e2ir.c

// Compiler implementation of the D programming language
// Copyright (c) 1999-2011 by Digital Mars
// All Rights Reserved
// written by Walter Bright
// http://www.digitalmars.com
// License for redistribution is by either the Artistic License
// in artistic.txt, or the GNU General Public License in gnu.txt.
// See the included readme.txt for details.

#include        <stdio.h>
#include        <string.h>
#include        <time.h>
#include        <complex.h>

#include        "port.h"

#include        "lexer.h"
#include        "expression.h"
#include        "mtype.h"
#include        "dsymbol.h"
#include        "declaration.h"
#include        "enum.h"
#include        "aggregate.h"
#include        "attrib.h"
#include        "module.h"
#include        "init.h"
#include        "template.h"

#include        "mem.h" // for tk/mem_malloc

#include        "cc.h"
#include        "el.h"
#include        "oper.h"
#include        "global.h"
#include        "code.h"
#include        "type.h"
#include        "dt.h"
#include        "irstate.h"
#include        "id.h"
#include        "type.h"
#include        "toir.h"

static char __file__[] = __FILE__;      /* for tassert.h                */
#include        "tassert.h"

typedef ArrayBase<elem> Elems;

elem *addressElem(elem *e, Type *t);
elem *array_toPtr(Type *t, elem *e);
elem *appendDtors(IRState *irs, elem *er, size_t starti, size_t endi);

#define el_setLoc(e,loc)        ((e)->Esrcpos.Sfilename = (char *)(loc).filename, \
                                 (e)->Esrcpos.Slinnum = (loc).linnum)

/* If variable var of type typ is a reference
 */
#if SARRAYVALUE
#define ISREF(var, tb) (var->isOut() || var->isRef())
#else
#define ISREF(var, tb) ((var->isParameter() && tb->ty == Tsarray) || var->isOut() || var->isRef())
#endif

/************************************
 * Call a function.
 */

elem *callfunc(Loc loc,
        IRState *irs,
        int directcall,         // 1: don't do virtual call
        Type *tret,             // return type
        elem *ec,               // evaluates to function address
        Type *ectype,           // original type of ec
        FuncDeclaration *fd,    // if !=NULL, this is the function being called
        Type *t,                // TypeDelegate or TypeFunction for this function
        elem *ehidden,          // if !=NULL, this is the 'hidden' argument
        Expressions *arguments)
{
    elem *ep;
    elem *e;
    elem *ethis = NULL;
    elem *eside = NULL;
    tym_t ty;
    tym_t tyret;
    enum RET retmethod;
    int reverse;
    TypeFunction *tf;
    int op;

#if 0
    printf("callfunc(directcall = %d, tret = '%s', ec = %p, fd = %p)\n",
        directcall, tret->toChars(), ec, fd);
    printf("ec: "); elem_print(ec);
    if (fd)
        printf("fd = '%s'\n", fd->toChars());
#endif

    t = t->toBasetype();
    if (t->ty == Tdelegate)
    {
        // A delegate consists of:
        //      { Object *this; Function *funcptr; }
        assert(!fd);
        assert(t->nextOf()->ty == Tfunction);
        tf = (TypeFunction *)(t->nextOf());
        ethis = ec;
        ec = el_same(&ethis);
        ethis = el_una(I64 ? OP128_64 : OP64_32, TYnptr, ethis); // get this
        ec = array_toPtr(t, ec);                // get funcptr
        ec = el_una(OPind, tf->totym(), ec);
    }
    else
    {   assert(t->ty == Tfunction);
        tf = (TypeFunction *)(t);
    }
    retmethod = tf->retStyle();
    ty = ec->Ety;
    if (fd)
        ty = fd->toSymbol()->Stype->Tty;
    reverse = tyrevfunc(ty);
    ep = NULL;
    if (arguments)
    {
        // j=1 if _arguments[] is first argument
        int j = (tf->linkage == LINKd && tf->varargs == 1);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments->dim ; i++)
        {   Expression *arg = arguments->tdata()[i];
            elem *ea;

            //printf("\targ[%d]: %s\n", i, arg->toChars());

            size_t nparams = Parameter::dim(tf->parameters);
            if (i - j < nparams && i >= j)
            {
                Parameter *p = Parameter::getNth(tf->parameters, i - j);

                if (p->storageClass & (STCout | STCref))
                {
                    // Convert argument to a pointer,
                    // use AddrExp::toElem()
                    Expression *ae = arg->addressOf(NULL);
                    ea = ae->toElem(irs);
                    goto L1;
                }
            }
            ea = arg->toElem(irs);
        L1:
            if (tybasic(ea->Ety) == TYstruct || tybasic(ea->Ety) == TYarray)
            {
                ea = el_una(OPstrpar, TYstruct, ea);
                ea->ET = ea->E1->ET;
            }
            if (reverse)
                ep = el_param(ep,ea);
            else
                ep = el_param(ea,ep);
        }
    }

    if (retmethod == RETstack)
    {
        if (!ehidden)
        {   // Don't have one, so create one
            type *tc;

            Type *tret = tf->next;
            if (tret->toBasetype()->ty == Tstruct ||
                tret->toBasetype()->ty == Tsarray)
                tc = tret->toCtype();
            else
                tc = type_fake(tret->totym());
            Symbol *stmp = symbol_genauto(tc);
            ehidden = el_ptr(stmp);
        }
        if ((global.params.isLinux ||
             global.params.isOSX ||
             global.params.isFreeBSD ||
             global.params.isSolaris) && tf->linkage != LINKd)
            ;   // ehidden goes last on Linux/OSX C++
        else
        {
            if (ep)
            {
#if 0 // BUG: implement
                if (reverse && type_mangle(tfunc) == mTYman_cpp)
                    ep = el_param(ehidden,ep);
                else
#endif
                    ep = el_param(ep,ehidden);
            }
            else
                ep = ehidden;
            ehidden = NULL;
        }
    }

    if (fd && fd->isMember2())
    {
        Symbol *sfunc;
        AggregateDeclaration *ad;

        ad = fd->isThis();
        if (ad)
        {
            ethis = ec;
            if (ad->isStructDeclaration() && tybasic(ec->Ety) != TYnptr)
            {
                ethis = addressElem(ec, ectype);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // Evaluate ec for side effects
            eside = ec;
        }
        sfunc = fd->toSymbol();

        if (!fd->isVirtual() ||
            directcall ||               // BUG: fix
            fd->isFinal()
           /* Future optimization: || (whole program analysis && not overridden)
            */
           )
        {
            // make static call
            ec = el_var(sfunc);
        }
        else
        {
            // make virtual call
            elem *ev;
            unsigned vindex;

            assert(ethis);
            ev = el_same(&ethis);
            ev = el_una(OPind, TYnptr, ev);
            vindex = fd->vtblIndex;

            // Build *(ev + vindex * 4)
if (I32) assert(tysize[TYnptr] == 4);
            ec = el_bin(OPadd,TYnptr,ev,el_long(TYsize_t, vindex * tysize[TYnptr]));
            ec = el_una(OPind,TYnptr,ec);
            ec = el_una(OPind,tybasic(sfunc->Stype->Tty),ec);
        }
    }
    else if (fd && fd->isNested())
    {
        assert(!ethis);
        ethis = getEthis(0, irs, fd);

    }

    ep = el_param(ep, ethis);
    if (ehidden)
        ep = el_param(ep, ehidden);     // if ehidden goes last

    tyret = tret->totym();

    // Look for intrinsic functions
    if (ec->Eoper == OPvar && (op = intrinsic_op(ec->EV.sp.Vsym->Sident)) != -1)
    {
        el_free(ec);
        if (OTbinary(op))
        {
            ep->Eoper = op;
            ep->Ety = tyret;
            e = ep;
            if (op == OPscale)
            {
                elem *et = e->E1;
                e->E1 = el_una(OPs32_d, TYdouble, e->E2);
                e->E1 = el_una(OPd_ld, TYldouble, e->E1);
                e->E2 = et;
            }
            else if (op == OPyl2x || op == OPyl2xp1)
            {
                elem *et = e->E1;
                e->E1 = e->E2;
                e->E2 = et;
            }
        }
        else
            e = el_una(op,tyret,ep);
    }
    else
    {   /* Do not do "no side effect" calls if a hidden parameter is passed,
         * as the return value is stored through the hidden parameter, which
         * is a side effect.
         */
        //printf("1: fd = %p prity = %d, nothrow = %d, retmethod = %d, use-assert = %d\n",
        //       fd, (fd ? fd->isPure() : tf->purity), tf->isnothrow, retmethod, global.params.useAssert);
        //printf("\tfd = %s, tf = %s\n", fd->toChars(), tf->toChars());
        /* assert() has 'implicit side effect' so disable this optimization.
         */
        int ns = ((fd ? fd->isPure() : tf->purity) == PUREstrong &&
                  tf->isnothrow && (retmethod != RETstack) &&
                  !global.params.useAssert && global.params.optimize);
        if (ep)
            e = el_bin(ns ? OPcallns : OPcall, tyret, ec, ep);
        else
            e = el_una(ns ? OPucallns : OPucall, tyret, ec);

        if (tf->varargs)
            e->Eflags |= EFLAGS_variadic;
    }

    if (retmethod == RETstack)
    {
        e->Ety = TYnptr;
        e = el_una(OPind, tyret, e);
    }

#if DMDV2
    if (tf->isref)
    {
        e->Ety = TYnptr;
        e = el_una(OPind, tyret, e);
    }
#endif

    if (tybasic(tyret) == TYstruct)
    {
        e->ET = tret->toCtype();
    }
    e = el_combine(eside, e);
    return e;
}

/*******************************************
 * Take address of an elem.
 */

elem *addressElem(elem *e, Type *t)
{
    elem **pe;

    //printf("addressElem()\n");

    for (pe = &e; (*pe)->Eoper == OPcomma; pe = &(*pe)->E2)
        ;
    if ((*pe)->Eoper != OPvar && (*pe)->Eoper != OPind)
    {   Symbol *stmp;
        elem *eeq;
        elem *e2 = *pe;
        type *tx;

        // Convert to ((tmp=e2),tmp)
        TY ty;
        if (t && ((ty = t->toBasetype()->ty) == Tstruct || ty == Tsarray))
            tx = t->toCtype();
        else
            tx = type_fake(e2->Ety);
        stmp = symbol_genauto(tx);
        eeq = el_bin(OPeq,e2->Ety,el_var(stmp),e2);
        if (tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYstruct)
        {
            eeq->Eoper = OPstreq;
            eeq->ET = e2->ET;
        }
        else if (tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYarray)
        {
            eeq->Eoper = OPstreq;
            eeq->Ejty = eeq->Ety = TYstruct;
            eeq->ET = t ? t->toCtype() : tx;
        }
        *pe = el_bin(OPcomma,e2->Ety,eeq,el_var(stmp));
    }
    e = el_una(OPaddr,TYnptr,e);
    return e;
}

/*****************************************
 * Convert array to a pointer to the data.
 */

elem *array_toPtr(Type *t, elem *e)
{
    //printf("array_toPtr()\n");
    //elem_print(e);
    t = t->toBasetype();
    switch (t->ty)
    {
        case Tpointer:
            break;

        case Tarray:
        case Tdelegate:
            if (e->Eoper == OPcomma)
            {
                e->Ety = TYnptr;
                e->E2 = array_toPtr(t, e->E2);
            }
            else if (e->Eoper == OPpair)
            {
                e->Eoper = OPcomma;
                e->Ety = TYnptr;
            }
            else
            {
#if 1
                e = el_una(OPmsw, TYnptr, e);
#else
                e = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e);
                e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYsize_t, 4));
                e = el_una(OPind, TYnptr, e);
#endif
            }
            break;

        case Tsarray:
            e = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e);
            break;

        default:
            t->print();
            assert(0);
    }
    return e;
}

/*****************************************
 * Convert array to a dynamic array.
 */

elem *array_toDarray(Type *t, elem *e)
{
    unsigned dim;
    elem *ef = NULL;
    elem *ex;

    //printf("array_toDarray(t = %s)\n", t->toChars());
    //elem_print(e);
    t = t->toBasetype();
    switch (t->ty)
    {
        case Tarray:
            break;

        case Tsarray:
            e = addressElem(e, t);
            dim = ((TypeSArray *)t)->dim->toInteger();
            e = el_pair(TYdarray, el_long(TYsize_t, dim), e);
            break;

        default:
        L1:
            switch (e->Eoper)
            {
                case OPconst:
                {
                    size_t len = tysize[tybasic(e->Ety)];
                    elem *es = el_calloc();
                    es->Eoper = OPstring;

                    // freed in el_free
                    es->EV.ss.Vstring = (char *)mem_malloc(len);
                    memcpy(es->EV.ss.Vstring, &e->EV, len);

                    es->EV.ss.Vstrlen = len;
                    es->Ety = TYnptr;
                    e = es;
                    break;
                }

                case OPvar:
                    e = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e);
                    break;

                case OPcomma:
                    ef = el_combine(ef, e->E1);
                    ex = e;
                    e = e->E2;
                    ex->E1 = NULL;
                    ex->E2 = NULL;
                    el_free(ex);
                    goto L1;

                case OPind:
                    ex = e;
                    e = e->E1;
                    ex->E1 = NULL;
                    ex->E2 = NULL;
                    el_free(ex);
                    break;

                default:
                {
                    // Copy expression to a variable and take the
                    // address of that variable.
                    Symbol *stmp;
                    tym_t ty = tybasic(e->Ety);

                    if (ty == TYstruct)
                    {   unsigned sz = type_size(e->ET);
                        if (sz <= 4)
                            ty = TYint;
                        else if (sz <= 8)
                            ty = TYllong;
                    }
                    e->Ety = ty;
                    stmp = symbol_genauto(type_fake(ty));
                    e = el_bin(OPeq, e->Ety, el_var(stmp), e);
                    e = el_bin(OPcomma, TYnptr, e, el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, el_var(stmp)));
                    break;
                }
            }
            dim = 1;
            e = el_pair(TYdarray, el_long(TYsize_t, dim), e);
            break;
    }
    return el_combine(ef, e);
}

/*****************************************
 * Evaluate elem and convert to dynamic array.
 */

elem *eval_Darray(IRState *irs, Expression *e)
{
    elem *ex;

    ex = e->toElem(irs);
    return array_toDarray(e->type, ex);
}

/************************************
 */

elem *sarray_toDarray(Loc loc, Type *tfrom, Type *tto, elem *e)
{
    //printf("sarray_toDarray()\n");
    //elem_print(e);

    dinteger_t dim = ((TypeSArray *)tfrom)->dim->toInteger();

    if (tto)
    {
        unsigned fsize = tfrom->nextOf()->size();
        unsigned tsize = tto->nextOf()->size();

        if ((dim * fsize) % tsize != 0)
        {
            error(loc, "cannot cast %s to %s since sizes don't line up", tfrom->toChars(), tto->toChars());
        }
        dim = (dim * fsize) / tsize;
    }
    elem *elen = el_long(TYsize_t, dim);
    e = addressElem(e, tfrom);
    e = el_pair(TYdarray, elen, e);
    return e;
}

/********************************************
 * Determine if t is an array of structs that need a postblit.
 */

StructDeclaration *needsPostblit(Type *t)
{
    t = t->toBasetype();
    while (t->ty == Tsarray)
        t = t->nextOf()->toBasetype();
    if (t->ty == Tstruct)
    {   StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *)t)->sym;
        if (sd->postblit)
            return sd;
    }
    return NULL;
}

/*******************************************
 * Set an array pointed to by eptr to evalue:
 *      eptr[0..edim] = evalue;
 * Input:
 *      eptr    where to write the data to
 *      evalue  value to write
 *      edim    number of times to write evalue to eptr[]
 *      tb      type of evalue
 */

elem *setArray(elem *eptr, elem *edim, Type *tb, elem *evalue, IRState *irs, int op)
{   int r;
    elem *e;
    unsigned sz = tb->size();

    switch (tb->ty)
    {
        case Tfloat80:
        case Timaginary80:
            r = RTLSYM_MEMSET80;
            break;
        case Tcomplex80:
            r = RTLSYM_MEMSET160;
            break;
        case Tcomplex64:
            r = RTLSYM_MEMSET128;
            break;
        case Tfloat32:
        case Timaginary32:
            if (I32)
                goto Ldefault;          // legacy binary compatibility
            r = RTLSYM_MEMSETFLOAT;
            break;
        case Tfloat64:
        case Timaginary64:
            if (I32)
                goto Ldefault;          // legacy binary compatibility
            r = RTLSYM_MEMSETDOUBLE;
            break;

        default:
        Ldefault:
            switch (sz)
            {
                case 1:      r = RTLSYM_MEMSET8;    break;
                case 2:      r = RTLSYM_MEMSET16;   break;
                case 4:      r = RTLSYM_MEMSET32;   break;
                case 8:      r = RTLSYM_MEMSET64;   break;
                case 16:     r = RTLSYM_MEMSET128;  break;
                default:     r = RTLSYM_MEMSETN;    break;
            }

