Add some docstrings to the base classes for management commands. Refs #…

…9170.

git-svn-id: http://code.djangoproject.com/svn/django/trunk@9082 bcc190cf-cafb-0310-a4f2-bffc1f526a37

django/core/management/base.py

@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+"""
+Base classes for writing management commands (named commands which can
+be executed through ``django-admin.py`` or ``manage.py``).
+
+"""
+
 import os
 import sys
 from optparse import make_option, OptionParser
@@ -12,20 +18,107 @@
     from sets import Set as set     # For Python 2.3
 
 class CommandError(Exception):
+    """
+    Exception class indicating a problem while executing a management
+    command.
+
+    If this exception is raised during the execution of a management
+    command, it will be caught and turned into a nicely-printed error
+    message to the appropriate output stream (i.e., stderr); as a
+    result, raising this exception (with a sensible description of the
+    error) is the preferred way to indicate that something has gone
+    wrong in the execution of a command.
+    
+    """
     pass
 
 def handle_default_options(options):
     """
-    Include any default options that all commands should accept
-    here so that ManagementUtility can handle them before searching
-    for user commands.
+    Include any default options that all commands should accept here
+    so that ManagementUtility can handle them before searching for
+    user commands.
+    
     """
     if options.settings:
         os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = options.settings
     if options.pythonpath:
         sys.path.insert(0, options.pythonpath)
 
 class BaseCommand(object):
+    """
+    The base class from which all management commands ultimately
+    derive.
+
+    Use this class if you want access to all of the mechanisms which
+    parse the command-line arguments and work out what code to call in
+    response; if you don't need to change any of that behavior,
+    consider using one of the subclasses defined in this file.
+
+    If you are interested in overriding/customizing various aspects of
+    the command-parsing and -execution behavior, the normal flow works
+    as follows:
+
+    1. ``django-admin.py`` or ``manage.py`` loads the command class
+       and calls its ``run_from_argv()`` method.
+
+    2. The ``run_from_argv()`` method calls ``create_parser()`` to get
+       an ``OptionParser`` for the arguments, parses them, performs
+       any environment changes requested by options like
+       ``pythonpath``, and then calls the ``execute()`` method,
+       passing the parsed arguments.
+
+    3. The ``execute()`` method attempts to carry out the command by
+       calling the ``handle()`` method with the parsed arguments; any
+       output produced by ``handle()`` will be printed to standard
+       output and, if the command is intended to produce a block of
+       SQL statements, will be wrapped in ``BEGIN`` and ``COMMIT``.
+
+    4. If ``handle()`` raised a ``ComandError``, ``execute()`` will
+       instead print an error message to ``stderr``.
+
+    Thus, the ``handle()`` method is typically the starting point for
+    subclasses; many built-in commands and command types either place
+    all of their logic in ``handle()``, or perform some additional
+    parsing work in ``handle()`` and then delegate from it to more
+    specialized methods as needed.
+
+    Several attributes affect behavior at various steps along the way:
+    
+    ``args``
+        A string listing the arguments accepted by the command,
+        suitable for use in help messages; e.g., a command which takes
+        a list of application names might set this to '<appname
+        appname ...>'.
+
+    ``can_import_settings``
+        A boolean indicating whether the command needs to be able to
+        import Django settings; if ``True``, ``execute()`` will verify
+        that this is possible before proceeding. Default value is
+        ``True``.
+
+    ``help``
+        A short description of the command, which will be printed in
+        help messages.
+
+    ``option_list``
+        This is the list of ``optparse`` options which will be fed
+        into the command's ``OptionParser`` for parsing arguments.
+
+    ``output_transaction``
+        A boolean indicating whether the command outputs SQL
+        statements; if ``True``, the output will automatically be
+        wrapped with ``BEGIN;`` and ``COMMIT;``. Default value is
+        ``False``.
+
+    ``requires_model_validation``
+        A boolean; if ``True``, validation of installed models will be
+        performed prior to executing the command. Default value is
+        ``True``. To validate an individual application's models
+        rather than all applications' models, call
+        ``self.validate(app)`` from ``handle()``, where ``app`` is the
+        application's Python module.
+    
+    """
     # Metadata about this command.
     option_list = (
         make_option('--settings',
@@ -48,35 +141,65 @@ def __init__(self):
 
     def get_version(self):
         """
-        Returns the Django version, which should be correct for all built-in
-        Django commands. User-supplied commands should override this method.
+        Return the Django version, which should be correct for all
+        built-in Django commands. User-supplied commands should
+        override this method.
+        
         """
         return django.get_version()
 
     def usage(self, subcommand):
+        """
+        Return a brief description of how to use this command, by
+        default from the attribute ``self.help``.
+        
+        """
         usage = '%%prog %s [options] %s' % (subcommand, self.args)
         if self.help:
             return '%s\n\n%s' % (usage, self.help)
         else:
             return usage
 
