models.py

# coding: utf-8
"""
1. Bare-bones model

This is a basic model with only two non-primary-key fields.
"""

try:
    set
except NameError:
    from sets import Set as set

from django.db import models

class Article(models.Model):
    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField()

    class Meta:
        ordering = ('pub_date','headline')

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.headline

__test__ = {'API_TESTS': """
# No articles are in the system yet.
>>> Article.objects.all()
[]

# Create an Article.
>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> a = Article(id=None, headline='Area man programs in Python', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))

# Save it into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.
>>> a.save()

# Now it has an ID. Note it's a long integer, as designated by the trailing "L".
>>> a.id
1L

# Models have a pk property that is an alias for the primary key attribute (by
# default, the 'id' attribute).
>>> a.pk
1L

# Access database columns via Python attributes.
>>> a.headline
'Area man programs in Python'
>>> a.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0)

# Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save().
>>> a.headline = 'Area woman programs in Python'
>>> a.save()

# Article.objects.all() returns all the articles in the database.
>>> Article.objects.all()
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>]

# Django provides a rich database lookup API.
>>> Article.objects.get(id__exact=1)
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>
>>> Article.objects.get(headline__startswith='Area woman')
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>
>>> Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005)
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>
>>> Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7)
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>
>>> Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7, pub_date__day=28)
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>

# The "__exact" lookup type can be omitted, as a shortcut.
>>> Article.objects.get(id=1)
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>
>>> Article.objects.get(headline='Area woman programs in Python')
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>

>>> Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005)
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>]
>>> Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2004)
[]
>>> Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7)
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>]

# Django raises an Article.DoesNotExist exception for get() if the parameters
# don't match any object.
>>> Article.objects.get(id__exact=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
DoesNotExist: Article matching query does not exist.

>>> Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=8)
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
DoesNotExist: Article matching query does not exist.

# Lookup by a primary key is the most common case, so Django provides a
# shortcut for primary-key exact lookups.
# The following is identical to articles.get(id=1).
>>> Article.objects.get(pk=1)
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>

# pk can be used as a shortcut for the primary key name in any query
>>> Article.objects.filter(pk__in=[1])
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>]

# Model instances of the same type and same ID are considered equal.
>>> a = Article.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> b = Article.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> a == b
True

# You can initialize a model instance using positional arguments, which should
# match the field order as defined in the model.
>>> a2 = Article(None, 'Second article', datetime(2005, 7, 29))
>>> a2.save()
>>> a2.id
2L
>>> a2.headline
'Second article'
>>> a2.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0)

# ...or, you can use keyword arguments.
>>> a3 = Article(id=None, headline='Third article', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30))
>>> a3.save()
>>> a3.id
3L
>>> a3.headline
'Third article'
>>> a3.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0)

# You can also mix and match position and keyword arguments, but be sure not to
# duplicate field information.
>>> a4 = Article(None, 'Fourth article', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
>>> a4.save()
>>> a4.headline
'Fourth article'

# Don't use invalid keyword arguments.
>>> a5 = Article(id=None, headline='Invalid', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31), foo='bar')
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
TypeError: 'foo' is an invalid keyword argument for this function

# You can leave off the value for an AutoField when creating an object, because
# it'll get filled in automatically when you save().
>>> a5 = Article(headline='Article 6', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
>>> a5.save()
>>> a5.id
5L
>>> a5.headline
'Article 6'

# If you leave off a field with "default" set, Django will use the default.
>>> a6 = Article(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
>>> a6.save()
>>> a6.headline
u'Default headline'

# For DateTimeFields, Django saves as much precision (in seconds) as you
# give it.
>>> a7 = Article(headline='Article 7', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30))
>>> a7.save()
>>> Article.objects.get(id__exact=7).pub_date
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30)

>>> a8 = Article(headline='Article 8', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45))
>>> a8.save()
>>> Article.objects.get(id__exact=8).pub_date
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)
>>> a8.id
8L