            /* Determine if we need to do postblit
             */
            if (op != TOKblit)
            {
                StructDeclaration *sd = needsPostblit(tb);
                if (sd)
                {   /* Need to do postblit.
                     *   void *_d_arraysetassign(void *p, void *value, int dim, TypeInfo ti);
                     */
                    r = (op == TOKconstruct) ? RTLSYM_ARRAYSETCTOR : RTLSYM_ARRAYSETASSIGN;
                    evalue = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, evalue);
                    Expression *ti = tb->getTypeInfo(NULL);
                    elem *eti = ti->toElem(irs);
                    e = el_params(eti, edim, evalue, eptr, NULL);
                    e = el_bin(OPcall,TYnptr,el_var(rtlsym[r]),e);
                    return e;
                }
            }

            if (r == RTLSYM_MEMSETN)
            {
                // void *_memsetn(void *p, void *value, int dim, int sizelem)
                evalue = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, evalue);
                elem *esz = el_long(TYsize_t, sz);
                e = el_params(esz, edim, evalue, eptr, NULL);
                e = el_bin(OPcall,TYnptr,el_var(rtlsym[r]),e);
                return e;
            }
            break;
    }
    if (sz > 1 && sz <= 8 &&
        evalue->Eoper == OPconst && el_allbits(evalue, 0))
    {
        r = RTLSYM_MEMSET8;
        edim = el_bin(OPmul, TYsize_t, edim, el_long(TYsize_t, sz));
    }

    if (tybasic(evalue->Ety) == TYstruct || tybasic(evalue->Ety) == TYarray)
    {
        evalue = el_una(OPstrpar, TYstruct, evalue);
        evalue->ET = evalue->E1->ET;
    }

    // Be careful about parameter side effect ordering
    if (r == RTLSYM_MEMSET8)
    {
        e = el_param(edim, evalue);
        e = el_bin(OPmemset,TYnptr,eptr,e);
    }
    else
    {
        e = el_params(edim, evalue, eptr, NULL);
        e = el_bin(OPcall,TYnptr,el_var(rtlsym[r]),e);
    }
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *Expression::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    print();
    assert(0);
    return NULL;
}

/*******************************************
 * Evaluate Expression, then call destructors on any temporaries in it.
 */

elem *Expression::toElemDtor(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("Expression::toElemDtor() %s\n", toChars());
    size_t starti = irs->varsInScope ? irs->varsInScope->dim : 0;
    elem *er = toElem(irs);
    size_t endi = irs->varsInScope ? irs->varsInScope->dim : 0;

    // Add destructors
    er = appendDtors(irs, er, starti, endi);
    return er;
}

/************************************
 */
#if DMDV2
elem *SymbolExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   Symbol *s;
    elem *e;
    tym_t tym;
    Type *tb = (op == TOKsymoff) ? var->type->toBasetype() : type->toBasetype();
    int offset = (op == TOKsymoff) ? ((SymOffExp*)this)->offset : 0;
    FuncDeclaration *fd;
    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();

    //printf("SymbolExp::toElem('%s') %p\n", toChars(), this);
    //printf("\tparent = '%s'\n", var->parent ? var->parent->toChars() : "null");
    if (op == TOKvar && var->needThis())
    {
        error("need 'this' to access member %s", toChars());
        return el_long(TYsize_t, 0);
    }

    /* The magic variable __ctfe is always false at runtime
     */
    if (op == TOKvar && v && v->ident == Id::ctfe)
        return el_long(type->totym(), 0);

    s = var->toSymbol();
    fd = NULL;
    if (var->toParent2())
        fd = var->toParent2()->isFuncDeclaration();

    int nrvo = 0;
    if (fd && fd->nrvo_can && fd->nrvo_var == var)
    {
        s = fd->shidden;
        nrvo = 1;
    }

    if (s->Sclass == SCauto || s->Sclass == SCparameter)
    {
        if (fd && fd != irs->getFunc())
        {   // 'var' is a variable in an enclosing function.
            elem *ethis;
            int soffset;

            ethis = getEthis(loc, irs, fd);
            ethis = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, ethis);

            if (v && v->offset)
                soffset = v->offset;
            else
            {
                soffset = s->Soffset;
                /* If fd is a non-static member function of a class or struct,
                 * then ethis isn't the frame pointer.
                 * ethis is the 'this' pointer to the class/struct instance.
                 * We must offset it.
                 */
                if (fd->vthis)
                {
                    soffset -= fd->vthis->toSymbol()->Soffset;
                }
                //printf("\tSoffset = x%x, sthis->Soffset = x%x\n", s->Soffset, irs->sthis->Soffset);
            }

            if (!nrvo)
                soffset += offset;

            e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, ethis, el_long(TYnptr, soffset));
            if (op == TOKvar)
                e = el_una(OPind, TYnptr, e);
            if (ISREF(var, tb))
                e = el_una(OPind, s->ty(), e);
            else if (op == TOKsymoff && nrvo)
            {   e = el_una(OPind, TYnptr, e);
                e = el_bin(OPadd, e->Ety, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
            }
            goto L1;
        }
    }

    /* If var is a member of a closure
     */
    if (v && v->offset)
    {   assert(irs->sclosure);
        e = el_var(irs->sclosure);
        e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYsize_t, v->offset));
        if (op == TOKvar)
        {   e = el_una(OPind, type->totym(), e);
            if (tybasic(e->Ety) == TYstruct)
                e->ET = type->toCtype();
            el_setLoc(e, loc);
        }
        if (ISREF(var, tb))
        {   e->Ety = TYnptr;
            e = el_una(OPind, s->ty(), e);
        }
        else if (op == TOKsymoff && nrvo)
        {   e = el_una(OPind, TYnptr, e);
            e = el_bin(OPadd, e->Ety, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
        }
        else if (op == TOKsymoff)
        {
            e = el_bin(OPadd, e->Ety, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
        }
        goto L1;
    }

    if (s->Sclass == SCauto && s->Ssymnum == -1)
    {
        //printf("\tadding symbol %s\n", s->Sident);
        symbol_add(s);
    }

    if (var->isImportedSymbol())
    {
        assert(op == TOKvar);
        e = el_var(var->toImport());
        e = el_una(OPind,s->ty(),e);
    }
    else if (ISREF(var, tb))
    {   // Static arrays are really passed as pointers to the array
        // Out parameters are really references
        e = el_var(s);
        e->Ety = TYnptr;
        if (op == TOKvar)
            e = el_una(OPind, s->ty(), e);
        else if (offset)
            e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
    }
    else if (op == TOKvar)
        e = el_var(s);
    else
    {   e = nrvo ? el_var(s) : el_ptr(s);
        e = el_bin(OPadd, e->Ety, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
    }
L1:
    if (op == TOKvar)
    {
        if (nrvo)
        {
            e->Ety = TYnptr;
            e = el_una(OPind, 0, e);
        }
        if (tb->ty == Tfunction)
        {
            tym = s->Stype->Tty;
        }
        else
            tym = type->totym();
        e->Ejty = e->Ety = tym;
        if (tybasic(tym) == TYstruct)
        {
            e->ET = type->toCtype();
        }
        else if (tybasic(tym) == TYarray)
        {
            e->Ejty = e->Ety = TYstruct;
            e->ET = type->toCtype();
        }
    }
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}
#endif

#if DMDV1
elem *VarExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   Symbol *s;
    elem *e;
    tym_t tym;
    Type *tb = type->toBasetype();
    FuncDeclaration *fd;
    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();

    //printf("VarExp::toElem('%s') %p\n", toChars(), this);
    //printf("\tparent = '%s'\n", var->parent ? var->parent->toChars() : "null");
    if (var->needThis())
    {
        error("need 'this' to access member %s", toChars());
        return el_long(TYsize_t, 0);
    }
    s = var->toSymbol();
    fd = NULL;
    if (var->toParent2())
        fd = var->toParent2()->isFuncDeclaration();

    int nrvo = 0;
    if (fd && fd->nrvo_can && fd->nrvo_var == var)
    {
        s = fd->shidden;
        nrvo = 1;
    }

    if (s->Sclass == SCauto || s->Sclass == SCparameter)
    {
        if (fd && fd != irs->getFunc())
        {   // 'var' is a variable in an enclosing function.
            elem *ethis;
            int soffset;

            ethis = getEthis(loc, irs, fd);
            ethis = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, ethis);

            if (v && v->offset)
                soffset = v->offset;
            else
            {
                soffset = s->Soffset;
                /* If fd is a non-static member function of a class or struct,
                 * then ethis isn't the frame pointer.
                 * ethis is the 'this' pointer to the class/struct instance.
                 * We must offset it.
                 */
                if (fd->vthis)
                {
                    soffset -= fd->vthis->toSymbol()->Soffset;
                }
                //printf("\tSoffset = x%x, sthis->Soffset = x%x\n", s->Soffset, irs->sthis->Soffset);
            }

            ethis = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, ethis, el_long(TYnptr, soffset));
            e = el_una(OPind, 0, ethis);
            if (ISREF(var, tb))
                goto L2;
            goto L1;
        }
    }

    /* If var is a member of a closure
     */
    if (v && v->offset)
    {   assert(irs->sclosure);
        e = el_var(irs->sclosure);
        e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYsize_t, v->offset));
        e = el_una(OPind, type->totym(), e);
        if (tybasic(e->Ety) == TYstruct)
            e->ET = type->toCtype();
        el_setLoc(e, loc);

        if (ISREF(var, tb))
            goto L2;
        goto L1;
    }

    if (s->Sclass == SCauto && s->Ssymnum == -1)
    {
        //printf("\tadding symbol\n");
        symbol_add(s);
    }

    if (var->isImportedSymbol())
    {
        e = el_var(var->toImport());
        e = el_una(OPind,s->ty(),e);
    }
    else if (ISREF(var, tb))
    {   // Static arrays are really passed as pointers to the array
        // Out parameters are really references
        e = el_var(s);
L2:
        e->Ety = TYnptr;
        e = el_una(OPind, s->ty(), e);
    }
    else
        e = el_var(s);
L1:
    if (nrvo)
    {
        e->Ety = TYnptr;
        e = el_una(OPind, 0, e);
    }
    if (tb->ty == Tfunction)
    {
        tym = s->Stype->Tty;
    }
    else
        tym = type->totym();
    e->Ejty = e->Ety = tym;
    if (tybasic(tym) == TYstruct)
    {
        e->ET = type->toCtype();
    }
    else if (tybasic(tym) == TYarray)
    {
        e->Ejty = e->Ety = TYstruct;
        e->ET = type->toCtype();
    }
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}
#endif

#if 0
elem *SymOffExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   Symbol *s;
    elem *e;
    Type *tb = var->type->toBasetype();
    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();
    FuncDeclaration *fd = NULL;
    if (var->toParent2())
        fd = var->toParent2()->isFuncDeclaration();

    //printf("SymOffExp::toElem(): %s\n", toChars());
    s = var->toSymbol();

    int nrvo = 0;
    if (fd && fd->nrvo_can && fd->nrvo_var == var)
    {   s = fd->shidden;
        nrvo = 1;
    }

    if (s->Sclass == SCauto && s->Ssymnum == -1)
        symbol_add(s);
    assert(!var->isImportedSymbol());

    // This code closely parallels that in VarExp::toElem()
    if (s->Sclass == SCauto || s->Sclass == SCparameter)
    {
        if (fd && fd != irs->getFunc())
        {   // 'var' is a variable in an enclosing function.
            elem *ethis;
            int soffset;

            ethis = getEthis(loc, irs, fd);
            ethis = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, ethis);

            if (v && v->offset)
                soffset = v->offset;
            else
            {
                soffset = s->Soffset;
                /* If fd is a non-static member function of a class or struct,
                 * then ethis isn't the frame pointer.
                 * ethis is the 'this' pointer to the class/struct instance.
                 * We must offset it.
                 */
                if (fd->vthis)
                {
                    soffset -= fd->vthis->toSymbol()->Soffset;
                }
                //printf("\tSoffset = x%x, sthis->Soffset = x%x\n", s->Soffset, irs->sthis->Soffset);
            }

            if (!nrvo)
                soffset += offset;
            e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, ethis, el_long(TYnptr, soffset));
            if (ISREF(var, tb))
                e = el_una(OPind, s->ty(), e);
            else if (nrvo)
            {   e = el_una(OPind, TYnptr, e);
                e = el_bin(OPadd, e->Ety, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
            }
            goto L1;
        }
    }

    /* If var is a member of a closure
     */
    if (v && v->offset)
    {   assert(irs->sclosure);
        e = el_var(irs->sclosure);
        e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYsize_t, v->offset));
        if (ISREF(var, tb))
            e = el_una(OPind, s->ty(), e);
        else if (nrvo)
        {   e = el_una(OPind, TYnptr, e);
            e = el_bin(OPadd, e->Ety, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
        }
        goto L1;
    }

    if (ISREF(var, tb))
    {   // Static arrays are really passed as pointers to the array
        // Out parameters are really references
        e = el_var(s);
        e->Ety = TYnptr;
        if (offset)
            e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
    }
    else
    {   e = nrvo ? el_var(s) : el_ptr(s);
        e = el_bin(OPadd, e->Ety, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
    }

L1:
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}
#endif

/**************************************
 */

elem *FuncExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e;
    Symbol *s;

    //printf("FuncExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    if (fd->tok == TOKreserved && type->ty == Tpointer && fd->vthis)
    {   fd->tok = TOKfunction;
        fd->vthis = NULL;
    }
    s = fd->toSymbol();
    e = el_ptr(s);
    if (fd->isNested())
    {
        elem *ethis = getEthis(loc, irs, fd);
        e = el_pair(TYdelegate, ethis, e);
    }

    irs->deferToObj->push(fd);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/**************************************
 * Mirrors logic in Dsymbol_canThrow().
 */

elem *Dsymbol_toElem(Dsymbol *s, IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e = NULL;
    Symbol *sp;
    AttribDeclaration *ad;
    VarDeclaration *vd;
    ClassDeclaration *cd;
    StructDeclaration *sd;
    FuncDeclaration *fd;
    TemplateMixin *tm;
    TupleDeclaration *td;
    TypedefDeclaration *tyd;

    //printf("Dsymbol_toElem() %s\n", s->toChars());
    ad = s->isAttribDeclaration();
    if (ad)
    {
        Dsymbols *decl = ad->include(NULL, NULL);
        if (decl && decl->dim)
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < decl->dim; i++)
            {
                s = decl->tdata()[i];
                e = el_combine(e, Dsymbol_toElem(s, irs));
            }
        }
    }
    else if ((vd = s->isVarDeclaration()) != NULL)
    {
        s = s->toAlias();
        if (s != vd)
            return Dsymbol_toElem(s, irs);
        if (vd->storage_class & STCmanifest)
            return NULL;
        else if (vd->isStatic() || vd->storage_class & (STCextern | STCtls | STCgshared))
            vd->toObjFile(0);
        else
        {
            sp = s->toSymbol();
            symbol_add(sp);
            //printf("\tadding symbol '%s'\n", sp->Sident);
            if (vd->init)
            {
                ExpInitializer *ie;

                ie = vd->init->isExpInitializer();
                if (ie)
                    e = ie->exp->toElem(irs);
            }

            /* Mark the point of construction of a variable that needs to be destructed.
             */
            if (vd->edtor && !vd->noscope)
            {
                e = el_dctor(e, vd);

                // Put vd on list of things needing destruction
                if (!irs->varsInScope)
                    irs->varsInScope = new VarDeclarations();
                irs->varsInScope->push(vd);
            }
        }
    }
    else if ((cd = s->isClassDeclaration()) != NULL)
    {
        irs->deferToObj->push(s);
    }
    else if ((sd = s->isStructDeclaration()) != NULL)
    {
        irs->deferToObj->push(sd);
    }
    else if ((fd = s->isFuncDeclaration()) != NULL)
    {
        //printf("function %s\n", fd->toChars());
        irs->deferToObj->push(fd);
    }
    else if ((tm = s->isTemplateMixin()) != NULL)
    {
        //printf("%s\n", tm->toChars());
        if (tm->members)
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < tm->members->dim; i++)
            {
                Dsymbol *sm = tm->members->tdata()[i];
                e = el_combine(e, Dsymbol_toElem(sm, irs));
            }
        }
    }
    else if ((td = s->isTupleDeclaration()) != NULL)
    {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < td->objects->dim; i++)
        {   Object *o = td->objects->tdata()[i];
            if (o->dyncast() == DYNCAST_EXPRESSION)
            {   Expression *eo = (Expression *)o;
                if (eo->op == TOKdsymbol)
                {   DsymbolExp *se = (DsymbolExp *)eo;
                    e = el_combine(e, Dsymbol_toElem(se->s, irs));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else if ((tyd = s->isTypedefDeclaration()) != NULL)
    {
        irs->deferToObj->push(tyd);
    }
    return e;
}

elem *DeclarationExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("DeclarationExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    elem *e = Dsymbol_toElem(declaration, irs);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *ThisExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *ethis;
    FuncDeclaration *fd;

    //printf("ThisExp::toElem()\n");
    assert(irs->sthis);

    if (var)
    {
        assert(var->parent);
        fd = var->toParent2()->isFuncDeclaration();
        assert(fd);
        ethis = getEthis(loc, irs, fd);
    }
    else
        ethis = el_var(irs->sthis);

#if STRUCTTHISREF
    if (type->ty == Tstruct)
    {   ethis = el_una(OPind, TYstruct, ethis);
        ethis->ET = type->toCtype();
    }
#endif
    el_setLoc(ethis,loc);
    return ethis;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *IntegerExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e = el_long(type->totym(), value);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *RealExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   union eve c;
    tym_t ty;