     def create_parser(self, prog_name, subcommand):
+        """
+        Create and return the ``OptionParser`` which will be used to
+        parse the arguments to this command.
+        
+        """
         return OptionParser(prog=prog_name,
                             usage=self.usage(subcommand),
                             version=self.get_version(),
                             option_list=self.option_list)
 
     def print_help(self, prog_name, subcommand):
+        """
+        Print the help message for this command, derived from
+        ``self.usage()``.
+        
+        """
         parser = self.create_parser(prog_name, subcommand)
         parser.print_help()
 
     def run_from_argv(self, argv):
+        """
+        Set up any environment changes requested (e.g., Python path
+        and Django settings), then run this command.
+        
+        """
         parser = self.create_parser(argv[0], argv[1])
         options, args = parser.parse_args(argv[2:])
         handle_default_options(options)
         self.execute(*args, **options.__dict__)
 
     def execute(self, *args, **options):
+        """
+        Try to execute this command, performing model validation if
+        needed (as controlled by the attribute
+        ``self.requires_model_validation``). If the command raises a
+        ``CommandError``, intercept it and print it sensibly to
+        stderr.
+        
+        """
         # Switch to English, because django-admin.py creates database content
         # like permissions, and those shouldn't contain any translations.
         # But only do this if we can assume we have a working settings file,
@@ -110,8 +233,9 @@ def execute(self, *args, **options):
     def validate(self, app=None, display_num_errors=False):
         """
         Validates the given app, raising CommandError for any errors.
-
+        
         If app is None, then this will validate all installed apps.
+        
         """
         from django.core.management.validation import get_validation_errors
         try:
@@ -128,9 +252,22 @@ def validate(self, app=None, display_num_errors=False):
             print "%s error%s found" % (num_errors, num_errors != 1 and 's' or '')
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
+        """
+        The actual logic of the command. Subclasses must implement
+        this method.
+        
+        """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 class AppCommand(BaseCommand):
+    """
+    A management command which takes one or more installed application
+    names as arguments, and does something with each of them.
+
+    Rather than implementing ``handle()``, subclasses must implement
+    ``handle_app()``, which will be called once for each application.
+    
+    """
     args = '<appname appname ...>'
 
     def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
@@ -149,9 +286,27 @@ def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
         return '\n'.join(output)
 
     def handle_app(self, app, **options):
+        """
+        Perform the command's actions for ``app``, which will be the
+        Python module corresponding to an application name given on
+        the command line.
+        
+        """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 class LabelCommand(BaseCommand):
+    """
+    A management command which takes one or more arbitrary arguments
+    (labels) on the command line, and does something with each of
+    them.
+
+    Rather than implementing ``handle()``, subclasses must implement
+    ``handle_label()``, which will be called once for each label.
+
+    If the arguments should be names of installed applications, use
+    ``AppCommand`` instead.
+    
+    """
     args = '<label label ...>'
     label = 'label'
 
@@ -167,9 +322,24 @@ def handle(self, *labels, **options):
         return '\n'.join(output)
 
     def handle_label(self, label, **options):
+        """
+        Perform the command's actions for ``label``, which will be the
+        string as given on the command line.
+        
+        """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 class NoArgsCommand(BaseCommand):
+    """
+    A command which takes no arguments on the command line.
+
+    Rather than implementing ``handle()``, subclasses must implement
+    ``handle_noargs()``; ``handle()`` itself is overridden to ensure
+    no arguments are passed to the command.
+
+    Attempting to pass arguments will raise ``CommandError``.
+    
+    """
     args = ''
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
@@ -178,12 +348,17 @@ def handle(self, *args, **options):
         return self.handle_noargs(**options)
 
     def handle_noargs(self, **options):
+        """
+        Perform this command's actions.
+        
+        """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 def copy_helper(style, app_or_project, name, directory, other_name=''):
     """
     Copies either a Django application layout template or a Django project
     layout template into the specified directory.
+
     """
     # style -- A color style object (see django.core.management.color).
     # app_or_project -- The string 'app' or 'project'.
@@ -236,7 +411,11 @@ def copy_helper(style, app_or_project, name, directory, other_name=''):
                 sys.stderr.write(style.NOTICE("Notice: Couldn't set permission bits on %s. You're probably using an uncommon filesystem setup. No problem.\n" % path_new))
 
 def _make_writeable(filename):
-    "Makes sure that the file is writeable. Useful if our source is read-only."
+    """
+    Make sure that the file is writeable. Useful if our source is
+    read-only.
+    
+    """
     import stat
     if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
         # On Jython there is no os.access()