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# Introduction

The **Holding Ontology** is a vocabulary to express (library) holdings in RDF.
Connections to related ontologies are included wherever possible.

This ontology deals with items and their relations to agents, documents and services. An item is a copy or exemplar of a document. Items are also referred to as holdings, but a holding is moreover the description of an agents inventory and access information for the item.
The Holding Ontology deals with [items](#item) and their relations to
[agents](#agent) and [documents](#document). An item is a copy or exemplar of a
document. Items are also referred to as holdings, but a holding is moreover the
description of an agents inventory and access information for the item. Items
may further be connected to [services](#documentservice),
[locations](#location), and [chronologies](#chronology).

## Status of this document

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -66,49 +72,36 @@ The Holding Ontology is defined in RDF/Turtle as following:

# Core Classes

The holding Ontology does not define classes on its own but makes usage of
classes defined in other Ontologies. See [References] for references to the
used onotologies.
The holding ontology defines three classes [Item], [Agent], and [Document]
based on existing classes defined in other ontologies.

## Item

[Item]: #item

An **Item** is a particular copy or exemplar of a document. The holding
ontology recommends to either use class [bf:HeldItem] from the [Bibframe Vocabulary], class [frbr:Item] from the [FRBR Ontology] or class [rdac:Item] from the [RDA Classes] vocabulary.
An **Item** is a particular copy or [exemplar of](#exemplarof) a [Document]. The holding
ontology recommends to use class [bf:HeldItem] from the [Bibframe Vocabulary],
class [frbr:Item] from the [FRBR Ontology] or class [rdac:Item] from the [RDA
Vocabularies].

holding:Item a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Item"@en ;
rdfs:comment "Use one of bf:HeldItem frbr:Item rdac:Item"@en ;
owl:unionOf (bf:HeldItem frbr:Item rdac:Item) .

[frbr:Item]: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Item
[rdac:Item]: http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/c/Item
[bf:HeldItem]: http://bibframe.org/vocab/HeldItem

## Agent

[Agent]: #agent

An **Agent** is a person, organization, group or any other entity that can held
items and provide services. The holding ontology recommends to either use class
[foaf:Agent] from the [FOAF Ontology], class [bf:Agent] from the [Bibframe Vocabulary], class [schema:Organization] [schema:Person] from [Schema.org] or class [rdac:Agent] from the [RDA Classes] vocabulary.
items and provide services. The holding ontology recommends to use class
[foaf:Agent] from the [FOAF Ontology], class [bf:Agent] from the [Bibframe
Vocabulary], class [schema:Organization] [schema:Person] from [Schema.org] or
class [rdac:Agent] from the [RDA Vocabularies].

holding:Agent a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Agent"@en ;
rdfs:comment "Use one of bf:Agent or foaf:Agent"@en ;
owl:unionOf (bf:Agent foaf:Agent schema:Organization schema:Person rdac:Agent) .

[foaf:Agent]: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent
[bf:Agent]: http://bibframe.org/vocab/Agent
[rdac:Agent]: http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/c/Agent
[schema:Organization]: http://schema.org/Organization
[schema:Person]: http://schema.org/Person

## Document

[Document]: #document

A **Document** is a body of information used designed with the capacity (and
usually intent) to communicate. A document may manifest symbolic, diagrammatic
or sensory-representational information. Documents may include both abstract
Expand All @@ -130,6 +123,9 @@ also be items ([Document] and [Item] are not disjoint).
[bf:Work]: http://bibframe.org/vocab/Work
[bf:Instance]: http://bibframe.org/vocab/Instance
[schema:CreativeWork]: http://schema.org/CreativeWork
[frbr:Item]: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Item
[bf:HeldItem]: http://bibframe.org/vocab/HeldItem


In the context of this ontology when talking about documents several kinds of documents are involved:

Expand All @@ -146,8 +142,6 @@ The reltions between an [Item] and different kinds of document is shown in this

## label

[label]: #label

A call number, shelf mark or similar label of an item.

holding:label a owl:DatatypeProperty ;
Expand All @@ -167,8 +161,6 @@ A call number, shelf mark or similar label of an item.

## collectedBy

[collectedBy]: #collectedby

Relates an [Item] to an [Agent] who collected the item.

holding:collectedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ;
Expand All @@ -180,8 +172,6 @@ Relates an [Item] to an [Agent] who collected the item.

## heldBy

[heldBy]: #heldby

Relates an [Item] to an [Agent] who holds the item.

holding:heldBy a owl:ObjectProperty ;
Expand All @@ -197,9 +187,7 @@ Relates an [Item] to an [Agent] who holds the item.

## holds

[holds]: #holds

Relates an [Agent] to an [Item] which the [Agent] holds.
Relates an [Agent] to an [Item] which the agent holds.

holding:holds a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "holds"@en ;
Expand All @@ -213,7 +201,10 @@ Relates an [Agent] to an [Item] which the [Agent] holds.

# Relations between abstract Documents and Items

The [exemplar] relation is used to state that a concrete [Item] is a copy of an abstract [Document]. Additional relations exist for items that only contain parts of a document and for items that contain multiple documents (for instance a collection that the document is part of).
The [exemplar] relation is used to state that a concrete [Item] is a copy of an
abstract [Document]. Additional relations exist for items that only contain
parts of a document and for items that contain multiple documents (for instance
a collection that the document is part of).

`item-doc-relation.md`{.include}

Expand All @@ -229,13 +220,17 @@ To give an example:

## exemplar

[exemplar]: #exemplar
Relates a [Document] to an [Item] that is an exemplar or copy of the
[Document]. This property may coincide with [frbr:exemplar] from the [FRBR
Ontology] and [rdam:exemplarOfManifestation] from [RDA Vocabularies] but
the holding ontology does not imply a "manifestation" class.