    //printf("RealExp::toElem(%p) %s\n", this, toChars());
    memset(&c, 0, sizeof(c));
    ty = type->toBasetype()->totym();
    switch (tybasic(ty))
    {
        case TYfloat:
        case TYifloat:
            /* This assignment involves a conversion, which
             * unfortunately also converts SNAN to QNAN.
             */
            c.Vfloat = value;
            if (Port::isSignallingNan(value))
                // Put SNAN back
                c.Vuns &= 0xFFBFFFFFL;
            break;

        case TYdouble:
        case TYidouble:
            /* This assignment involves a conversion, which
             * unfortunately also converts SNAN to QNAN.
             */
            c.Vdouble = value;
            if (Port::isSignallingNan(value))
                // Put SNAN back
                c.Vullong &= 0xFFF7FFFFFFFFFFFFULL;
            break;

        case TYldouble:
        case TYildouble:
            c.Vldouble = value;
            break;

        default:
            print();
            type->print();
            type->toBasetype()->print();
            printf("ty = %d, tym = %x\n", type->ty, ty);
            assert(0);
    }
    return el_const(ty, &c);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *ComplexExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   union eve c;
    tym_t ty;
    real_t re;
    real_t im;

    //printf("ComplexExp::toElem(%p) %s\n", this, toChars());

    memset(&c, 0, sizeof(c));
    re = creall(value);
    im = cimagl(value);

    ty = type->totym();
    switch (tybasic(ty))
    {
        case TYcfloat:
            c.Vcfloat.re = (float) re;
            if (Port::isSignallingNan(re))
            {   union { float f; unsigned i; } u;
                u.f = c.Vcfloat.re;
                u.i &= 0xFFBFFFFFL;
                c.Vcfloat.re = u.f;
            }
            c.Vcfloat.im = (float) im;
            if (Port::isSignallingNan(im))
            {   union { float f; unsigned i; } u;
                u.f = c.Vcfloat.im;
                u.i &= 0xFFBFFFFFL;
                c.Vcfloat.im = u.f;
            }
            break;

        case TYcdouble:
            c.Vcdouble.re = (double) re;
            if (Port::isSignallingNan(re))
            {   union { double d; unsigned long long i; } u;
                u.d = c.Vcdouble.re;
                u.i &= 0xFFF7FFFFFFFFFFFFULL;
                c.Vcdouble.re = u.d;
            }
            c.Vcdouble.im = (double) im;
            if (Port::isSignallingNan(re))
            {   union { double d; unsigned long long i; } u;
                u.d = c.Vcdouble.im;
                u.i &= 0xFFF7FFFFFFFFFFFFULL;
                c.Vcdouble.im = u.d;
            }
            break;

        case TYcldouble:
#if 1
            c.Vcldouble.re = re;
            c.Vcldouble.im = im;
#else
{unsigned short *p = (unsigned short *)&c.Vcldouble;
for (int i = 0; i < (LNGDBLSIZE*2)/2; i++) printf("%04x ", p[i]);
printf("\n");}
            c.Vcldouble.im = im;
{unsigned short *p = (unsigned short *)&c.Vcldouble;
for (int i = 0; i < (LNGDBLSIZE*2)/2; i++) printf("%04x ", p[i]);
printf("\n");}
            c.Vcldouble.re = re;
{unsigned short *p = (unsigned short *)&c.Vcldouble;
for (int i = 0; i < (LNGDBLSIZE*2)/2; i++) printf("%04x ", p[i]);
printf("\n");}
#endif
            break;

        default:
            assert(0);
    }
    return el_const(ty, &c);
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *NullExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return el_long(type->totym(), 0);
}

/***************************************
 */

struct StringTab
{
    Module *m;          // module we're generating code for
    Symbol *si;
    void *string;
    size_t sz;
    size_t len;
};

#define STSIZE 16
StringTab stringTab[STSIZE];
size_t stidx;

static Symbol *assertexp_sfilename = NULL;
static const char *assertexp_name = NULL;
static Module *assertexp_mn = NULL;

void clearStringTab()
{
    //printf("clearStringTab()\n");
    memset(stringTab, 0, sizeof(stringTab));
    stidx = 0;

    assertexp_sfilename = NULL;
    assertexp_name = NULL;
    assertexp_mn = NULL;
}

elem *StringExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e;
    Type *tb= type->toBasetype();


#if 0
    printf("StringExp::toElem() %s, type = %s\n", toChars(), type->toChars());
#endif

    if (tb->ty == Tarray)
    {
        Symbol *si;
        dt_t *dt;
        StringTab *st;

#if 0
        printf("irs->m = %p\n", irs->m);
        printf(" m   = %s\n", irs->m->toChars());
        printf(" len = %d\n", len);
        printf(" sz  = %d\n", sz);
#endif
        for (size_t i = 0; i < STSIZE; i++)
        {
            st = &stringTab[(stidx + i) % STSIZE];
            //if (!st->m) continue;
            //printf(" st.m   = %s\n", st->m->toChars());
            //printf(" st.len = %d\n", st->len);
            //printf(" st.sz  = %d\n", st->sz);
            if (st->m == irs->m &&
                st->si &&
                st->len == len &&
                st->sz == sz &&
                memcmp(st->string, string, sz * len) == 0)
            {
                //printf("use cached value\n");
                si = st->si;    // use cached value
                goto L1;
            }
        }

        stidx = (stidx + 1) % STSIZE;
        st = &stringTab[stidx];

        dt = NULL;
        toDt(&dt);

        si = symbol_generate(SCstatic,type_fake(TYdarray));
        si->Sdt = dt;
        si->Sfl = FLdata;
#if ELFOBJ // Burton
        si->Sseg = CDATA;
#endif
#if MACHOBJ
        si->Sseg = DATA;
#endif
        outdata(si);

        st->m = irs->m;
        st->si = si;
        st->string = string;
        st->len = len;
        st->sz = sz;
    L1:
        e = el_var(si);
    }
    else if (tb->ty == Tsarray)
    {
        dt_t *dt = NULL;

        toDt(&dt);
        dtnzeros(&dt, sz);              // leave terminating 0

        ::type *t = type_allocn(TYarray, tschar);
        t->Tdim = sz * len;
        Symbol *si = symbol_generate(SCstatic, t);
        si->Sdt = dt;
        si->Sfl = FLdata;

#if ELFOBJ || MACHOBJ // Burton
        si->Sseg = CDATA;
#endif
        outdata(si);

        e = el_var(si);
        e->ET = t;
        t->Tcount++;
    }
    else if (tb->ty == Tpointer)
    {
        e = el_calloc();
        e->Eoper = OPstring;
        // freed in el_free
        e->EV.ss.Vstring = (char *)mem_malloc((len + 1) * sz);
        memcpy(e->EV.ss.Vstring, string, (len + 1) * sz);
        e->EV.ss.Vstrlen = (len + 1) * sz;
        e->Ety = TYnptr;
    }
    else
    {
        printf("type is %s\n", type->toChars());
        assert(0);
    }
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *NewExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;
    Type *t;
    Type *ectype;

    //printf("NewExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    t = type->toBasetype();
    //printf("\ttype = %s\n", t->toChars());
    //if (member)
        //printf("\tmember = %s\n", member->toChars());
    if (t->ty == Tclass)
    {
        Symbol *csym;

        t = newtype->toBasetype();
        assert(t->ty == Tclass);
        TypeClass *tclass = (TypeClass *)(t);
        ClassDeclaration *cd = tclass->sym;

        /* Things to do:
         * 1) ex: call allocator
         * 2) ey: set vthis for nested classes
         * 3) ez: call constructor
         */

        elem *ex = NULL;
        elem *ey = NULL;
        elem *ez = NULL;

        if (allocator || onstack)
        {   elem *ei;
            Symbol *si;

            if (onstack)
            {
                /* Create an instance of the class on the stack,
                 * and call it stmp.
                 * Set ex to be the &stmp.
                 */
                Symbol *s = symbol_calloc(tclass->sym->toChars());
                s->Sclass = SCstruct;
                s->Sstruct = struct_calloc();
                s->Sstruct->Sflags |= 0;
                s->Sstruct->Salignsize = tclass->sym->alignsize;
                s->Sstruct->Sstructalign = tclass->sym->structalign;
                s->Sstruct->Sstructsize = tclass->sym->structsize;

                ::type *tc = type_alloc(TYstruct);
                tc->Ttag = (Classsym *)s;                // structure tag name
                tc->Tcount++;
                s->Stype = tc;

                Symbol *stmp = symbol_genauto(tc);
                ex = el_ptr(stmp);
            }
            else
            {
                ex = el_var(allocator->toSymbol());
                ex = callfunc(loc, irs, 1, type, ex, allocator->type,
                        allocator, allocator->type, NULL, newargs);
            }

            si = tclass->sym->toInitializer();
            ei = el_var(si);

            if (cd->isNested())
            {
                ey = el_same(&ex);
                ez = el_copytree(ey);
            }
            else if (member)
                ez = el_same(&ex);

            ex = el_una(OPind, TYstruct, ex);
            ex = el_bin(OPstreq, TYnptr, ex, ei);
            ex->ET = tclass->toCtype()->Tnext;
            ex = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, ex);
            ectype = tclass;
        }
        else
        {
            csym = cd->toSymbol();
            ex = el_bin(OPcall,TYnptr,el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_NEWCLASS]),el_ptr(csym));
            ectype = NULL;

            if (cd->isNested())
            {
                ey = el_same(&ex);
                ez = el_copytree(ey);
            }
            else if (member)
                ez = el_same(&ex);
//elem_print(ex);
//elem_print(ey);
//elem_print(ez);
        }

        if (thisexp)
        {   ClassDeclaration *cdthis = thisexp->type->isClassHandle();
            assert(cdthis);
            //printf("cd = %s\n", cd->toChars());
            //printf("cdthis = %s\n", cdthis->toChars());
            assert(cd->isNested());
            int offset = 0;
            Dsymbol *cdp = cd->toParent2();     // class we're nested in
            elem *ethis;

//printf("member = %p\n", member);
//printf("cdp = %s\n", cdp->toChars());
//printf("cdthis = %s\n", cdthis->toChars());
            if (cdp != cdthis)
            {   int i = cdp->isClassDeclaration()->isBaseOf(cdthis, &offset);
                assert(i);
            }
            ethis = thisexp->toElem(irs);
            if (offset)
                ethis = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, ethis, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));

            if (!cd->vthis)
            {
                error("forward reference to %s", cd->toChars());
            }
            else
            {
                ey = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, ey, el_long(TYsize_t, cd->vthis->offset));
                ey = el_una(OPind, TYnptr, ey);
                ey = el_bin(OPeq, TYnptr, ey, ethis);
            }
//printf("ex: "); elem_print(ex);
//printf("ey: "); elem_print(ey);
//printf("ez: "); elem_print(ez);
        }
        else if (cd->isNested())
        {   /* Initialize cd->vthis:
             *  *(ey + cd.vthis.offset) = this;
             */
            ey = setEthis(loc, irs, ey, cd);
        }

        if (member)
            // Call constructor
            ez = callfunc(loc, irs, 1, type, ez, ectype, member, member->type, NULL, arguments);

        e = el_combine(ex, ey);
        e = el_combine(e, ez);
    }
#if DMDV2
    else if (t->ty == Tpointer && t->nextOf()->toBasetype()->ty == Tstruct)
    {
        t = newtype->toBasetype();
        assert(t->ty == Tstruct);
        TypeStruct *tclass = (TypeStruct *)(t);
        StructDeclaration *cd = tclass->sym;

        /* Things to do:
         * 1) ex: call allocator
         * 2) ey: set vthis for nested classes
         * 3) ez: call constructor
         */

        elem *ex = NULL;
        elem *ey = NULL;
        elem *ez = NULL;

        if (allocator)
        {   elem *ei;
            Symbol *si;

            ex = el_var(allocator->toSymbol());
            ex = callfunc(loc, irs, 1, type, ex, allocator->type,
                        allocator, allocator->type, NULL, newargs);

            si = tclass->sym->toInitializer();
            ei = el_var(si);

            if (cd->isNested())
            {
                ey = el_same(&ex);
                ez = el_copytree(ey);
            }
            else if (member)
                ez = el_same(&ex);

            if (!member)
            {   /* Statically intialize with default initializer
                 */
                ex = el_una(OPind, TYstruct, ex);
                ex = el_bin(OPstreq, TYnptr, ex, ei);
                ex->ET = tclass->toCtype();
                ex = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, ex);
            }
            ectype = tclass;
        }
        else
        {
            d_uns64 elemsize = cd->size(loc);

            // call _d_newarrayT(ti, 1)
            e = el_long(TYsize_t, 1);
            e = el_param(e, type->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs));

            int rtl = t->isZeroInit() ? RTLSYM_NEWARRAYT : RTLSYM_NEWARRAYIT;
            e = el_bin(OPcall,TYdarray,el_var(rtlsym[rtl]),e);

            // The new functions return an array, so convert to a pointer
            // ex -> (unsigned)(e >> 32)
            e = el_bin(OPshr, TYdarray, e, el_long(TYint, PTRSIZE * 8));
            ex = el_una(OP64_32, TYnptr, e);

            ectype = NULL;

            if (cd->isNested())
            {
                ey = el_same(&ex);
                ez = el_copytree(ey);
            }
            else if (member)
                ez = el_same(&ex);
//elem_print(ex);
//elem_print(ey);
//elem_print(ez);
        }

        if (cd->isNested())
        {   /* Initialize cd->vthis:
             *  *(ey + cd.vthis.offset) = this;
             */
            ey = setEthis(loc, irs, ey, cd);
        }

        if (member)
        {   // Call constructor
            ez = callfunc(loc, irs, 1, type, ez, ectype, member, member->type, NULL, arguments);
#if STRUCTTHISREF
            /* Structs return a ref, which gets automatically dereferenced.
             * But we want a pointer to the instance.
             */
            ez = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, ez);
#endif
        }

        e = el_combine(ex, ey);
        e = el_combine(e, ez);
    }
#endif
    else if (t->ty == Tarray)
    {
        TypeDArray *tda = (TypeDArray *)(t);

        assert(arguments && arguments->dim >= 1);
        if (arguments->dim == 1)
        {   // Single dimension array allocations
            Expression *arg = arguments->tdata()[0]; // gives array length
            e = arg->toElem(irs);
            d_uns64 elemsize = tda->next->size();

            // call _d_newT(ti, arg)
            e = el_param(e, type->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs));
            int rtl = tda->next->isZeroInit() ? RTLSYM_NEWARRAYT : RTLSYM_NEWARRAYIT;
            e = el_bin(OPcall,TYdarray,el_var(rtlsym[rtl]),e);
        }
        else
        {   // Multidimensional array allocations
            e = el_long(TYsize_t, arguments->dim);
            for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments->dim; i++)
            {
                Expression *arg = arguments->tdata()[i];     // gives array length
                e = el_param(arg->toElem(irs), e);
                assert(t->ty == Tarray);
                t = t->nextOf();
                assert(t);
            }

            e = el_param(e, type->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs));

            int rtl = t->isZeroInit() ? RTLSYM_NEWARRAYMT : RTLSYM_NEWARRAYMIT;
            e = el_bin(OPcall,TYdarray,el_var(rtlsym[rtl]),e);
            e->Eflags |= EFLAGS_variadic;
        }
    }
    else if (t->ty == Tpointer)
    {
        TypePointer *tp = (TypePointer *)t;
        d_uns64 elemsize = tp->next->size();
        Expression *di = tp->next->defaultInit();
        d_uns64 disize = di->type->size();

        // call _d_newarrayT(ti, 1)
        e = el_long(TYsize_t, 1);
        e = el_param(e, type->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs));

        int rtl = tp->next->isZeroInit() ? RTLSYM_NEWARRAYT : RTLSYM_NEWARRAYIT;
        e = el_bin(OPcall,TYdarray,el_var(rtlsym[rtl]),e);

        // The new functions return an array, so convert to a pointer
        // e -> (unsigned)(e >> 32)
        e = el_bin(OPshr, TYdarray, e, el_long(TYsize_t, PTRSIZE * 8));
        e = el_una(I64 ? OP128_64 : OP64_32, t->totym(), e);
    }
    else
    {
        assert(0);
    }

    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

//////////////////////////// Unary ///////////////////////////////

/***************************************
 */

elem *NegExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e = el_una(OPneg, type->totym(), e1->toElem(irs));

    Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (tb1->ty == Tarray || tb1->ty == Tsarray)
    {
        error("Array operation %s not implemented", toChars());
        e = el_long(type->totym(), 0);  // error recovery
    }

    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *ComExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;

    elem *e1 = this->e1->toElem(irs);
    tym_t ty = type->totym();
    if (this->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
        e = el_bin(OPxor, ty, e1, el_long(ty, 1));
    else
        e = el_una(OPcom,ty,e1);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *NotExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e = el_una(OPnot, type->totym(), e1->toElem(irs));
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *HaltExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;

    e = el_calloc();
    e->Ety = TYvoid;
    e->Eoper = OPhalt;
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/********************************************
 */

elem *AssertExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;
    elem *ea;
    Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();

    //printf("AssertExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    if (global.params.useAssert)
    {
        e = e1->toElem(irs);
        symbol *ts = NULL;
        elem *einv = NULL;

        InvariantDeclaration *inv = (InvariantDeclaration *)(void *)1;

        // If e1 is a class object, call the class invariant on it
        if (global.params.useInvariants && t1->ty == Tclass &&
            !((TypeClass *)t1)->sym->isInterfaceDeclaration())
        {
            ts = symbol_genauto(t1->toCtype());
#if TARGET_LINUX || TARGET_FREEBSD || TARGET_SOLARIS
            einv = el_bin(OPcall, TYvoid, el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM__DINVARIANT]), el_var(ts));
#else
            einv = el_bin(OPcall, TYvoid, el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_DINVARIANT]), el_var(ts));
#endif
        }
        // If e1 is a struct object, call the struct invariant on it
        else if (global.params.useInvariants &&
            t1->ty == Tpointer &&
            t1->nextOf()->ty == Tstruct &&
            (inv = ((TypeStruct *)t1->nextOf())->sym->inv) != NULL)
        {
            ts = symbol_genauto(t1->toCtype());
            einv = callfunc(loc, irs, 1, inv->type->nextOf(), el_var(ts), e1->type, inv, inv->type, NULL, NULL);
        }