# Saving an object again doesn't create a new object -- it just saves the old one.
>>> a8.save()
>>> a8.id
8L
>>> a8.headline = 'Updated article 8'
>>> a8.save()
>>> a8.id
8L

>>> a7 == a8
False
>>> a8 == Article.objects.get(id__exact=8)
True
>>> a7 != a8
True
>>> Article.objects.get(id__exact=8) != Article.objects.get(id__exact=7)
True
>>> Article.objects.get(id__exact=8) == Article.objects.get(id__exact=7)
False

# dates() returns a list of available dates of the given scope for the given field.
>>> Article.objects.dates('pub_date', 'year')
[datetime.datetime(2005, 1, 1, 0, 0)]
>>> Article.objects.dates('pub_date', 'month')
[datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 1, 0, 0)]
>>> Article.objects.dates('pub_date', 'day')
[datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 0, 0)]
>>> Article.objects.dates('pub_date', 'day', order='ASC')
[datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 0, 0)]
>>> Article.objects.dates('pub_date', 'day', order='DESC')
[datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0)]

# dates() requires valid arguments.

>>> Article.objects.dates()
Traceback (most recent call last):
   ...
TypeError: dates() takes at least 3 arguments (1 given)

>>> Article.objects.dates('invalid_field', 'year')
Traceback (most recent call last):
   ...
FieldDoesNotExist: Article has no field named 'invalid_field'

>>> Article.objects.dates('pub_date', 'bad_kind')
Traceback (most recent call last):
   ...
AssertionError: 'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month' or 'day'.

>>> Article.objects.dates('pub_date', 'year', order='bad order')
Traceback (most recent call last):
   ...
AssertionError: 'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'.

# Use iterator() with dates() to return a generator that lazily requests each
# result one at a time, to save memory.
>>> for a in Article.objects.dates('pub_date', 'day', order='DESC').iterator():
...     print repr(a)
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 0, 0)
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0)
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0)
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0)

# You can combine queries with & and |.
>>> s1 = Article.objects.filter(id__exact=1)
>>> s2 = Article.objects.filter(id__exact=2)
>>> s1 | s2
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>, <Article: Second article>]
>>> s1 & s2
[]

# You can get the number of objects like this:
>>> len(Article.objects.filter(id__exact=1))
1

# You can get items using index and slice notation.
>>> Article.objects.all()[0]
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>
>>> Article.objects.all()[1:3]
[<Article: Second article>, <Article: Third article>]
>>> s3 = Article.objects.filter(id__exact=3)
>>> (s1 | s2 | s3)[::2]
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>, <Article: Third article>]

# Slicing works with longs.
>>> Article.objects.all()[0L]
<Article: Area woman programs in Python>
>>> Article.objects.all()[1L:3L]
[<Article: Second article>, <Article: Third article>]
>>> s3 = Article.objects.filter(id__exact=3)
>>> (s1 | s2 | s3)[::2L]
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>, <Article: Third article>]

# And can be mixed with ints.
>>> Article.objects.all()[1:3L]
[<Article: Second article>, <Article: Third article>]

# Slices (without step) are lazy:
>>> Article.objects.all()[0:5].filter()
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>, <Article: Second article>, <Article: Third article>, <Article: Article 6>, <Article: Default headline>]

# Slicing again works:
>>> Article.objects.all()[0:5][0:2]
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>, <Article: Second article>]
>>> Article.objects.all()[0:5][:2]
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>, <Article: Second article>]
>>> Article.objects.all()[0:5][4:]
[<Article: Default headline>]
>>> Article.objects.all()[0:5][5:]
[]

# Some more tests!
>>> Article.objects.all()[2:][0:2]
[<Article: Third article>, <Article: Article 6>]
>>> Article.objects.all()[2:][:2]
[<Article: Third article>, <Article: Article 6>]
>>> Article.objects.all()[2:][2:3]
[<Article: Default headline>]

# Using an offset without a limit is also possible.
>>> Article.objects.all()[5:]
[<Article: Fourth article>, <Article: Article 7>, <Article: Updated article 8>]

# Also, once you have sliced you can't filter, re-order or combine
>>> Article.objects.all()[0:5].filter(id=1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
AssertionError: Cannot filter a query once a slice has been taken.

