation>
</fdd:citations>
</fdd:formatSpecifications>
<fdd:usefulReferences>
<fdd:urls>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/</link>
<tag>The WARC File Format (ISO 28500) - Information, Maintenance, Drafts</tag>
<comment>Hosted by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://web.archive.org/web/20120619151338/http://www.iwaw.net/05/kunze.pdf</link>
<tag>WARC: an archiving format for the Web</tag>
<comment>A presentation on WARC by John Kunze (CDL) at 5th International Web Archiving Workshop (IWAW05). Link via Internet Archive.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://web.archive.org/web/20231126133358/http://archive-access.sourceforge.net/warc/</link>
<tag>WARC File Format specifications</tag>
<comment>From Sourceforge page for Internet Archive ARC access tools. Link via Internet Archive</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>http://dx.doi.org/10.7207/twr13-01</link>
<tag>Web-Archiving: DPC Technology Watch Report 13-01</tag>
<comment>Maureen Pennock. March 2013. Makes frequent reference to the use of WARC and related tools.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://github.com/iipc/openwayback/wiki/General-overview</link>
<tag>OpenWayback: General Overview</tag>
<comment>OpenWayback is an open source Java application designed to query and access archived web material.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://github.com/internetarchive/heritrix3/wiki/Heritrix%20Output</link>
<tag>Heritrix 3.0 and 3.1 User Guide: Output/WARC files</tag>
<comment>Heritrix is the Internet Archive's open-source web crawler project.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://github.com/internetarchive/heritrix3/wiki/WARC%20%28Web%20ARChive%29</link>
<tag>WARC (Web ARChive) sample files</tag>
<comment>From knowledge base supporting Heritrix software.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://www.archives.gov/files/lod/dpframework/id/NF00623.ttl</link>
<tag>NARA File Format Preservation Plan ID entry for NF00623</tag>
<comment>Information in NARA File Format Preservation Plan ID about Web ARChive (WARC) 1.1.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://www.archives.gov/files/lod/dpframework/id/NF00439.ttl</link>
<tag>NARA File Format Preservation Plan ID entry for NF00439</tag>
<comment>Information in NARA File Format Preservation Plan ID about Web ARChive (WARC) 1.0.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pronom/fmt/289</link>
<tag>PRONOM entry for fmt/289</tag>
<comment>Information in PRONOM from UK National Archives about WARC. PUID: fmt/289.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pronom/fmt/1355</link>
<tag>PRONOM entry for fmt/1355</tag>
<comment>Information in PRONOM from UK National Archives about WARC 1.0. PUID: fmt/1355</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pronom/fmt/1281</link>
<tag>PRONOM entry for fmt/1281</tag>
<comment>Information in PRONOM from UK National Archives about WARC 1.1. PUID: fmt/128155</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978505</link>
<tag>Wikidata entry for Q7978505</tag>
<comment>Information in Wikidata about WARC. Wikidata Title ID: Q7978505.</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
<fdd:url>
<fdd:urlReference>
<link>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84037847</link>
<tag>Wikidata entry for Q84037847</tag>
<comment>Information in Wikidata about WARC 1.1. Wikidata Title ID: Q84037847</comment>
</fdd:urlReference>
</fdd:url>
</fdd:urls>
</fdd:usefulReferences>
</fdd:FDD>