        // Construct: (e1 || ModuleAssert(line))
        Module *m = irs->blx->module;
        char *mname = m->srcfile->toChars();

        //printf("filename = '%s'\n", loc.filename);
        //printf("module = '%s'\n", m->srcfile->toChars());

        /* Determine if we are in a unittest
         */
        FuncDeclaration *fd = irs->getFunc();
        UnitTestDeclaration *ud = fd ? fd->isUnitTestDeclaration() : NULL;

        /* If the source file name has changed, probably due
         * to a #line directive.
         */
        if (loc.filename && (msg || strcmp(loc.filename, mname) != 0))
        {   elem *efilename;

            /* Cache values.
             */
            //static Symbol *assertexp_sfilename = NULL;
            //static char *assertexp_name = NULL;
            //static Module *assertexp_mn = NULL;

            if (!assertexp_sfilename || strcmp(loc.filename, assertexp_name) != 0 || assertexp_mn != m)
            {
                dt_t *dt = NULL;
                const char *id;
                int len;

                id = loc.filename;
                len = strlen(id);
                dtsize_t(&dt, len);
                dtabytes(&dt,TYnptr, 0, len + 1, id);

                assertexp_sfilename = symbol_generate(SCstatic,type_fake(TYdarray));
                assertexp_sfilename->Sdt = dt;
                assertexp_sfilename->Sfl = FLdata;
#if ELFOBJ
                assertexp_sfilename->Sseg = CDATA;
#endif
#if MACHOBJ
                assertexp_sfilename->Sseg = DATA;
#endif
                outdata(assertexp_sfilename);

                assertexp_mn = m;
                assertexp_name = id;
            }

            efilename = el_var(assertexp_sfilename);

            if (msg)
            {   elem *emsg = msg->toElem(irs);
                ea = el_var(rtlsym[ud ? RTLSYM_DUNITTEST_MSG : RTLSYM_DASSERT_MSG]);
                ea = el_bin(OPcall, TYvoid, ea, el_params(el_long(TYint, loc.linnum), efilename, emsg, NULL));
            }
            else
            {
                ea = el_var(rtlsym[ud ? RTLSYM_DUNITTEST : RTLSYM_DASSERT]);
                ea = el_bin(OPcall, TYvoid, ea, el_param(el_long(TYint, loc.linnum), efilename));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            Symbol *sassert = ud ? m->toModuleUnittest() : m->toModuleAssert();
            ea = el_bin(OPcall,TYvoid,el_var(sassert),
                el_long(TYint, loc.linnum));
        }
        if (einv)
        {   // tmp = e, e || assert, e->inv
            elem *eassign = el_bin(OPeq, e->Ety, el_var(ts), e);
            e = el_combine(eassign, el_bin(OPoror, TYvoid, el_var(ts), ea));
            e = el_combine(e, einv);
        }
        else
            e = el_bin(OPoror,TYvoid,e,ea);
    }
    else
    {   // BUG: should replace assert(0); with a HLT instruction
        e = el_long(TYint, 0);
    }
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *PostExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e = e1->toElem(irs);
    elem *einc = e2->toElem(irs);
    e = el_bin((op == TOKplusplus) ? OPpostinc : OPpostdec,
                e->Ety,e,einc);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

//////////////////////////// Binary ///////////////////////////////

/********************************************
 */

elem *BinExp::toElemBin(IRState *irs,int op)
{
    //printf("toElemBin() '%s'\n", toChars());

    Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *tb2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

    if ((tb1->ty == Tarray || tb1->ty == Tsarray ||
         tb2->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray) &&
        tb2->ty != Tvoid &&
        op != OPeq && op != OPandand && op != OPoror
       )
    {
        error("Array operation %s not implemented", toChars());
        return el_long(type->totym(), 0);  // error recovery
    }

    tym_t tym = type->totym();

    elem *el = e1->toElem(irs);
    elem *er = e2->toElem(irs);
    elem *e = el_bin(op,tym,el,er);

    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *AddExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e = toElemBin(irs,OPadd);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *MinExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e = toElemBin(irs,OPmin);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *CatExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;

#if 0
    printf("CatExp::toElem()\n");
    print();
#endif

    Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *tb2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

    Type *ta = (tb1->ty == Tarray || tb1->ty == Tsarray) ? tb1 : tb2;
    Type *tn = ta->nextOf();

    if (e1->op == TOKcat)
    {
        elem *ep;
        CatExp *ce = this;
        int n = 2;

        ep = eval_Darray(irs, ce->e2);
        do
        {
            n++;
            ce = (CatExp *)ce->e1;
            ep = el_param(ep, eval_Darray(irs, ce->e2));
        } while (ce->e1->op == TOKcat);
        ep = el_param(ep, eval_Darray(irs, ce->e1));
        ep = el_params(
                       ep,
                       el_long(TYsize_t, n),
                       ta->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs),
                       NULL);
        e = el_bin(OPcall, TYdarray, el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_ARRAYCATNT]), ep);
        e->Eflags |= EFLAGS_variadic;
    }
    else
    {
        elem *e1;
        elem *e2;
        elem *ep;

        e1 = eval_Darray(irs, this->e1);
        e2 = eval_Darray(irs, this->e2);
        ep = el_params(e2, e1, ta->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs), NULL);
        e = el_bin(OPcall, TYdarray, el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_ARRAYCATT]), ep);
    }
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *MulExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPmul);
}

/************************************
 */

elem *DivExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPdiv);
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *ModExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e;
    elem *e1;
    elem *e2;
    tym_t tym;

    tym = type->totym();

    e1 = this->e1->toElem(irs);
    e2 = this->e2->toElem(irs);

#if 0 // Now inlined
    if (this->e1->type->isfloating())
    {   elem *ep;

        switch (this->e1->type->ty)
        {
            case Tfloat32:
            case Timaginary32:
                e1 = el_una(OPf_d, TYdouble, e1);
                e2 = el_una(OPf_d, TYdouble, e2);
            case Tfloat64:
            case Timaginary64:
                e1 = el_una(OPd_ld, TYldouble, e1);
                e2 = el_una(OPd_ld, TYldouble, e2);
                break;
            case Tfloat80:
            case Timaginary80:
                break;
            default:
                assert(0);
                break;
        }
        ep = el_param(e2,e1);
        e = el_bin(OPcall,tym,el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_MODULO]),ep);
    }
    else
#endif
        e = el_bin(OPmod,tym,e1,e2);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *CmpExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e;
    enum OPER eop;
    Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *t2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

    switch (op)
    {
        case TOKlt:     eop = OPlt;     break;
        case TOKgt:     eop = OPgt;     break;
        case TOKle:     eop = OPle;     break;
        case TOKge:     eop = OPge;     break;
        case TOKequal:  eop = OPeqeq;   break;
        case TOKnotequal: eop = OPne;   break;

        // NCEG floating point compares
        case TOKunord:  eop = OPunord;  break;
        case TOKlg:     eop = OPlg;     break;
        case TOKleg:    eop = OPleg;    break;
        case TOKule:    eop = OPule;    break;
        case TOKul:     eop = OPul;     break;
        case TOKuge:    eop = OPuge;    break;
        case TOKug:     eop = OPug;     break;
        case TOKue:     eop = OPue;     break;
        default:
            dump(0);
            assert(0);
    }
    if (!t1->isfloating())
    {
        // Convert from floating point compare to equivalent
        // integral compare
        eop = (enum OPER)rel_integral(eop);
    }
    if ((int)eop > 1 && t1->ty == Tclass && t2->ty == Tclass)
    {
#if 1
        assert(0);
#else
        elem *ec1;
        elem *ec2;

        ec1 = e1->toElem(irs);
        ec2 = e2->toElem(irs);
        e = el_bin(OPcall,TYint,el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_OBJ_CMP]),el_param(ec1, ec2));
        e = el_bin(eop, TYint, e, el_long(TYint, 0));
#endif
    }
    else if ((int)eop > 1 &&
             (t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Tsarray) &&
             (t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray))
    {
        elem *ea1;
        elem *ea2;
        elem *ep;
        Type *telement = t1->nextOf()->toBasetype();
        int rtlfunc;

        ea1 = e1->toElem(irs);
        ea1 = array_toDarray(t1, ea1);
        ea2 = e2->toElem(irs);
        ea2 = array_toDarray(t2, ea2);

#if DMDV2
        ep = el_params(telement->arrayOf()->getInternalTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs),
                ea2, ea1, NULL);
        rtlfunc = RTLSYM_ARRAYCMP2;
#else
        ep = el_params(telement->getInternalTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs), ea2, ea1, NULL);
        rtlfunc = RTLSYM_ARRAYCMP;
#endif
        e = el_bin(OPcall, TYint, el_var(rtlsym[rtlfunc]), ep);
        e = el_bin(eop, TYint, e, el_long(TYint, 0));
        el_setLoc(e,loc);
    }
    else
    {
        if ((int)eop <= 1)
        {
            /* The result is determinate, create:
             *   (e1 , e2) , eop
             */
            e = toElemBin(irs,OPcomma);
            e = el_bin(OPcomma,e->Ety,e,el_long(e->Ety,(int)eop));
        }
        else
            e = toElemBin(irs,eop);
    }
    return e;
}

elem *EqualExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("EqualExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());

    elem *e;
    enum OPER eop;
    Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *t2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

    switch (op)
    {
        case TOKequal:          eop = OPeqeq;   break;
        case TOKnotequal:       eop = OPne;     break;
        default:
            dump(0);
            assert(0);
    }

    //printf("EqualExp::toElem()\n");
    if (t1->ty == Tstruct)
    {   // Do bit compare of struct's

        elem *es1 = e1->toElem(irs);
        elem *es2 = e2->toElem(irs);
        es1 = addressElem(es1, t1);
        es2 = addressElem(es2, t2);
        e = el_param(es1, es2);
        elem *ecount = el_long(TYsize_t, t1->size());
        e = el_bin(OPmemcmp, TYint, e, ecount);
        e = el_bin(eop, TYint, e, el_long(TYint, 0));
        el_setLoc(e,loc);
    }
#if 0
    else if (t1->ty == Tclass && t2->ty == Tclass)
    {
        elem *ec1 = e1->toElem(irs);
        elem *ec2 = e2->toElem(irs);
        e = el_bin(OPcall,TYint,el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_OBJ_EQ]),el_param(ec1, ec2));
    }
#endif
    else if ((t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Tsarray) &&
             (t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray))
    {
        Type *telement = t1->nextOf()->toBasetype();

        elem *ea1 = e1->toElem(irs);
        ea1 = array_toDarray(t1, ea1);
        elem *ea2 = e2->toElem(irs);
        ea2 = array_toDarray(t2, ea2);

#if DMDV2
        elem *ep = el_params(telement->arrayOf()->getInternalTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs),
                ea2, ea1, NULL);
        int rtlfunc = RTLSYM_ARRAYEQ2;
#else
        elem *ep = el_params(telement->getInternalTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs), ea2, ea1, NULL);
        int rtlfunc = RTLSYM_ARRAYEQ;
#endif
        e = el_bin(OPcall, TYint, el_var(rtlsym[rtlfunc]), ep);
        if (op == TOKnotequal)
            e = el_bin(OPxor, TYint, e, el_long(TYint, 1));
        el_setLoc(e,loc);
    }
    else if (t1->ty == Taarray && t2->ty == Taarray)
    {   TypeAArray *taa = (TypeAArray *)t1;
        Symbol *s = taa->aaGetSymbol("Equal", 0);
        elem *ti = taa->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs);
        elem *ea1 = e1->toElem(irs);
        elem *ea2 = e2->toElem(irs);
        // aaEqual(ti, e1, e2)
        elem *ep = el_params(ea2, ea1, ti, NULL);
        e = el_bin(OPcall, TYnptr, el_var(s), ep);
        if (op == TOKnotequal)
            e = el_bin(OPxor, TYint, e, el_long(TYint, 1));
        el_setLoc(e,loc);
        return e;
    }
    else
        e = toElemBin(irs, eop);
    return e;
}

elem *IdentityExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e;
    enum OPER eop;
    Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *t2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

    switch (op)
    {
        case TOKidentity:       eop = OPeqeq;   break;
        case TOKnotidentity:    eop = OPne;     break;
        default:
            dump(0);
            assert(0);
    }

    //printf("IdentityExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());

    if (t1->ty == Tstruct || t1->isfloating())
    {   // Do bit compare of struct's
        elem *es1;
        elem *es2;
        elem *ecount;

        es1 = e1->toElem(irs);
        es1 = addressElem(es1, e1->type);
        //es1 = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, es1);
        es2 = e2->toElem(irs);
        es2 = addressElem(es2, e2->type);
        //es2 = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, es2);
        e = el_param(es1, es2);
        ecount = el_long(TYsize_t, t1->size());
        e = el_bin(OPmemcmp, TYint, e, ecount);
        e = el_bin(eop, TYint, e, el_long(TYint, 0));
        el_setLoc(e,loc);
    }
    else if ((t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Tsarray) &&
             (t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray))
    {
        elem *ea1;
        elem *ea2;

        ea1 = e1->toElem(irs);
        ea1 = array_toDarray(t1, ea1);
        ea2 = e2->toElem(irs);
        ea2 = array_toDarray(t2, ea2);

        e = el_bin(eop, type->totym(), ea1, ea2);
        el_setLoc(e,loc);
    }
    else
        e = toElemBin(irs, eop);

    return e;
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *InExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;
    elem *key = e1->toElem(irs);
    elem *aa = e2->toElem(irs);
    elem *ep;
    elem *keyti;
    TypeAArray *taa = (TypeAArray *)e2->type->toBasetype();

    // aaInX(aa, keyti, key);
    key = addressElem(key, e1->type);
    Symbol *s = taa->aaGetSymbol("InX", 0);
    keyti = taa->index->getInternalTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs);
    ep = el_params(key, keyti, aa, NULL);
    e = el_bin(OPcall, type->totym(), el_var(s), ep);

    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *RemoveExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;
    Type *tb = e1->type->toBasetype();
    assert(tb->ty == Taarray);
    TypeAArray *taa = (TypeAArray *)tb;
    elem *ea = e1->toElem(irs);
    elem *ekey = e2->toElem(irs);
    elem *ep;
    elem *keyti;

    ekey = addressElem(ekey, e1->type);
    Symbol *s = taa->aaGetSymbol("DelX", 0);
    keyti = taa->index->getInternalTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs);
    ep = el_params(ekey, keyti, ea, NULL);
    e = el_bin(OPcall, TYnptr, el_var(s), ep);

    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *AssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("AssignExp::toElem('%s')\n", toChars());
    Type *t1b = e1->type->toBasetype();

    // Look for array.length = n
    if (e1->op == TOKarraylength)
    {
        // Generate:
        //      _d_arraysetlength(e2, sizeelem, &ale->e1);

        ArrayLengthExp *ale = (ArrayLengthExp *)e1;

        elem *p1 = e2->toElem(irs);
        elem *p3 = ale->e1->toElem(irs);
        p3 = addressElem(p3, NULL);
        Type *t1 = ale->e1->type->toBasetype();

        // call _d_arraysetlengthT(ti, e2, &ale->e1);
        elem *p2 = t1->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs);
        elem *ep = el_params(p3, p1, p2, NULL); // c function
        int r = t1->nextOf()->isZeroInit() ? RTLSYM_ARRAYSETLENGTHT : RTLSYM_ARRAYSETLENGTHIT;

        elem *e = el_bin(OPcall, type->totym(), el_var(rtlsym[r]), ep);
        el_setLoc(e, loc);
        return e;
    }

    elem *e;
    IndexExp *ae;

    // Look for array[]=n
    if (e1->op == TOKslice)
    {
        SliceExp *are = (SliceExp *)(e1);
        Type *t1 = t1b;
        Type *t2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

        // which we do if the 'next' types match
        if (ismemset)
        {   // Do a memset for array[]=v
            //printf("Lpair %s\n", toChars());
            elem *evalue;
            elem *enbytes;
            elem *elength;
            elem *einit;
            Type *ta = are->e1->type->toBasetype();
            Type *tb = ta->nextOf()->toBasetype();
            unsigned sz = tb->size();
            tym_t tym = type->totym();

            elem *n1 = are->e1->toElem(irs);
            elem *elwr = are->lwr ? are->lwr->toElem(irs) : NULL;
            elem *eupr = are->upr ? are->upr->toElem(irs) : NULL;

            elem *n1x = n1;

            // Look for array[]=n
            if (ta->ty == Tsarray)
            {
                TypeSArray *ts = (TypeSArray *) ta;
                n1 = array_toPtr(ta, n1);
                enbytes = ts->dim->toElem(irs);
                n1x = n1;
                n1 = el_same(&n1x);
                einit = resolveLengthVar(are->lengthVar, &n1, ta);
            }
            else if (ta->ty == Tarray)
            {
                n1 = el_same(&n1x);
                einit = resolveLengthVar(are->lengthVar, &n1, ta);
                enbytes = el_copytree(n1);
                n1 = array_toPtr(ta, n1);
                enbytes = el_una(I64 ? OP128_64 : OP64_32, TYsize_t, enbytes);
            }
            else if (ta->ty == Tpointer)
            {
                n1 = el_same(&n1x);
                enbytes = el_long(TYsize_t, -1);   // largest possible index
                einit = NULL;
            }