>>> Article.objects.all()[0:5].order_by('id')
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
AssertionError: Cannot reorder a query once a slice has been taken.

>>> Article.objects.all()[0:1] & Article.objects.all()[4:5]
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
AssertionError: Cannot combine queries once a slice has been taken.

# Negative slices are not supported, due to database constraints.
# (hint: inverting your ordering might do what you need).
>>> Article.objects.all()[-1]
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
AssertionError: Negative indexing is not supported.
>>> Article.objects.all()[0:-5]
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
AssertionError: Negative indexing is not supported.

# An Article instance doesn't have access to the "objects" attribute.
# That's only available on the class.
>>> a7.objects.all()
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
AttributeError: Manager isn't accessible via Article instances

>>> a7.objects
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
AttributeError: Manager isn't accessible via Article instances

# Bulk delete test: How many objects before and after the delete?
>>> Article.objects.all()
[<Article: Area woman programs in Python>, <Article: Second article>, <Article: Third article>, <Article: Article 6>, <Article: Default headline>, <Article: Fourth article>, <Article: Article 7>, <Article: Updated article 8>]
>>> Article.objects.filter(id__lte=4).delete()
>>> Article.objects.all()
[<Article: Article 6>, <Article: Default headline>, <Article: Article 7>, <Article: Updated article 8>]
"""}

from django.conf import settings

building_docs = getattr(settings, 'BUILDING_DOCS', False)

if building_docs or settings.DATABASE_ENGINE == 'postgresql':
    __test__['API_TESTS'] += """
# In PostgreSQL, microsecond-level precision is available.
>>> a9 = Article(headline='Article 9', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45, 180))
>>> a9.save()
>>> Article.objects.get(id__exact=9).pub_date
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45, 180)
"""

if building_docs or settings.DATABASE_ENGINE == 'mysql':
    __test__['API_TESTS'] += """
# In MySQL, microsecond-level precision isn't available. You'll lose
# microsecond-level precision once the data is saved.
>>> a9 = Article(headline='Article 9', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45, 180))
>>> a9.save()
>>> Article.objects.get(id__exact=9).pub_date
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)
"""

__test__['API_TESTS'] += """

# You can manually specify the primary key when creating a new object.
>>> a101 = Article(id=101, headline='Article 101', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45))
>>> a101.save()
>>> a101 = Article.objects.get(pk=101)
>>> a101.headline
u'Article 101'

# You can create saved objects in a single step
>>> a10 = Article.objects.create(headline="Article 10", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45))
>>> Article.objects.get(headline="Article 10")
<Article: Article 10>

# Edge-case test: A year lookup should retrieve all objects in the given
year, including Jan. 1 and Dec. 31.
>>> a11 = Article.objects.create(headline='Article 11', pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1))
>>> a12 = Article.objects.create(headline='Article 12', pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999))
>>> Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2008)
[<Article: Article 11>, <Article: Article 12>]

# Unicode data works, too.
>>> a = Article(headline=u'\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
>>> a.save()
>>> Article.objects.get(pk=a.id).headline
u'\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f'

# Model instances have a hash function, so they can be used in sets or as
# dictionary keys. Two models compare as equal if their primary keys are equal.
>>> s = set([a10, a11, a12])
>>> Article.objects.get(headline='Article 11') in s
True

# The 'select' argument to extra() supports names with dashes in them, as long
# as you use values().
>>> Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2008).extra(select={'dashed-value': '1'}).values('headline', 'dashed-value')
[{'headline': u'Article 11', 'dashed-value': 1}, {'headline': u'Article 12', 'dashed-value': 1}]

# If you use 'select' with extra() and names containing dashes on a query
# that's *not* a values() query, those extra 'select' values will silently be
# ignored.
>>> articles = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2008).extra(select={'dashed-value': '1', 'undashedvalue': '2'})
>>> articles[0].undashedvalue
2
"""