Relates a [Document] to an [Item] that is an exemplar of the [Document]. This property is similar to frbr:exemplar but does not refer to the class frbr:Manifestation.
[rdam:exemplarOfManifestation]: http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/exemplarOfManifestation

An exemplar should include all parts of a document but there may be gaps and
omissions. If an exemplar only includes parts of a documents that can be
identfied as other documents, one should better use property [narrowerExemplar].
omissions. See [Chronology] for examples. If an exemplar only includes parts of
a documents that can be identfied as other documents, one should better use
property [narrowerExemplar].

holding:exemplar a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "has exemplar"@en ;
Expand All @@ -248,9 +243,7 @@ identfied as other documents, one should better use property [narrowerExemplar].

## exemplarOf

[exemplarOf]: #exemplarof

Relates an item to the document that is exemplified by the item.
Relates an [Item] to the [Document] that is exemplified by the item.

holding:exemplarOf a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is examplar of"@en ;
Expand All @@ -263,9 +256,8 @@ Relates an item to the document that is exemplified by the item.

## broaderExemplar

[broaderExemplar]: #broaderexemplar

Relates a document to an item that contains an exemplar of the document as part.
Relates a [Document] to an [Item] that contains a part of the document as
[exemplar].

holding:broaderExemplar a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "broader exemplar"@en ;
Expand All @@ -274,13 +266,11 @@ Relates a document to an item that contains an exemplar of the document as part.
rdfs:range holding:Item ;
rdfs:seeAlso rdai:containedInItem ;
owl:inverseOf holding:broaderExemplarOf .


## broaderExemplarOf

[broaderExemplarOf]: #broaderexemplarof

Relates an item to a document which is partly exemplified by the item.
Relates an [Item] to a [Document] which is partly exemplified by
([exemplarOf]) the item.

holding:broaderExemplarOf a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "broader exemplar of"@en ;
Expand All @@ -292,9 +282,7 @@ Relates an item to a document which is partly exemplified by the item.

## narrowerExemplar

[narrowerExemplar]: #narrowerexemplar

Relates a document to an item that is an exemplar of a part of the document.
Relates a [Document] to an [Item] that is an [exemplar] of a part of the document.

holding:narrowerExemplar a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "narrower exemplar"@en ;
Expand All @@ -306,9 +294,7 @@ Relates a document to an item that is an exemplar of a part of the document.

## narrowerExemplarOf

[narrowerExemplarOf]: #narrowerexemplarof

Relates an item to a document which is partly exemplified by the item.
Relates an [Item] to a [Document] which is partly exemplified by ([exemplarOf]) the item.

holding:narrowerExemplarOf a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "narrower exemplar of"@en ;
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -351,8 +337,6 @@ is a shortcut for

## DocumentService

[DocumentService]: #documentservice

A **DocumentService** is a service that is related to one or more [documents](#document). The service involves a service provider (e.g.
a library) and an optional service consumer (e.g. a library patron). Both service provider and service consumer SHOULD be instances of [Agent]. The DocumentService class is defined by the [Document Service Ontology].

Expand All @@ -374,8 +358,6 @@ To relate a DocumentService to an [Item] one should use the properties [dso:hasD

## Location

[Location]: #location

A **Location** is a point or area of interest from which a particular [Item] or [DocumentService] is available. The property [availableAtorFrom] should be used to indicate the location of an offered [DocumentService] for an [Item]. The Location class is defined by [GoodRelations].

gr:Location a owl:Class ;
Expand All @@ -399,8 +381,6 @@ The property [org:siteOf] from [Organization Ontology] should be used to relate

## Chronology

[Chronology]: #chronology

A **Chronology** is the description of enumeration and chronology of a periodical. The Chronology class is defined by the [Enumeration and Chronology of Periodicals Ontology].

ecpo:Chronology a owl:Class ;
Expand All @@ -419,8 +399,6 @@ To relate an [Item] to a Chronology use [ecpo:hasChronology] or [ecpo:hasChronol

# Examples

[Examples]: #examples

## A book series, fully held by a library

``` {.example}
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -519,7 +497,7 @@ $alicecopies
* [Service Ontology]
* [Schema.org]
* [Bibframe Vocabulary]
* [RDA Classes]
* [RDA Vocabularies]

[Bibframe Vocabulary]: http://bibframe.org/
[Bibliographic Ontology]: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/
Expand All @@ -531,11 +509,23 @@ $alicecopies
[FRBR Ontology]: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core
[GoodRelations]: http://purl.org/goodrelations/v1
[Organization Ontology]: http://www.w3.org/ns/org

[RDA Vocabularies]: http://www.rdaregistry.info/
[rdac:Agent]: http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/c/Agent
[rdac:Item]: http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/c/Item

[Schema.org]: http://schema.org
[Service Ontology]: http://purl.org/ontology/service

[dso:Loan]: http://purl.org/ontology/dso#Loan
[dso:Interloan]: http://purl.org/ontology/dso#Interloan
[dso:Presentation]: http://purl.org/ontology/dso#Presentation
[Service Ontology]: http://purl.org/ontology/service
[Schema.org]: http://schema.org
[schema:Offer]: http://schema.org/Offer
[gr:Offering]: http://purl.org/goodrelations/v1#Offering
[RDA Classes]: http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/c/

[foaf:Agent]: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent
[bf:Agent]: http://bibframe.org/vocab/Agent
[schema:Organization]: http://schema.org/Organization
[schema:Person]: http://schema.org/Person


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