            // Enforce order of evaluation of n1[elwr..eupr] as n1,elwr,eupr
            elem *elwrx = elwr;
            if (elwr) elwr = el_same(&elwrx);
            elem *euprx = eupr;
            if (eupr) eupr = el_same(&euprx);

#if 0
            printf("sz = %d\n", sz);
            printf("n1x\n");
            elem_print(n1x);
            printf("einit\n");
            elem_print(einit);
            printf("elwrx\n");
            elem_print(elwrx);
            printf("euprx\n");
            elem_print(euprx);
            printf("n1\n");
            elem_print(n1);
            printf("elwr\n");
            elem_print(elwr);
            printf("eupr\n");
            elem_print(eupr);
            printf("enbytes\n");
            elem_print(enbytes);
#endif
            einit = el_combine(n1x, einit);
            einit = el_combine(einit, elwrx);
            einit = el_combine(einit, euprx);

            evalue = this->e2->toElem(irs);

#if 0
            printf("n1\n");
            elem_print(n1);
            printf("enbytes\n");
            elem_print(enbytes);
#endif

            if (irs->arrayBoundsCheck() && eupr && ta->ty != Tpointer)
            {
                elem *c1;
                elem *c2;
                elem *ea;
                elem *eb;
                elem *enbytesx;

                assert(elwr);
                enbytesx = enbytes;
                enbytes = el_same(&enbytesx);
                c1 = el_bin(OPle, TYint, el_copytree(eupr), enbytesx);
                c2 = el_bin(OPle, TYint, el_copytree(elwr), el_copytree(eupr));
                c1 = el_bin(OPandand, TYint, c1, c2);

                // Construct: (c1 || ModuleArray(line))
                Symbol *sassert;

                sassert = irs->blx->module->toModuleArray();
                ea = el_bin(OPcall,TYvoid,el_var(sassert), el_long(TYint, loc.linnum));
                eb = el_bin(OPoror,TYvoid,c1,ea);
                einit = el_combine(einit, eb);
            }

            if (elwr)
            {   elem *elwr2;

                el_free(enbytes);
                elwr2 = el_copytree(elwr);
                elwr2 = el_bin(OPmul, TYsize_t, elwr2, el_long(TYsize_t, sz));
                n1 = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, n1, elwr2);
                enbytes = el_bin(OPmin, TYsize_t, eupr, elwr);
                elength = el_copytree(enbytes);
            }
            else
                elength = el_copytree(enbytes);
            e = setArray(n1, enbytes, tb, evalue, irs, op);
            e = el_pair(TYdarray, elength, e);
            e = el_combine(einit, e);
            //elem_print(e);
            goto Lret;
        }
#if 0
        else if (e2->op == TOKadd || e2->op == TOKmin)
        {
            /* It's ea[] = eb[] +- ec[]
             */
            BinExp *e2a = (BinExp *)e2;
            Type *t = e2->type->toBasetype()->nextOf()->toBasetype();
            if (t->ty != Tfloat32 && t->ty != Tfloat64 && t->ty != Tfloat80)
            {
                e2->error("array add/min for %s not supported", t->toChars());
                return el_long(TYint, 0);
            }
            elem *ea = e1->toElem(irs);
            ea = array_toDarray(e1->type, ea);
            elem *eb = e2a->e1->toElem(irs);
            eb = array_toDarray(e2a->e1->type, eb);
            elem *ec = e2a->e2->toElem(irs);
            ec = array_toDarray(e2a->e2->type, ec);

            int rtl = RTLSYM_ARRAYASSADDFLOAT;
            if (t->ty == Tfloat64)
                rtl = RTLSYM_ARRAYASSADDDOUBLE;
            else if (t->ty == Tfloat80)
                rtl = RTLSYM_ARRAYASSADDREAL;
            if (e2->op == TOKmin)
            {
                rtl = RTLSYM_ARRAYASSMINFLOAT;
                if (t->ty == Tfloat64)
                    rtl = RTLSYM_ARRAYASSMINDOUBLE;
                else if (t->ty == Tfloat80)
                    rtl = RTLSYM_ARRAYASSMINREAL;
            }

            /* Set parameters so the order of evaluation is eb, ec, ea
             */
            elem *ep = el_params(eb, ec, ea, NULL);
            e = el_bin(OPcall, type->totym(), el_var(rtlsym[rtl]), ep);
            goto Lret;
        }
#endif
        else
        {
            /* It's array1[]=array2[]
             * which is a memcpy
             */
            elem *ep;

            elem *eto = e1->toElem(irs);
            elem *efrom = e2->toElem(irs);

            unsigned size = t1->nextOf()->size();
            elem *esize = el_long(TYsize_t, size);

            /* Determine if we need to do postblit
             */
            int postblit = 0;
            if (needsPostblit(t1))
                postblit = 1;

            assert(e2->type->ty != Tpointer);

            if (!postblit && !irs->arrayBoundsCheck())
            {
                elem *ex = el_same(&eto);

                // Determine if elen is a constant
                elem *elen;
                if (eto->Eoper == OPpair &&
                    eto->E1->Eoper == OPconst)
                {
                    elen = el_copytree(eto->E1);
                }
                else
                {
                    // It's not a constant, so pull it from the dynamic array
                    elen = el_una(I64 ? OP128_64 : OP64_32, TYsize_t, el_copytree(ex));
                }

                esize = el_bin(OPmul, TYsize_t, elen, esize);
                elem *epto = array_toPtr(e1->type, ex);
                elem *epfr = array_toPtr(e2->type, efrom);
#if 1
                // memcpy() is faster, so if we can't beat 'em, join 'em
                e = el_params(esize, epfr, epto, NULL);
                e = el_bin(OPcall,TYnptr,el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_MEMCPY]),e);
#else
                e = el_bin(OPmemcpy, TYnptr, epto, el_param(epfr, esize));
#endif
                e = el_pair(eto->Ety, el_copytree(elen), e);
                e = el_combine(eto, e);
            }
#if DMDV2
            else if (postblit && op != TOKblit)
            {
                /* Generate:
                 *      _d_arrayassign(ti, efrom, eto)
                 * or:
                 *      _d_arrayctor(ti, efrom, eto)
                 */
                el_free(esize);
                Expression *ti = t1->nextOf()->toBasetype()->getTypeInfo(NULL);
                ep = el_params(eto, efrom, ti->toElem(irs), NULL);
                int rtl = (op == TOKconstruct) ? RTLSYM_ARRAYCTOR : RTLSYM_ARRAYASSIGN;
                e = el_bin(OPcall, type->totym(), el_var(rtlsym[rtl]), ep);
            }
#endif
            else
            {
                // Generate:
                //      _d_arraycopy(eto, efrom, esize)

                ep = el_params(eto, efrom, esize, NULL);
                e = el_bin(OPcall, type->totym(), el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_ARRAYCOPY]), ep);
            }
            el_setLoc(e, loc);
            return e;
        }
    }

    if (e1->op == TOKindex)
    {
        ae = (IndexExp *)(e1);
    }

#if DMDV2
    /* Look for reference initializations
     */
    if (op == TOKconstruct && e1->op == TOKvar)
    {
        VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)e1;
        Declaration *s = ve->var;
        if (s->storage_class & (STCout | STCref))
        {
#if 0
            Expression *ae = e2->addressOf(NULL);
            e = ae->toElem(irs);
#else
            e = e2->toElem(irs);
            e = addressElem(e, e2->type);
#endif
            elem *es = el_var(s->toSymbol());
            es->Ety = TYnptr;
            e = el_bin(OPeq, TYnptr, es, e);
// BUG: type is struct, and e2 is TOKint64
            goto Lret;
        }
    }
#endif

#if 1
    /* This will work if we can distinguish an assignment from
     * an initialization of the lvalue. It'll work if the latter.
     * If the former, because of aliasing of the return value with
     * function arguments, it'll fail.
     */
    if (op == TOKconstruct && e2->op == TOKcall)
    {   CallExp *ce = (CallExp *)e2;

        TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)ce->e1->type->toBasetype();
        if (tf->ty == Tfunction && tf->retStyle() == RETstack)
        {
            elem *ehidden = e1->toElem(irs);
            ehidden = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, ehidden);
            assert(!irs->ehidden);
            irs->ehidden = ehidden;
            e = e2->toElem(irs);
            goto Lret;
        }
    }
#endif
//if (op == TOKconstruct) printf("construct\n");
    if (t1b->ty == Tstruct || t1b->ty == Tsarray)
    {   elem *eleft = e1->toElem(irs);

        if (e2->op == TOKint64)
        {   /* Implement:
             *  (struct = 0)
             * with:
             *  memset(&struct, 0, struct.sizeof)
             */
            elem *ey = NULL;
            unsigned sz = e1->type->size();
            StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *)t1b)->sym;
            if (sd->isnested && op == TOKconstruct)
            {
                ey = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, eleft);
                eleft = el_same(&ey);
                ey = setEthis(loc, irs, ey, sd);
                sz = sd->vthis->offset;
            }

            elem *el = eleft;
            elem *enbytes = el_long(TYsize_t, sz);
            elem *evalue = el_long(TYsize_t, 0);

            if (!(sd->isnested && op == TOKconstruct))
                el = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, el);
            e = el_param(enbytes, evalue);
            e = el_bin(OPmemset,TYnptr,el,e);
            e = el_combine(ey, e);
            el_setLoc(e, loc);
            //e = el_una(OPind, TYstruct, e);
        }
        else
        {
            //printf("toElemBin() '%s'\n", toChars());

            tym_t tym = type->totym();

            elem *e1 = eleft;
            elem *ex = e1;
            if (e1->Eoper == OPind)
                ex = e1->E1;
            if (this->e2->op == TOKstructliteral &&
                ex->Eoper == OPvar && ex->EV.sp.Voffset == 0)
            {   StructLiteralExp *se = (StructLiteralExp *)this->e2;

                Symbol *symSave = se->sym;
                size_t soffsetSave = se->soffset;
                int fillHolesSave = se->fillHoles;

                se->sym = ex->EV.sp.Vsym;
                se->soffset = 0;
                se->fillHoles = (op == TOKconstruct || op == TOKblit) ? 1 : 0;

                el_free(e1);
                e = this->e2->toElem(irs);

                se->sym = symSave;
                se->soffset = soffsetSave;
                se->fillHoles = fillHolesSave;
            }
            else
            {
                elem *e2 = this->e2->toElem(irs);
                e = el_bin(OPstreq,tym,e1,e2);
                e->ET = this->e1->type->toCtype();
                if (type_size(e->ET) == 0)
                    e->Eoper = OPcomma;
            }
            goto Lret;
        }
    }
    else
        e = toElemBin(irs,OPeq);
    return e;

  Lret:
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *AddAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("AddAssignExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    elem *e = toElemBin(irs,OPaddass);
    return e;
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *MinAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPminass);
}

/***************************************
 */

elem *CatAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("CatAssignExp::toElem('%s')\n", toChars());
    elem *e;
    Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *tb2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

    if (tb1->ty == Tarray && tb2->ty == Tdchar &&
        (tb1->nextOf()->ty == Tchar || tb1->nextOf()->ty == Twchar))
    {   // Append dchar to char[] or wchar[]

        elem *e1 = this->e1->toElem(irs);
        e1 = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e1);

        elem *e2 = this->e2->toElem(irs);

        elem *ep = el_params(e2, e1, NULL);
        int rtl = (tb1->nextOf()->ty == Tchar)
                ? RTLSYM_ARRAYAPPENDCD
                : RTLSYM_ARRAYAPPENDWD;
        e = el_bin(OPcall, TYdarray, el_var(rtlsym[rtl]), ep);
        el_setLoc(e,loc);
    }
    else if (tb1->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray)
    {
        elem *e1 = this->e1->toElem(irs);
        elem *e2 = this->e2->toElem(irs);

        Type *tb1n = tb1->nextOf()->toBasetype();
        if ((tb2->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray) &&
            tb1n->equals(tb2->nextOf()->toBasetype()))
        {   // Append array
            e1 = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e1);
            if (tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYstruct || tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYarray)
            {
                e2 = el_una(OPstrpar, TYstruct, e2);
                e2->ET = e2->E1->ET;
            }
            elem *ep = el_params(e2, e1, this->e1->type->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs), NULL);
            e = el_bin(OPcall, TYdarray, el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_ARRAYAPPENDT]), ep);
        }
        else if (I64)
        {   // Append element

            elem *e2x = NULL;

            if (e2->Eoper != OPvar && e2->Eoper != OPconst)
            {
                // Evaluate e2 and assign result to temporary s2.
                // Do this because of:
                //    a ~= a[$-1]
                // because $ changes its value
                symbol *s2 = symbol_genauto(tb2->toCtype());
                e2x = el_bin(OPeq, e2->Ety, el_var(s2), e2);
                if (tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYstruct)
                {
                    e2x->Eoper = OPstreq;
                    e2x->ET = tb1n->toCtype();
                }
                else if (tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYarray)
                {
                    e2x->Eoper = OPstreq;
                    e2x->Ejty = e2x->Ety = TYstruct;
                    e2x->ET = tb1n->toCtype();
                }
                e2 = el_var(s2);
            }

            // Extend array with _d_arrayappendcTX(TypeInfo ti, e1, 1)
            e1 = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e1);
            elem *ep = el_param(e1, this->e1->type->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs));
            ep = el_param(el_long(TYsize_t, 1), ep);
            e = el_bin(OPcall, TYdarray, el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_ARRAYAPPENDCTX]), ep);
            symbol *stmp = symbol_genauto(tb1->toCtype());
            e = el_bin(OPeq, TYdarray, el_var(stmp), e);

            // Assign e2 to last element in stmp[]
            // *(stmp.ptr + (stmp.length - 1) * szelem) = e2

            elem *eptr = array_toPtr(tb1, el_var(stmp));
            elem *elength = el_una(I64 ? OP128_64 : OP64_32, TYsize_t, el_var(stmp));
            elength = el_bin(OPmin, TYsize_t, elength, el_long(TYsize_t, 1));
            elength = el_bin(OPmul, TYsize_t, elength, el_long(TYsize_t, this->e2->type->size()));
            eptr = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, eptr, elength);
            StructDeclaration *sd = needsPostblit(tb2);
            elem *epost = NULL;
            if (sd)
                epost = el_same(&eptr);
            elem *ederef = el_una(OPind, e2->Ety, eptr);
            elem *eeq = el_bin(OPeq, e2->Ety, ederef, e2);

            if (tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYstruct)
            {
                eeq->Eoper = OPstreq;
                eeq->ET = tb1n->toCtype();
            }
            else if (tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYarray)
            {
                eeq->Eoper = OPstreq;
                eeq->Ejty = eeq->Ety = TYstruct;
                eeq->ET = tb1n->toCtype();
            }

            /* Need to call postblit on eeq
             */
            if (sd)
            {   FuncDeclaration *fd = sd->postblit;
                epost = callfunc(loc, irs, 1, Type::tvoid, epost, sd->type->pointerTo(), fd, fd->type, NULL, NULL);
                eeq = el_bin(OPcomma, epost->Ety, eeq, epost);
            }

            e = el_combine(e2x, e);
            e = el_combine(e, eeq);
            e = el_combine(e, el_var(stmp));
        }
        else
        {   // Append element
            e1 = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e1);
            if (tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYstruct || tybasic(e2->Ety) == TYarray)
            {
                e2 = el_una(OPstrpar, TYstruct, e2);
                e2->ET = e2->E1->ET;
            }
            elem *ep = el_params(e2, e1, this->e1->type->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs), NULL);
            e = el_bin(OPcall, TYdarray, el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_ARRAYAPPENDCT]), ep);
            e->Eflags |= EFLAGS_variadic;
        }

        el_setLoc(e,loc);
    }
    else
        assert(0);
    return e;
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *DivAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPdivass);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *ModAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPmodass);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *MulAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPmulass);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *ShlAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPshlass);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *ShrAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("ShrAssignExp::toElem() %s, %s\n", e1->type->toChars(), e1->toChars());
    Type *t1 = e1->type;
    if (e1->op == TOKcast)
    {   /* Use the type before it was integrally promoted to int
         */
        CastExp *ce = (CastExp *)e1;
        t1 = ce->e1->type;
    }
    return toElemBin(irs, t1->isunsigned() ? OPshrass : OPashrass);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *UshrAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs, OPshrass);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *AndAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPandass);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *OrAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPorass);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *XorAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPxorass);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *PowAssignExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (tb1->ty == Tarray || tb1->ty == Tsarray)
    {
        error("Array operation %s not implemented", toChars());
        return el_long(type->totym(), 0);  // error recovery
    }
    else
    {   assert(0);
        return NULL;
    }
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *AndAndExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    tym_t tym = type->totym();

    elem *el = e1->toElem(irs);
    elem *er = e2->toElemDtor(irs);
    elem *e = el_bin(OPandand,tym,el,er);

    el_setLoc(e,loc);

    if (global.params.cov && e2->loc.linnum)
        e->E2 = el_combine(incUsageElem(irs, e2->loc), e->E2);
    return e;
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *OrOrExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    tym_t tym = type->totym();

    elem *el = e1->toElem(irs);
    elem *er = e2->toElemDtor(irs);
    elem *e = el_bin(OPoror,tym,el,er);

    el_setLoc(e,loc);

    if (global.params.cov && e2->loc.linnum)
        e->E2 = el_combine(incUsageElem(irs, e2->loc), e->E2);
    return e;
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *XorExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPxor);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *PowExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (tb1->ty == Tarray || tb1->ty == Tsarray)
    {
        error("Array operation %s not implemented", toChars());
        return el_long(type->totym(), 0);  // error recovery
    }
    assert(0);
    return NULL;
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *AndExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPand);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *OrExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs,OPor);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *ShlExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs, OPshl);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *ShrExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    return toElemBin(irs, e1->type->isunsigned() ? OPshr : OPashr);
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *UshrExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //return toElemBin(irs, OPshr);
    elem *eleft  = e1->toElem(irs);
    eleft->Ety = touns(eleft->Ety);
    elem *eright = e2->toElem(irs);
    elem *e = el_bin(OPshr, type->totym(), eleft, eright);
    el_setLoc(e, loc);
    return e;
}

/****************************************
 */

elem *CommaExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    assert(e1 && e2);
    elem *eleft  = e1->toElem(irs);
    elem *eright = e2->toElem(irs);
    elem *e = el_combine(eleft, eright);
    if (e)
        el_setLoc(e, loc);
    return e;
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *CondExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *ec = econd->toElem(irs);

    elem *eleft = e1->toElemDtor(irs);
    tym_t ty = eleft->Ety;
    if (global.params.cov && e1->loc.linnum)
        eleft = el_combine(incUsageElem(irs, e1->loc), eleft);

    elem *eright = e2->toElemDtor(irs);
    if (global.params.cov && e2->loc.linnum)
        eright = el_combine(incUsageElem(irs, e2->loc), eright);

    elem *e = el_bin(OPcond, ty, ec, el_bin(OPcolon, ty, eleft, eright));
    if (tybasic(ty) == TYstruct)
        e->ET = e1->type->toCtype();
    el_setLoc(e, loc);
    return e;
}


/***************************************
 */

elem *TypeExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
#ifdef DEBUG
    printf("TypeExp::toElem()\n");
#endif
    error("type %s is not an expression", toChars());
    return el_long(TYint, 0);
}

elem *ScopeExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    error("%s is not an expression", sds->toChars());
    return el_long(TYint, 0);
}

elem *DotVarExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    // *(&e + offset)

    //printf("DotVarExp::toElem('%s')\n", toChars());

    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();
    if (!v)
    {
        error("%s is not a field, but a %s", var->toChars(), var->kind());
    }

    elem *e = e1->toElem(irs);
    Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (tb1->ty != Tclass && tb1->ty != Tpointer)
        //e = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e);
        e = addressElem(e, tb1);
    e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYsize_t, v ? v->offset : 0));
    e = el_una(OPind, type->totym(), e);
    if (tybasic(e->Ety) == TYstruct)
    {
        e->ET = type->toCtype();
    }
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *DelegateExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e;
    elem *ethis;
    elem *ep;
    Symbol *sfunc;
    int directcall = 0;

    //printf("DelegateExp::toElem() '%s'\n", toChars());
    sfunc = func->toSymbol();
    if (func->isNested())
    {
        ep = el_ptr(sfunc);
        ethis = getEthis(loc, irs, func);
    }
    else
    {
        ethis = e1->toElem(irs);
        if (e1->type->ty != Tclass && e1->type->ty != Tpointer)
            ethis = addressElem(ethis, e1->type);

        if (e1->op == TOKsuper || e1->op == TOKdottype)
            directcall = 1;

        if (!func->isThis())
            error("delegates are only for non-static functions");

        if (!func->isVirtual() ||
            directcall ||
            func->isFinal())
        {
            ep = el_ptr(sfunc);
        }
        else
        {
            // Get pointer to function out of virtual table
            unsigned vindex;

            assert(ethis);
            ep = el_same(&ethis);
            ep = el_una(OPind, TYnptr, ep);
            vindex = func->vtblIndex;

            if ((int)vindex < 0)
                error("Internal compiler error: malformed delegate. See Bugzilla 4860");

            // Build *(ep + vindex * 4)
            ep = el_bin(OPadd,TYnptr,ep,el_long(TYsize_t, vindex * PTRSIZE));
            ep = el_una(OPind,TYnptr,ep);
        }

//      if (func->tintro)
//          func->error(loc, "cannot form delegate due to covariant return type");
    }
    if (ethis->Eoper == OPcomma)
    {
        ethis->E2 = el_pair(TYdelegate, ethis->E2, ep);
        ethis->Ety = TYdelegate;
        e = ethis;
    }
    else
        e = el_pair(TYdelegate, ethis, ep);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *DotTypeExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    // Just a pass-thru to e1
    elem *e;

    //printf("DotTypeExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    e = e1->toElem(irs);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *CallExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("CallExp::toElem('%s')\n", toChars());
    assert(e1->type);
    elem *ec;
    int directcall;
    FuncDeclaration *fd;
    Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *ectype = t1;
    elem *eeq = NULL;

    elem *ehidden = irs->ehidden;
    irs->ehidden = NULL;

    directcall = 0;
    fd = NULL;
    if (e1->op == TOKdotvar && t1->ty != Tdelegate)
    {   DotVarExp *dve = (DotVarExp *)e1;

        fd = dve->var->isFuncDeclaration();
        Expression *ex = dve->e1;
        while (1)
        {
            switch (ex->op)
            {
                case TOKsuper:          // super.member() calls directly
                case TOKdottype:        // type.member() calls directly
                    directcall = 1;
                    break;

                case TOKcast:
                    ex = ((CastExp *)ex)->e1;
                    continue;

                default:
                    //ex->dump(0);
                    break;
            }
            break;
        }
        ec = dve->e1->toElem(irs);
        ectype = dve->e1->type->toBasetype();
    }
    else if (e1->op == TOKvar)
    {
        fd = ((VarExp *)e1)->var->isFuncDeclaration();

        if (fd && fd->ident == Id::alloca &&
            !fd->fbody && fd->linkage == LINKc &&
            arguments && arguments->dim == 1)
        {   Expression *arg = arguments->tdata()[0];
            arg = arg->optimize(WANTvalue);
            if (arg->isConst() && arg->type->isintegral())
            {   dinteger_t sz = arg->toInteger();
                if (sz > 0 && sz < 0x40000)
                {
                    // It's an alloca(sz) of a fixed amount.
                    // Replace with an array allocated on the stack
                    // of the same size: char[sz] tmp;

                    Symbol *stmp;
                    ::type *t;

                    assert(!ehidden);
                    t = type_allocn(TYarray, tschar);
                    t->Tdim = sz;
                    stmp = symbol_genauto(t);
                    ec = el_ptr(stmp);
                    el_setLoc(ec,loc);
                    return ec;
                }
            }
        }

        ec = e1->toElem(irs);
    }
    else
    {
        ec = e1->toElem(irs);
        if (arguments && arguments->dim)
        {
            /* The idea is to enforce expressions being evaluated left to right,
             * even though call trees are evaluated parameters first.
             * We just do a quick hack to catch the more obvious cases, though
             * we need to solve this generally.
             */
            if (ec->Eoper == OPind && el_sideeffect(ec->E1))
            {   /* Rewrite (*exp)(arguments) as:
                 * tmp=exp, (*tmp)(arguments)
                 */
                elem *ec1 = ec->E1;
                Symbol *stmp = symbol_genauto(type_fake(ec1->Ety));
                eeq = el_bin(OPeq, ec->Ety, el_var(stmp), ec1);
                ec->E1 = el_var(stmp);
            }
            else if (tybasic(ec->Ety) == TYdelegate && el_sideeffect(ec))
            {   /* Rewrite (exp)(arguments) as:
                 * tmp=exp, (tmp)(arguments)
                 */
                Symbol *stmp = symbol_genauto(type_fake(ec->Ety));
                eeq = el_bin(OPeq, ec->Ety, el_var(stmp), ec);
                ec = el_var(stmp);
            }
        }
    }
    ec = callfunc(loc, irs, directcall, type, ec, ectype, fd, t1, ehidden, arguments);
    el_setLoc(ec,loc);
    if (eeq)
        ec = el_combine(eeq, ec);
    return ec;
}

elem *AddrExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("AddrExp::toElem('%s')\n", toChars());
    elem *e = e1->toElem(irs);
    e = addressElem(e, e1->type);
    e->Ety = type->totym();
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *PtrExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("PtrExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    elem *e = e1->toElem(irs);
    e = el_una(OPind,type->totym(),e);
    if (tybasic(e->Ety) == TYstruct)
    {
        e->ET = type->toCtype();
    }
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *BoolExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e1 = this->e1->toElem(irs);
    return el_una(OPbool,type->totym(),e1);
}

elem *DeleteExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;
    int rtl;
    Type *tb;

    //printf("DeleteExp::toElem()\n");
    if (e1->op == TOKindex)
    {
        IndexExp *ae = (IndexExp *)(e1);
        tb = ae->e1->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Taarray)
        {
            TypeAArray *taa = (TypeAArray *)tb;
            elem *ea = ae->e1->toElem(irs);
            elem *ekey = ae->e2->toElem(irs);
            elem *ep;
            elem *keyti;

            if (tybasic(ekey->Ety) == TYstruct || tybasic(ekey->Ety) == TYarray)
            {
                ekey = el_una(OPstrpar, TYstruct, ekey);
                ekey->ET = ekey->E1->ET;
            }

            Symbol *s = taa->aaGetSymbol("Del", 0);
            keyti = taa->index->getInternalTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs);
            ep = el_params(ekey, keyti, ea, NULL);
            e = el_bin(OPcall, TYnptr, el_var(s), ep);
            goto Lret;
        }
    }
    //e1->type->print();
    e = e1->toElem(irs);
    tb = e1->type->toBasetype();
    switch (tb->ty)
    {
        case Tarray:
        {   e = addressElem(e, e1->type);
            rtl = RTLSYM_DELARRAYT;

            /* See if we need to run destructors on the array contents
             */
            elem *et = NULL;
            Type *tv = tb->nextOf()->toBasetype();
            while (tv->ty == Tsarray)
            {   TypeSArray *ta = (TypeSArray *)tv;
                tv = tv->nextOf()->toBasetype();
            }
            if (tv->ty == Tstruct)
            {   TypeStruct *ts = (TypeStruct *)tv;
                StructDeclaration *sd = ts->sym;
                if (sd->dtor)
                    et = tb->nextOf()->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs);
            }
            if (!et)                            // if no destructors needed
                et = el_long(TYnptr, 0);        // pass null for TypeInfo
            e = el_params(et, e, NULL);
            // call _d_delarray_t(e, et);
            e = el_bin(OPcall, TYvoid, el_var(rtlsym[rtl]), e);
            goto Lret;
        }
        case Tclass:
            if (e1->op == TOKvar)
            {   VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)e1;
                if (ve->var->isVarDeclaration() &&
                    ve->var->isVarDeclaration()->onstack)
                {
                    rtl = RTLSYM_CALLFINALIZER;
                    if (tb->isClassHandle()->isInterfaceDeclaration())
                        rtl = RTLSYM_CALLINTERFACEFINALIZER;
                    break;
                }
            }
            e = addressElem(e, e1->type);
            rtl = RTLSYM_DELCLASS;
            if (tb->isClassHandle()->isInterfaceDeclaration())
                rtl = RTLSYM_DELINTERFACE;
            break;

        case Tpointer:
            e = addressElem(e, e1->type);
            rtl = RTLSYM_DELMEMORY;
            break;

        default:
            assert(0);
            break;
    }
    e = el_bin(OPcall, TYvoid, el_var(rtlsym[rtl]), e);

  Lret:
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *VectorExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
#if 0
    printf("VectorExp::toElem()\n");
    print();
    printf("\tfrom: %s\n", e1->type->toChars());
    printf("\tto  : %s\n", to->toChars());
#endif

    dinteger_t d;
    real_t r;
    if (e1->type->isfloating())
        r = e1->toReal();
    else if (e1->type->isintegral())
        d = e1->toInteger();
    else
        assert(0);
    elem *e = el_calloc();
    e->Eoper = OPconst;
    e->Ety = type->totym();
    switch (tybasic(e->Ety))
    {
        case TYfloat4:
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                            ((targ_float *)&e->EV.Vcent)[i] = r;
                        break;
        case TYdouble2:
                        ((targ_double *)&e->EV.Vcent.lsw)[0] = r;
                        ((targ_double *)&e->EV.Vcent.msw)[0] = r;
                        break;
        case TYschar16:
        case TYuchar16:
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; i++)
                            ((targ_uchar *)&e->EV.Vcent)[i] = d;
                        break;
        case TYshort8:
        case TYushort8:
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; i++)
                            ((targ_ushort *)&e->EV.Vcent)[i] = d;
                        break;
        case TYlong4:
        case TYulong4:
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                            ((targ_ulong *)&e->EV.Vcent)[i] = d;
                        break;
        case TYllong2:
        case TYullong2: e->EV.Vcent.lsw = d;
                        e->EV.Vcent.msw = d;
                        break;
        default:
            assert(0);
    }
    el_setLoc(e, loc);
    return e;
}

elem *CastExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    TY fty;
    TY tty;
    tym_t ftym;
    tym_t ttym;
    enum OPER eop;

#if 0
    printf("CastExp::toElem()\n");
    print();
    printf("\tfrom: %s\n", e1->type->toChars());
    printf("\tto  : %s\n", to->toChars());
#endif

    elem *e = e1->toElem(irs);
    Type *tfrom = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *t = to->toBasetype();         // skip over typedef's

#if DMDV2
    if (tfrom->ty == Taarray)
        tfrom = ((TypeAArray*)tfrom)->getImpl()->type;
    if (t->ty == Taarray)
        t = ((TypeAArray*)t)->getImpl()->type;
#endif

    if (t->equals(tfrom))
        goto Lret;

    fty = tfrom->ty;
    //printf("fty = %d\n", fty);
    tty = t->ty;

    if (tty == Tpointer && fty == Tarray
#if 0
        && (t->next->ty == Tvoid || t->next->equals(e1->type->next))
#endif
       )
    {
        if (e->Eoper == OPvar)
        {
            // e1 -> *(&e1 + 4)
            e = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e);
            e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYsize_t, tysize[TYnptr]));
            e = el_una(OPind,t->totym(),e);
        }
        else
        {
            // e1 -> (unsigned)(e1 >> 32)
            if (I64)
            {
                e = el_bin(OPshr, TYucent, e, el_long(TYint, 64));
                e = el_una(OP128_64, t->totym(), e);
            }
            else
            {
                e = el_bin(OPshr, TYullong, e, el_long(TYint, 32));
                e = el_una(OP64_32, t->totym(), e);
            }
        }
        goto Lret;
    }

    if (tty == Tpointer && fty == Tsarray
#if 0
        && (t->next->ty == Tvoid || t->next->equals(e1->type->next))
#endif
        )
    {
        // e1 -> &e1
        e = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, e);
        goto Lret;
    }

    // Convert from static array to dynamic array
    if (tty == Tarray && fty == Tsarray)
    {
        e = sarray_toDarray(loc, tfrom, t, e);
        goto Lret;
    }

    // Convert from dynamic array to dynamic array
    if (tty == Tarray && fty == Tarray)
    {
        unsigned fsize = tfrom->nextOf()->size();
        unsigned tsize = t->nextOf()->size();

        if (fsize != tsize)
        {   // Array element sizes do not match, so we must adjust the dimensions
            elem *ep = el_params(e, el_long(TYsize_t, fsize), el_long(TYsize_t, tsize), NULL);
            e = el_bin(OPcall, type->totym(), el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_ARRAYCAST]), ep);
        }
        goto Lret;
    }

    // Casting from base class to derived class requires a runtime check
    if (fty == Tclass && tty == Tclass)
    {
        // Casting from derived class to base class is a no-op
        int offset;
        int rtl = RTLSYM_DYNAMIC_CAST;

        ClassDeclaration *cdfrom = tfrom->isClassHandle();
        ClassDeclaration *cdto   = t->isClassHandle();
        if (cdfrom->isInterfaceDeclaration())
        {
            rtl = RTLSYM_INTERFACE_CAST;
            if (cdfrom->isCPPinterface())
            {
                if (cdto->isCPPinterface())
                {
                    /* Casting from a C++ interface to a C++ interface
                     * is always a 'paint' operation
                     */
                    goto Lret;                  // no-op
                }

                /* Casting from a C++ interface to a class
                 * always results in null because there is no runtime
                 * information available to do it.
                 *
                 * Casting from a C++ interface to a non-C++ interface
                 * always results in null because there's no way one
                 * can be derived from the other.
                 */
                e = el_bin(OPcomma, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYnptr, 0));
                goto Lret;
            }
        }
        if (cdto->isBaseOf(cdfrom, &offset) && offset != OFFSET_RUNTIME)
        {
            /* The offset from cdfrom=>cdto is known at compile time.
             */

            //printf("offset = %d\n", offset);
            if (offset)
            {   /* Rewrite cast as (e ? e + offset : null)
                 */
                if (e1->op == TOKthis)
                {   // Assume 'this' is never null, so skip null check
                    e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
                }
                else
                {
                    elem *etmp = el_same(&e);
                    elem *ex = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, etmp, el_long(TYsize_t, offset));
                    ex = el_bin(OPcolon, TYnptr, ex, el_long(TYnptr, 0));
                    e = el_bin(OPcond, TYnptr, e, ex);
                }
            }
            goto Lret;                  // no-op
        }

        /* The offset from cdfrom=>cdto can only be determined at runtime.
         */
        elem *ep = el_param(el_ptr(cdto->toSymbol()), e);
        e = el_bin(OPcall, TYnptr, el_var(rtlsym[rtl]), ep);
        goto Lret;
    }

    ftym = tybasic(e->Ety);
    ttym = tybasic(t->totym());
    if (ftym == ttym)
        goto Lret;

    /* Reduce combinatorial explosion by rewriting the 'to' and 'from' types to a
     * generic equivalent (as far as casting goes)
     */
    switch (tty)
    {
        case Tpointer:
            if (fty == Tdelegate)
                goto Lpaint;
            tty = I64 ? Tuns64 : Tuns32;
            break;

        case Tchar:     tty = Tuns8;    break;
        case Twchar:    tty = Tuns16;   break;
        case Tdchar:    tty = Tuns32;   break;
        case Tvoid:     goto Lpaint;

        case Tbool:
        {
            // Construct e?true:false
            e = el_una(OPbool, ttym, e);
            goto Lret;
        }
    }

    switch (fty)
    {
        case Tpointer:  fty = I64 ? Tuns64 : Tuns32;  break;
        case Tchar:     fty = Tuns8;    break;
        case Twchar:    fty = Tuns16;   break;
        case Tdchar:    fty = Tuns32;   break;
    }

    #define X(fty, tty) ((fty) * TMAX + (tty))
Lagain:
    switch (X(fty,tty))
    {
        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tbool,Tint8):
        case X(Tbool,Tuns8):
                                goto Lpaint;
        case X(Tbool,Tint16):
        case X(Tbool,Tuns16):
        case X(Tbool,Tint32):
        case X(Tbool,Tuns32):   eop = OPu8_16;  goto Leop;
        case X(Tbool,Tint64):
        case X(Tbool,Tuns64):
        case X(Tbool,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tbool,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tbool,Tfloat80):
        case X(Tbool,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tbool,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tbool,Tcomplex80):
                                e = el_una(OPu8_16, TYuint, e);
                                fty = Tuns32;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tbool,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tbool,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tbool,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tint8,Tuns8):    goto Lpaint;
        case X(Tint8,Tint16):
        case X(Tint8,Tuns16):
        case X(Tint8,Tint32):
        case X(Tint8,Tuns32):   eop = OPs8_16;  goto Leop;
        case X(Tint8,Tint64):
        case X(Tint8,Tuns64):
        case X(Tint8,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tint8,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tint8,Tfloat80):
        case X(Tint8,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tint8,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tint8,Tcomplex80):
                                e = el_una(OPs8_16, TYint, e);
                                fty = Tint32;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tint8,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tint8,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tint8,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tuns8,Tint8):    goto Lpaint;
        case X(Tuns8,Tint16):
        case X(Tuns8,Tuns16):
        case X(Tuns8,Tint32):
        case X(Tuns8,Tuns32):   eop = OPu8_16;  goto Leop;
        case X(Tuns8,Tint64):
        case X(Tuns8,Tuns64):
        case X(Tuns8,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tuns8,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tuns8,Tfloat80):
        case X(Tuns8,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tuns8,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tuns8,Tcomplex80):
                                e = el_una(OPu8_16, TYuint, e);
                                fty = Tuns32;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tuns8,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tuns8,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tuns8,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tint16,Tint8):
        case X(Tint16,Tuns8):   eop = OP16_8;   goto Leop;
        case X(Tint16,Tuns16):  goto Lpaint;
        case X(Tint16,Tint32):
        case X(Tint16,Tuns32):  eop = OPs16_32; goto Leop;
        case X(Tint16,Tint64):
        case X(Tint16,Tuns64):  e = el_una(OPs16_32, TYint, e);
                                fty = Tint32;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tint16,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tint16,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tint16,Tfloat80):
        case X(Tint16,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tint16,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tint16,Tcomplex80):
                                e = el_una(OPs16_d, TYdouble, e);
                                fty = Tfloat64;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tint16,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tint16,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tint16,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tuns16,Tint8):
        case X(Tuns16,Tuns8):   eop = OP16_8;   goto Leop;
        case X(Tuns16,Tint16):  goto Lpaint;
        case X(Tuns16,Tint32):
        case X(Tuns16,Tuns32):  eop = OPu16_32; goto Leop;
        case X(Tuns16,Tint64):
        case X(Tuns16,Tuns64):
        case X(Tuns16,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tuns16,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tuns16,Tfloat80):
        case X(Tuns16,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tuns16,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tuns16,Tcomplex80):
                                e = el_una(OPu16_32, TYuint, e);
                                fty = Tuns32;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tuns16,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tuns16,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tuns16,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tint32,Tint8):
        case X(Tint32,Tuns8):   e = el_una(OP32_16, TYshort, e);
                                fty = Tint16;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tint32,Tint16):
        case X(Tint32,Tuns16):  eop = OP32_16;  goto Leop;
        case X(Tint32,Tuns32):  goto Lpaint;
        case X(Tint32,Tint64):
        case X(Tint32,Tuns64):  eop = OPs32_64; goto Leop;
        case X(Tint32,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tint32,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tint32,Tfloat80):
        case X(Tint32,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tint32,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tint32,Tcomplex80):
                                e = el_una(OPs32_d, TYdouble, e);
                                fty = Tfloat64;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tint32,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tint32,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tint32,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tuns32,Tint8):
        case X(Tuns32,Tuns8):   e = el_una(OP32_16, TYshort, e);
                                fty = Tuns16;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tuns32,Tint16):
        case X(Tuns32,Tuns16):  eop = OP32_16;  goto Leop;
        case X(Tuns32,Tint32):  goto Lpaint;
        case X(Tuns32,Tint64):
        case X(Tuns32,Tuns64):  eop = OPu32_64; goto Leop;
        case X(Tuns32,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tuns32,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tuns32,Tfloat80):
        case X(Tuns32,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tuns32,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tuns32,Tcomplex80):
                                e = el_una(OPu32_d, TYdouble, e);
                                fty = Tfloat64;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tuns32,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tuns32,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tuns32,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tint64,Tint8):
        case X(Tint64,Tuns8):
        case X(Tint64,Tint16):
        case X(Tint64,Tuns16):  e = el_una(OP64_32, TYint, e);
                                fty = Tint32;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tint64,Tint32):
        case X(Tint64,Tuns32):  eop = OP64_32; goto Leop;
        case X(Tint64,Tuns64):  goto Lpaint;
        case X(Tint64,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tint64,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tint64,Tfloat80):
        case X(Tint64,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tint64,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tint64,Tcomplex80):
                                e = el_una(OPs64_d, TYdouble, e);
                                fty = Tfloat64;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tint64,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tint64,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tint64,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tuns64,Tint8):
        case X(Tuns64,Tuns8):
        case X(Tuns64,Tint16):
        case X(Tuns64,Tuns16):  e = el_una(OP64_32, TYint, e);
                                fty = Tint32;
                                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tuns64,Tint32):
        case X(Tuns64,Tuns32):  eop = OP64_32;  goto Leop;
        case X(Tuns64,Tint64):  goto Lpaint;
        case X(Tuns64,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tuns64,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tuns64,Tfloat80):
        case X(Tuns64,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tuns64,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tuns64,Tcomplex80):
                                 e = el_una(OPu64_d, TYdouble, e);
                                 fty = Tfloat64;
                                 goto Lagain;
        case X(Tuns64,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tuns64,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tuns64,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tfloat32,Tint8):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tuns8):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tint16):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tuns16):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tint32):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tuns32):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tint64):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tuns64):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tfloat80): e = el_una(OPf_d, TYdouble, e);
                                   fty = Tfloat64;
                                   goto Lagain;
        case X(Tfloat32,Tfloat64): eop = OPf_d; goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat32,Timaginary32): goto Lzero;
        case X(Tfloat32,Timaginary64): goto Lzero;
        case X(Tfloat32,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;
        case X(Tfloat32,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tfloat32,Tcomplex80):
            e = el_bin(OPadd,TYcfloat,el_long(TYifloat,0),e);
            fty = Tcomplex32;
            goto Lagain;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tfloat64,Tint8):
        case X(Tfloat64,Tuns8):    e = el_una(OPd_s16, TYshort, e);
                                   fty = Tint16;
                                   goto Lagain;
        case X(Tfloat64,Tint16):   eop = OPd_s16; goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat64,Tuns16):   eop = OPd_u16; goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat64,Tint32):   eop = OPd_s32; goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat64,Tuns32):   eop = OPd_u32; goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat64,Tint64):   eop = OPd_s64; goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat64,Tuns64):   eop = OPd_u64; goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat64,Tfloat32): eop = OPd_f;   goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat64,Tfloat80): eop = OPd_ld;  goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat64,Timaginary32):  goto Lzero;
        case X(Tfloat64,Timaginary64):  goto Lzero;
        case X(Tfloat64,Timaginary80):  goto Lzero;
        case X(Tfloat64,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tfloat64,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tfloat64,Tcomplex80):
            e = el_bin(OPadd,TYcfloat,el_long(TYidouble,0),e);
            fty = Tcomplex64;
            goto Lagain;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tfloat80,Tint8):
        case X(Tfloat80,Tuns8):
        case X(Tfloat80,Tint16):
        case X(Tfloat80,Tuns16):
        case X(Tfloat80,Tint32):
        case X(Tfloat80,Tuns32):
        case X(Tfloat80,Tint64):
        case X(Tfloat80,Tfloat32): e = el_una(OPld_d, TYdouble, e);
                                   fty = Tfloat64;
                                   goto Lagain;
        case X(Tfloat80,Tuns64):
                                   eop = OPld_u64; goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat80,Tfloat64): eop = OPld_d; goto Leop;
        case X(Tfloat80,Timaginary32): goto Lzero;
        case X(Tfloat80,Timaginary64): goto Lzero;
        case X(Tfloat80,Timaginary80): goto Lzero;
        case X(Tfloat80,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tfloat80,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tfloat80,Tcomplex80):
            e = el_bin(OPadd,TYcldouble,e,el_long(TYildouble,0));
            fty = Tcomplex80;
            goto Lagain;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Timaginary32,Tint8):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tuns8):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tint16):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tuns16):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tint32):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tuns32):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tint64):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tuns64):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tfloat32):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tfloat64):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tfloat80):  goto Lzero;
        case X(Timaginary32,Timaginary64): eop = OPf_d; goto Leop;
        case X(Timaginary32,Timaginary80):
                                   e = el_una(OPf_d, TYidouble, e);
                                   fty = Timaginary64;
                                   goto Lagain;
        case X(Timaginary32,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Timaginary32,Tcomplex80):
            e = el_bin(OPadd,TYcfloat,el_long(TYfloat,0),e);
            fty = Tcomplex32;
            goto Lagain;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Timaginary64,Tint8):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tuns8):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tint16):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tuns16):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tint32):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tuns32):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tint64):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tuns64):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tfloat32):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tfloat64):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tfloat80):  goto Lzero;
        case X(Timaginary64,Timaginary32): eop = OPd_f;   goto Leop;
        case X(Timaginary64,Timaginary80): eop = OPd_ld;  goto Leop;
        case X(Timaginary64,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Timaginary64,Tcomplex80):
            e = el_bin(OPadd,TYcdouble,el_long(TYdouble,0),e);
            fty = Tcomplex64;
            goto Lagain;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Timaginary80,Tint8):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tuns8):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tint16):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tuns16):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tint32):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tuns32):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tint64):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tuns64):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tfloat32):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tfloat64):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tfloat80):  goto Lzero;
        case X(Timaginary80,Timaginary32): e = el_una(OPf_d, TYidouble, e);
                                   fty = Timaginary64;
                                   goto Lagain;
        case X(Timaginary80,Timaginary64): eop = OPld_d; goto Leop;
        case X(Timaginary80,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Timaginary80,Tcomplex80):
            e = el_bin(OPadd,TYcldouble,el_long(TYldouble,0),e);
            fty = Tcomplex80;
            goto Lagain;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tcomplex32,Tint8):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tuns8):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tint16):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tuns16):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tint32):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tuns32):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tint64):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tuns64):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tfloat80):
                e = el_una(OPc_r, TYfloat, e);
                fty = Tfloat32;
                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tcomplex32,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Timaginary80):
                e = el_una(OPc_i, TYifloat, e);
                fty = Timaginary32;
                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tcomplex64):
        case X(Tcomplex32,Tcomplex80):
                e = el_una(OPf_d, TYcdouble, e);
                fty = Tcomplex64;
                goto Lagain;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tcomplex64,Tint8):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tuns8):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tint16):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tuns16):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tint32):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tuns32):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tint64):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tuns64):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tfloat80):
                e = el_una(OPc_r, TYdouble, e);
                fty = Tfloat64;
                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tcomplex64,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tcomplex64,Timaginary80):
                e = el_una(OPc_i, TYidouble, e);
                fty = Timaginary64;
                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tcomplex32):   eop = OPd_f;   goto Leop;
        case X(Tcomplex64,Tcomplex80):   eop = OPd_ld;  goto Leop;

        /* ============================= */

        case X(Tcomplex80,Tint8):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tuns8):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tint16):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tuns16):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tint32):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tuns32):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tint64):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tuns64):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tfloat32):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tfloat64):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tfloat80):
                e = el_una(OPc_r, TYldouble, e);
                fty = Tfloat80;
                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tcomplex80,Timaginary32):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Timaginary64):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Timaginary80):
                e = el_una(OPc_i, TYildouble, e);
                fty = Timaginary80;
                goto Lagain;
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tcomplex32):
        case X(Tcomplex80,Tcomplex64):
                e = el_una(OPld_d, TYcdouble, e);
                fty = Tcomplex64;
                goto Lagain;

        /* ============================= */

        default:
            if (fty == tty)
                goto Lpaint;
            //dump(0);
            //printf("fty = %d, tty = %d, %d\n", fty, tty, t->ty);
            error("e2ir: cannot cast %s of type %s to type %s", e1->toChars(), e1->type->toChars(), t->toChars());
            goto Lzero;

        Lzero:
            e = el_long(ttym, 0);
            break;

        Lpaint:
            e->Ety = ttym;
            break;

        Leop:
            e = el_una(eop, ttym, e);
            break;
    }
Lret:
    // Adjust for any type paints
    t = type->toBasetype();
    e->Ety = t->totym();

    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *ArrayLengthExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    elem *e = e1->toElem(irs);
    e = el_una(I64 ? OP128_64 : OP64_32, type->totym(), e);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *SliceExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("SliceExp::toElem()\n");
    Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    elem *e = e1->toElem(irs);
    if (lwr)
    {
        elem *einit = resolveLengthVar(lengthVar, &e, t1);

        unsigned sz = t1->nextOf()->size();

        elem *elwr = lwr->toElem(irs);
        elem *eupr = upr->toElem(irs);

        elem *elwr2 = el_same(&elwr);

        // Create an array reference where:
        // length is (upr - lwr)
        // pointer is (ptr + lwr*sz)
        // Combine as (length pair ptr)

        if (irs->arrayBoundsCheck())
        {
            // Checks (unsigned compares):
            //  upr <= array.length
            //  lwr <= upr

            elem *c1;
            elem *c2;
            elem *ea;
            elem *eb;
            elem *eupr2;
            elem *elength;

            if (t1->ty == Tpointer)
            {
                // Just do lwr <= upr check

                eupr2 = el_same(&eupr);
                eupr2->Ety = TYsize_t;                    // make sure unsigned comparison
                c1 = el_bin(OPle, TYint, elwr2, eupr2);
                c1 = el_combine(eupr, c1);
                goto L2;
            }
            else if (t1->ty == Tsarray)
            {   TypeSArray *tsa = (TypeSArray *)t1;
                dinteger_t length = tsa->dim->toInteger();

                elength = el_long(TYsize_t, length);
                goto L1;
            }
            else if (t1->ty == Tarray)
            {
                if (lengthVar && !(lengthVar->storage_class & STCconst))
                    elength = el_var(lengthVar->toSymbol());
                else
                {
                    elength = e;
                    e = el_same(&elength);
                    elength = el_una(I64 ? OP128_64 : OP64_32, TYsize_t, elength);
                }
            L1:
                eupr2 = el_same(&eupr);
                c1 = el_bin(OPle, TYint, eupr, elength);
                eupr2->Ety = TYsize_t;                    // make sure unsigned comparison
                c2 = el_bin(OPle, TYint, elwr2, eupr2);
                c1 = el_bin(OPandand, TYint, c1, c2);   // (c1 && c2)

            L2:
                // Construct: (c1 || ModuleArray(line))
                Symbol *sassert;

                sassert = irs->blx->module->toModuleArray();
                ea = el_bin(OPcall,TYvoid,el_var(sassert), el_long(TYint, loc.linnum));
                eb = el_bin(OPoror,TYvoid,c1,ea);
                elwr = el_combine(elwr, eb);

                elwr2 = el_copytree(elwr2);
                eupr = el_copytree(eupr2);
            }
        }

        elem *eptr = array_toPtr(e1->type, e);

        elem *elength = el_bin(OPmin, TYsize_t, eupr, elwr2);
        eptr = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, eptr, el_bin(OPmul, TYsize_t, el_copytree(elwr2), el_long(TYsize_t, sz)));

        e = el_pair(TYdarray, elength, eptr);
        e = el_combine(elwr, e);
        e = el_combine(einit, e);
    }
    else if (t1->ty == Tsarray)
    {
        e = sarray_toDarray(loc, t1, NULL, e);
    }
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

elem *IndexExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;
    elem *n1 = e1->toElem(irs);
    elem *eb = NULL;

    //printf("IndexExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (t1->ty == Taarray)
    {
        // set to:
        //      *aaGetX(aa, keyti, valuesize, &key);

        TypeAArray *taa = (TypeAArray *)t1;
        unsigned vsize = taa->next->size();
        Symbol *s;

        // n2 becomes the index, also known as the key
        elem *n2 = e2->toElem(irs);

        /* Turn n2 into a pointer to the index.  If it's an lvalue,
         * take the address of it. If not, copy it to a temp and
         * take the address of that.
         */
        n2 = addressElem(n2, taa->index);

        elem *valuesize = el_long(TYsize_t, vsize);
        //printf("valuesize: "); elem_print(valuesize);
        if (modifiable)
        {
            n1 = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, n1);
            s = taa->aaGetSymbol("GetX", 1);
        }
        else
        {
            s = taa->aaGetSymbol("GetRvalueX", 1);
        }
        //printf("taa->index = %s\n", taa->index->toChars());
        elem* keyti = taa->index->getInternalTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs);
        //keyti = taa->index->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs);
        //printf("keyti:\n");
        //elem_print(keyti);
        elem* ep = el_params(n2, valuesize, keyti, n1, NULL);
        e = el_bin(OPcall, TYnptr, el_var(s), ep);
        if (irs->arrayBoundsCheck())
        {
            elem *ea;

            elem *n = el_same(&e);

            // Construct: ((e || ModuleAssert(line)),n)
            Symbol *sassert = irs->blx->module->toModuleArray();
            ea = el_bin(OPcall,TYvoid,el_var(sassert),
                el_long(TYint, loc.linnum));
            e = el_bin(OPoror,TYvoid,e,ea);
            e = el_bin(OPcomma, TYnptr, e, n);
        }
        e = el_una(OPind, type->totym(), e);
        if (tybasic(e->Ety) == TYstruct)
            e->ET = type->toCtype();
    }
    else
    {
        elem *einit = resolveLengthVar(lengthVar, &n1, t1);
        elem *n2 = e2->toElem(irs);

        if (irs->arrayBoundsCheck())
        {
            elem *elength;
            elem *n2x;
            elem *ea;

            if (t1->ty == Tsarray)
            {   TypeSArray *tsa = (TypeSArray *)t1;
                dinteger_t length = tsa->dim->toInteger();

                elength = el_long(TYsize_t, length);
                goto L1;
            }
            else if (t1->ty == Tarray)
            {
                elength = n1;
                n1 = el_same(&elength);
                elength = el_una(I64 ? OP128_64 : OP64_32, TYsize_t, elength);
            L1:
                n2x = n2;
                n2 = el_same(&n2x);
                n2x = el_bin(OPlt, TYint, n2x, elength);

                // Construct: (n2x || ModuleAssert(line))
                Symbol *sassert;

                sassert = irs->blx->module->toModuleArray();
                ea = el_bin(OPcall,TYvoid,el_var(sassert),
                    el_long(TYint, loc.linnum));
                eb = el_bin(OPoror,TYvoid,n2x,ea);
            }
        }

        n1 = array_toPtr(t1, n1);

        {
            elem *escale = el_long(TYsize_t, t1->nextOf()->size());
            n2 = el_bin(OPmul, TYsize_t, n2, escale);
            e = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, n1, n2);
            e = el_una(OPind, type->totym(), e);
            if (tybasic(e->Ety) == TYstruct || tybasic(e->Ety) == TYarray)
            {   e->Ety = TYstruct;
                e->ET = type->toCtype();
            }
        }

        eb = el_combine(einit, eb);
        e = el_combine(eb, e);
    }
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}


elem *TupleExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e = NULL;

    //printf("TupleExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
    {   Expression *el = exps->tdata()[i];
        elem *ep = el->toElem(irs);

        e = el_combine(e, ep);
    }
    return e;
}

#if DMDV2
elem *tree_insert(Elems *args, int low, int high)
{
    assert(low < high);
    if (low + 1 == high)
        return args->tdata()[low];
    int mid = (low + high) >> 1;
    return el_param(tree_insert(args, low, mid),
                    tree_insert(args, mid, high));
}
#endif

elem *ArrayLiteralExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;
    size_t dim;
    elem *earg = NULL;

    //printf("ArrayLiteralExp::toElem() %s, type = %s\n", toChars(), type->toChars());
    Type *tb = type->toBasetype();
    if (elements)
    {
        /* Instead of passing the initializers on the stack, allocate the
         * array and assign the members inline.
         * Avoids the whole variadic arg mess.
         */
        dim = elements->dim;
        Elems args;
        args.setDim(dim);           // +1 for number of args parameter
        e = el_long(TYsize_t, dim);
        e = el_param(e, type->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs));
        // call _d_arrayliteralTX(ti, dim)
        e = el_bin(OPcall,TYnptr,el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_ARRAYLITERALTX]),e);
        Symbol *stmp = symbol_genauto(Type::tvoid->pointerTo()->toCtype());
        e = el_bin(OPeq,TYnptr,el_var(stmp),e);

        targ_size_t sz = tb->nextOf()->size();      // element size
        ::type *te = tb->nextOf()->toCtype();       // element type
        for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
        {   Expression *el = elements->tdata()[i];

            /* Generate: *(stmp + i * sz) = element[i]
             */
            elem *ep = el->toElem(irs);
            elem *ev = el_var(stmp);
            ev = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, ev, el_long(TYsize_t, i * sz));
            ev = el_una(OPind, te->Tty, ev);
            elem *eeq = el_bin(OPeq,te->Tty,ev,ep);

            if (tybasic(te->Tty) == TYstruct)
            {
                eeq->Eoper = OPstreq;
                eeq->ET = te;
            }
            else if (tybasic(te->Tty) == TYarray)
            {
                eeq->Eoper = OPstreq;
                eeq->Ejty = eeq->Ety = TYstruct;
                eeq->ET = te;
            }
            args.tdata()[i] = eeq;
        }
        e = el_combine(e, el_combines((void **)args.tdata(), dim));
        e = el_combine(e, el_var(stmp));
    }
    else
    {   dim = 0;
        e = el_long(TYsize_t, 0);
    }
    if (tb->ty == Tarray)
    {
        e = el_pair(TYdarray, el_long(TYsize_t, dim), e);
    }
    else if (tb->ty == Tpointer)
    {
    }
    else
    {
        e = el_una(OPind,TYstruct,e);
        e->ET = type->toCtype();
    }

    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    e = el_combine(earg, e);
    return e;
}

/*************************************************
 * Allocate a static array, and initialize its members with
 * exps[].
 * Return the initialization expression, and the symbol for the static array in *psym.
 */
elem *ExpressionsToStaticArray(IRState *irs, Loc loc, Expressions *exps, Type *telem, symbol **psym)
{
    // Create a static array of type telem[dim]
    size_t dim = exps->dim;
    Type *tsarray = new TypeSArray(telem, new IntegerExp(loc, dim, Type::tsize_t));
    tsarray = tsarray->semantic(loc, NULL);
    symbol *stmp = symbol_genauto(tsarray->toCtype());
    targ_size_t szelem = telem->size();

    Elems elems;
    elems.setDim(dim);

    ::type *te = telem->toCtype();      // stmp[] element type

    for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
    {   Expression *el = exps->tdata()[i];

        /* Generate: *(&stmp + i * szelem) = element[i]
         */
        elem *ep = el->toElem(irs);
        elem *ev = el_ptr(stmp);
        ev = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, ev, el_long(TYsize_t, i * szelem));
        ev = el_una(OPind, te->Tty, ev);
        elem *eeq = el_bin(OPeq,te->Tty,ev,ep);

        if (tybasic(te->Tty) == TYstruct)
        {
            eeq->Eoper = OPstreq;
            eeq->ET = te;
        }
        else if (tybasic(te->Tty) == TYarray)
        {
            eeq->Eoper = OPstreq;
            eeq->Ejty = eeq->Ety = TYstruct;
            eeq->ET = te;
        }
        elems.tdata()[i] = eeq;
    }

    *psym = stmp;
    return el_combines((void **)elems.tdata(), dim);
}

elem *AssocArrayLiteralExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{
    //printf("AssocArrayLiteralExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());
    size_t dim = keys->dim;
    elem *e;

    // call _d_assocarrayliteralTX(TypeInfo_AssociativeArray ti, void[] keys, void[] values)
    // Prefer this to avoid the varargs fiasco in 64 bit code
    Type *t = type->toBasetype()->mutableOf();
    assert(t->ty == Taarray);
    TypeAArray *ta = (TypeAArray *)t;

    symbol *skeys;
    elem *ekeys = ExpressionsToStaticArray(irs, loc, keys, ta->index, &skeys);

    symbol *svalues;
    elem *evalues = ExpressionsToStaticArray(irs, loc, values, ta->nextOf(), &svalues);

    e = el_params(el_pair(TYdarray, el_long(TYsize_t, dim), el_ptr(svalues)),
                  el_pair(TYdarray, el_long(TYsize_t, dim), el_ptr(skeys  )),
                  ta->getTypeInfo(NULL)->toElem(irs),
                  NULL);

    // call _d_assocarrayliteralTX(ti, keys, values)
    e = el_bin(OPcall,TYnptr,el_var(rtlsym[RTLSYM_ASSOCARRAYLITERALTX]),e);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);

    e = el_combine(evalues, e);
    e = el_combine(ekeys, e);

    return e;
}


/*******************************************
 * Generate elem to zero fill contents of Symbol stmp
 * from *poffset..offset2.
 * May store anywhere from 0..maxoff, as this function
 * tries to use aligned int stores whereever possible.
 * Update *poffset to end of initialized hole; *poffset will be >= offset2.
 */

elem *fillHole(Symbol *stmp, size_t *poffset, size_t offset2, size_t maxoff)
{   elem *e = NULL;
    int basealign = 1;

    while (*poffset < offset2)
    {   tym_t ty;
        elem *e1;

        if (tybasic(stmp->Stype->Tty) == TYnptr)
            e1 = el_var(stmp);
        else
            e1 = el_ptr(stmp);
        if (basealign)
            *poffset &= ~3;
        basealign = 1;
        size_t sz = maxoff - *poffset;
        switch (sz)
        {   case 1: ty = TYchar;        break;
            case 2: ty = TYshort;       break;
            case 3:
                ty = TYshort;
                basealign = 0;
                break;
            default:
                ty = TYlong;
                break;
        }
        e1 = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e1, el_long(TYsize_t, *poffset));
        e1 = el_una(OPind, ty, e1);
        e1 = el_bin(OPeq, ty, e1, el_long(ty, 0));
        e = el_combine(e, e1);
        *poffset += tysize[ty];
    }
    return e;
}

elem *StructLiteralExp::toElem(IRState *irs)
{   elem *e;
    size_t dim;

    //printf("StructLiteralExp::toElem() %s\n", toChars());

    // struct symbol to initialize with the literal
    Symbol *stmp = sym ? sym : symbol_genauto(sd->type->toCtype());

    e = NULL;

    if (fillHoles)
    {
        /* Initialize all alignment 'holes' to zero.
         * Do before initializing fields, as the hole filling process
         * can spill over into the fields.
         */
        size_t offset = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < sd->fields.dim; i++)
        {
            Dsymbol *s = sd->fields.tdata()[i];
            VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration();
            assert(v);

            e = el_combine(e, fillHole(stmp, &offset, v->offset, sd->structsize));
            size_t vend = v->offset + v->type->size();
            if (offset < vend)
                offset = vend;
        }
        e = el_combine(e, fillHole(stmp, &offset, sd->structsize, sd->structsize));
    }

    if (elements)
    {
        dim = elements->dim;
        assert(dim <= sd->fields.dim);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
        {   Expression *el = elements->tdata()[i];
            if (!el)
                continue;

            Dsymbol *s = sd->fields.tdata()[i];
            VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration();
            assert(v);
            assert(!v->isThisDeclaration());

            elem *e1;
            if (tybasic(stmp->Stype->Tty) == TYnptr)
            {   e1 = el_var(stmp);
                e1->EV.sp.Voffset = soffset;
            }
            else
            {   e1 = el_ptr(stmp);
                if (soffset)
                    e1 = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e1, el_long(TYsize_t, soffset));
            }
            e1 = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e1, el_long(TYsize_t, v->offset));
            elem *ec = e1;                      // pointer to destination

            elem *ep = el->toElem(irs);

            Type *t1b = v->type->toBasetype();
            Type *t2b = el->type->toBasetype();
            if (t1b->ty == Tsarray)
            {
                if (t2b->implicitConvTo(t1b))
                {
#if DMDV2
                    // Determine if postblit is needed
                    int postblit = 0;
                    if (needsPostblit(t1b))
                        postblit = 1;

                    if (postblit)
                    {
                        /* Generate:
                         *      _d_arrayctor(ti, From: ep, To: e1)
                         */
                        Expression *ti = t1b->nextOf()->toBasetype()->getTypeInfo(NULL);
                        elem *esize = el_long(TYsize_t, ((TypeSArray *)t1b)->dim->toInteger());
                        e1 = el_pair(TYdarray, esize, e1);
                        ep = el_pair(TYdarray, el_copytree(esize), array_toPtr(el->type, ep));
                        ep = el_params(e1, ep, ti->toElem(irs), NULL);
                        int rtl = RTLSYM_ARRAYCTOR;
                        e1 = el_bin(OPcall, type->totym(), el_var(rtlsym[rtl]), ep);
                    }
                    else
#endif
                    {
                        elem *esize = el_long(TYsize_t, t1b->size());
                        ep = array_toPtr(el->type, ep);
                        e1 = el_bin(OPmemcpy, TYnptr, e1, el_param(ep, esize));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    elem *edim = el_long(TYsize_t, t1b->size() / t2b->size());
                    e1 = setArray(e1, edim, t2b, ep, irs, TOKconstruct);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                tym_t ty = v->type->totym();
                e1 = el_una(OPind, ty, e1);
                if (tybasic(ty) == TYstruct)
                    e1->ET = v->type->toCtype();
                e1 = el_bin(OPeq, ty, e1, ep);
                if (tybasic(ty) == TYstruct)
                {   e1->Eoper = OPstreq;
                    e1->ET = v->type->toCtype();
                }
#if DMDV2
                /* Call postblit() on e1
                 */
                StructDeclaration *sd = needsPostblit(v->type);
                if (sd)
                {   FuncDeclaration *fd = sd->postblit;
                    ec = el_copytree(ec);
                    ec = callfunc(loc, irs, 1, Type::tvoid, ec, sd->type->pointerTo(), fd, fd->type, NULL, NULL);
                    e1 = el_bin(OPcomma, ec->Ety, e1, ec);
                }
#endif
            }
            e = el_combine(e, e1);
        }
    }

#if DMDV2
    if (sd->isnested)
    {   // Initialize the hidden 'this' pointer
        assert(sd->fields.dim);
        Dsymbol *s = sd->fields.tdata()[sd->fields.dim - 1];
        ThisDeclaration *v = s->isThisDeclaration();
        assert(v);

        elem *e1;
        if (tybasic(stmp->Stype->Tty) == TYnptr)
        {   e1 = el_var(stmp);
            e1->EV.sp.Voffset = soffset;
        }
        else
        {   e1 = el_ptr(stmp);
            if (soffset)
                e1 = el_bin(OPadd, TYnptr, e1, el_long(TYsize_t, soffset));
        }
        e1 = setEthis(loc, irs, e1, sd);

        e = el_combine(e, e1);
    }
#endif

    elem *ev = el_var(stmp);
    ev->ET = sd->type->toCtype();
    e = el_combine(e, ev);
    el_setLoc(e,loc);
    return e;
}

/********************************************
 * Add destructors
 */

elem *appendDtors(IRState *irs, elem *er, size_t starti, size_t endi)
{
    //printf("appendDtors(%d .. %d)\n", starti, endi);

    /* Code gen can be improved by determining if no exceptions can be thrown
     * between the OPdctor and OPddtor, and eliminating the OPdctor and OPddtor.
     */

    /* Build edtors, an expression that calls destructors on all the variables
     * going out of the scope starti..endi
     */
    elem *edtors = NULL;
    for (size_t i = starti; i != endi; ++i)
    {
        VarDeclaration *vd = irs->varsInScope->tdata()[i];
        if (vd)
        {
            //printf("appending dtor\n");
            irs->varsInScope->tdata()[i] = NULL;
            elem *ed = vd->edtor->toElem(irs);
            ed = el_ddtor(ed, vd);
            edtors = el_combine(ed, edtors);    // execute in reverse order
        }
    }

    if (edtors)
    {
#if TARGET_WINDOS
        Blockx *blx = irs->blx;
        nteh_declarvars(blx);
#endif
        /* Append edtors to er, while preserving the value of er
         */
        if (tybasic(er->Ety) == TYvoid)
        {   /* No value to preserve, so simply append
             */
            er = el_combine(er, edtors);
        }
        else
        {
            elem **pe;
            for (pe = &er; (*pe)->Eoper == OPcomma; pe = &(*pe)->E2)
                ;
            elem *erx = *pe;

            if (erx->Eoper == OPconst || erx->Eoper == OPrelconst)
            {
                *pe = el_combine(edtors, erx);
            }
            else if (tybasic(erx->Ety) == TYstruct || tybasic(erx->Ety) == TYarray)
            {
                /* Expensive to copy, to take a pointer to it instead
                 */
                elem *ep = el_una(OPaddr, TYnptr, erx);
                elem *e = el_same(&ep);
                ep = el_combine(ep, edtors);
                ep = el_combine(ep, e);
                e = el_una(OPind, erx->Ety, ep);
                e->ET = erx->ET;
                *pe = e;
            }
            else
            {
                elem *e = el_same(&erx);
                erx = el_combine(erx, edtors);
                *pe = el_combine(erx, e);
            }
        }
    }
    return er;
}